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Topic:Equine Infectious Anemia
Equine Infectious Anemia (EIA) is a viral disease affecting horses, caused by the Equine Infectious Anemia Virus (EIAV), a member of the Lentivirus genus. The disease is characterized by intermittent fever, anemia, edema, and weight loss, though some horses may remain asymptomatic carriers. Transmission occurs primarily through blood-feeding insects such as horseflies and deerflies, or through contaminated instruments. EIA is diagnosed using serological tests, with the Coggins test being a commonly used method for detection. There is no vaccine or cure for EIA, and management primarily focuses on prevention and control measures to limit transmission. This page assembles peer-reviewed studies and scholarly articles that explore the pathogenesis, epidemiology, diagnostic methods, and management strategies related to Equine Infectious Anemia.
Quantitation of immunoglobulin-bearing lymphocytes and lymphocyte response to mitogens in horses persistently infected by equine infectious anemia virus. A defect in lymphocyte function could be responsible for persistent infection by the equine infectious anemia virus. The number of lymphocytes bearing surface immunoglobulin, as detected by immunofluorescence, and lymphocyte response to mitogens were the same in uninfected and equine infectious anemia-infected animals. A defect in T or B lymphocyte numbers or ability to respond to stimuli was not detected in this chronic virus disease.
Equine infectious anemia: sensitivity of the agar-gel immunodiffusion test, and the direct and the indirect complement-fixation tests for the detection of antibodies in equine serum. The comparative values of the direct, the indirect complement-fixation and the agar-gel immunodiffusion tests were assessed for the diagnosis of equine infectious anemia. Antibodies were detected on the agar-gel immunodiffusion test as early as 18 days post-inoculation in the serums of experimentally infected horses and were readily detectable in all the subsequent bleedings. Complement-fixing antibodies, demonstrable by the direct method, were detected commencing about the same time. However, these were not long-lasting and were replaced by the non-complement-fixing antibodies demonstrable by...
Extraction of equine infectious anemia immunodiffusion antigen with the aid of the chaotropic agent, thiocyanate. Immunodiffusion antigen from spleens of horses infected with equine infectious anemia virus was prepared by methods employing freeze-thaw cycles and thiocyanate treatment. Thiocyanate (0.5 M) permitted the recovery of the greatest amount of antigen. Furthermore, it was most effective for recovery of immunodiffusion antigen from spleens which yielded unsatisfactory concentrations of antigen by the conventional freeze-thaw or water-extraction methods. The reactivity of the antigen did not appear to be affected by this chemical treatment.
Equine infectious anemia: activity of liquid antigen extracts in the agar-gel immunodiffusion and complement-fixation tests. Twenty-nine lots of acetone-ether extracted liquid antigen were prepared from the pulp of 11 spleens collected from horses at the acute phase of experimental infection. The lots prepared from the highly reactive pulp resulted in general in a liquid antigen of greater activity than those extracted from weakly reactive pulps. Some variations in activity between lots of antigen prepared from the same spleen were also observed. No matter what the results, given a wide enough variation, all results were reproducible. The procedure permitted production of a greater number of antigen test doses from ...
Demonstration of antigenic identity between purified equine infectious anemia virus and an antigen extracted from infected horse spleen. Antigenic relationship between purified equine infectious anemia (EIA) virus and spleen-derived antigen from EIA-infected horses was examined by immunodiffusion. Identical antigenicity of these two antigens has been proven because precipitation lines formed between the two antigens and EIA antiserum connected with each other. The results indicate that the antigenic substance derived from infected spleen is a component of EIA virus.
Study of the one-step growth curve of equine infectious anemia virus by immunofluorescence. Primary horse leukocyte cultures were inoculated with 2 or 10 50% tissue culture infective doses (TCID(50)) of equine infectious anemia (EIA) virus per cell, and the titer of cell-associated and fluid-phase virus was determined from 1 to 72 hr postinoculation (PI). Cover slips were collected from 4 to 72 hr PI and stained for EIA viral antigen by the indirect immunofluorescent (FA) technique. Viral replication was detected after a latent period of approximately 18 to 24 hr and reached peak titers of approximately 10(4.5) to 10(6) TCID(50)/0.5 ml from 48 to 72 hr PI. The fluid phase contained 1...
Equine infectious anemia: preparation of a liquid antigen extract for the agar-gel immunodiffusion and complement-fixation tests. An agar-gel immunodiffusion test recommended for the diagnosis of equine infectious anemia was evaluated. Our preliminary observations confirmed those of Coggins concerning the mechanism of the test and the results obtained. Furthermore, emphasis was put on the difficulties encountered in the production of spleen antigens with an optimum amount of reactivity. Acetone-ether extraction procedures for the preparation of a liquid antigen extract are described. This type of antigen was reactive in the complement-fixation test in 1:8 or greater dilution and it is proposed to use the complement-fixat...
