Histology in horses involves the microscopic examination of tissues to understand their structure and function. This field of study provides insights into the cellular composition and architecture of equine tissues, aiding in the diagnosis of diseases and the assessment of tissue health. Histological analysis is used to identify pathological changes, such as inflammation, neoplasia, or degenerative conditions, by examining tissue samples obtained through biopsies or necropsies. Common tissues studied in equine histology include skin, muscle, bone, and internal organs. This page compiles peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore histological techniques, findings, and their applications in equine veterinary medicine.
Locke M.Techniques for staining (silver, osmium, metal sulfides, ink) and microphotography (epi-illumination) of polished bone surfaces have been developed to visualize the three-dimensional structure of the shafts of mammalian long bones. Bone is a two-compartment system with capillaries and some kinds of connective tissue in one compartment separated from fibers of bone collagen, often forming lamellae, in the other. Laminar bone consists of stacks of lamellae separated by vascular spaces containing capillary network sheets. It is deposited at the periosteal and endosteal surfaces. Osteonic bone, we...
De Clercq D, van Loon G, Lefère L, Deprez P.An ultrasound examination of the thorax of three horses which were performing poorly or had mild signs of colic showed that they had a cranial mediastinal mass and a pleural effusion. A cytological examination of the pleural fluid showed that it did not contain neoplastic cells. A histological examination of an ultrasound-guided core biopsy of the cranial mediastinal mass showed that in each of the three horses it was a lymphosarcoma.
Heninger NL, Staub C, Blanchard TL, Johnson L, Varner DD, Forrest DW.Apoptosis in testicular germ cells has been demonstrated in many mammalian species. However, little is known about the stallion (Equus caballus) and rates of apoptosis during spermatogenesis. Morphological and biochemical features of apoptosis reported in other species were used to confirm that the TdT-mediated dUTP Nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay is an acceptable method for identification and quantification of apoptotic germ cells in histological tissue sections from stallion testis. Seminiferous tubules from eight stallions with normal testis size and semen quality were evaluated according t...
Stoica G, Cohen N, Mendes O, Kim HT.Mesotheliomas are rarely reported in animal species. In this report, the occurrence of a diffuse, metastatic mesothelioma in a 6-year-old gray Arabian mare is described. The mare was presented on clinical examination with ascites, bilateral pleural effusion, and pleural roughening. Necropsy revealed abundant fluid in the abdominal and thoracic cavities. The surface of all organs was thick and fibrosed with multiple raised nodules and hemorrhages. Histology was characteristic of a generalized, biphasic mesothelioma with vascular and lymph nodes metastases. It is believed that the primary tumor ...
Mobasheri A, Critchlow K, Clegg PD, Carter SD, Canessa CM.Equine laminitis is a multifactorial connective tissue disorder with major implications for the welfare of horses. There are few published studies on phenotypic markers for identification of equine laminar keratinocytes using immunohistochemical techniques. Objective: To establish whether the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) and the GLUT1 and GLUT4 facilitative glucose transporters may be used as phenotypic markers for identification of equine laminar keratinocytes using immunohistochemical techniques to monitor changes in the keratinocyte population in laminitis. Methods: Histology and immuno...
Wehrend A, Hetzel U, Huchzermeyer S, Klein C, Bostedt H.The aim of the present study was to examine the suitability of sirius red staining for selective light microscopic demonstration of eosinophil granulocytes in cervical tissue of mares, cows and sheep. For this purpose, tissue was fixed in 4% neutral buffered formol or in Bouin's solution. Paraffin sections of 5-microm thickness were stained with sirius red. In cows, mares and sheep a selective distinction of eosinophilic infiltration is successful after both fixation methods.
Staszyk C, Gasse H.In order to display the collagen-fiber arrangement in the equine periodontal ligament an inexpensive and easy staining procedure with fluorescein was applied to paraffin sections. After fluorescein labeling a section was suitable for successful examination with three special microscopical systems: a) fluorescence microscopy b) phase contrast microscopy and c) polarized light microscopy. Collagen fibers were clearly displayed as compact structures in the fluorescence microscope. This distinct feature of the fluorescent image generated an almost three-dimensional impression of the fiber arrangem...
Van Hoogmoed LM, Nieto JE, Spier SJ, Snyder JR.To evaluate the efficacy of a customized solution to attenuate intestinal injury following 20% low-flow ischemia and reperfusion in the jejunum of horses. Methods: 10 healthy adult horses. Methods: Two 30.5-cm-long segments of jejunum were exteriorized through a ventral midline incision and the mesenteric artery and vein supplying that portion of the intestine were instrumented with flow probes. Blood flow was decreased to 20% of baseline for 90 minutes followed by 90 minutes of reperfusion. In 5 horses, 60 mL of the customized solution was placed in the lumen of each segment (treatment-group ...
Catone G, Marino G, Mancuso R, Zanghì A.The present study describes the clinicopathological features of a mature cystic ovarian teratoma occurred in a 4 year old, cyclic, nulliparous Andalusian mare. The mass was discovered in the left ovary during a breeding soundness examination, and was hard in consistency and variously echogenic. Laparoscopy was performed to confirm the neoplastic change, followed by a unilateral laparotomic ovariectomy in the standing animal. On the cut surface the teratomatous ovary showed a large cyst filled with hair and sebaceous material and three small cysts containing mucous fluid, surrounded by solid ar...
Staszyk C, Gasse H.The distribution and arrangement of oxytalan fibres were examined in periodontal specimens of cheek teeth from seven horses. Oxidation prior to aldehyde fuchsin exposition permitted a selective staining of the oxytalan fibres, which are a distinct component of the elastic fibre system. On three horizontal levels of the periodontium--(a) subgingival, (b) middle third and (c) apical--two oxytalan fibre groups were shown histologically: 'blood vessel-related' and 'independent' oxytalan fibres. In levels a and b, both groups were arranged in a typical occluso-apical alignment along the reserve cro...
Domeneghini C, Radaelli G, Arrighi S, Bosi G, Dolera M.The small and large intestine of adult horses were histochemically and immunohistochemically investigated in order to evidence components of the intramural nervous system. The general structural organization of the intramural nervous system was examined by using Nissl-thionin staining as well as the anti-neurofilament 200 (NF200) immunoreaction, which demonstrated the presence of neurons in the submucous as well as myenteric plexuses. The additional presence of subserosal ganglia was shown in the large intestine. Acetylcholinesterase (AChEase) activity was observed in both the submucous and my...
Shoemaker RW, Read EK, Duke T, Wilson DG.The feasibility of leaving the ovaries within the peritoneal cavity after laparoscopic coagulation and transection of the ovarian pedicle was assessed in the juvenile horse. Elective ovariectomy was performed on 10 quarter horses, aged 4 to 5 mo, with the fillies in a Trendelenburg position. The mesovarium was isolated, and multiple coagulation and transection cycles were performed until all ovarian attachments had been severed. The ovaries were dropped within the abdomen, and hemostasis of the transected mesovarium was evaluated before closure. The mean surgical time was 33 min (range, 23 to ...
Mitchell SR, Kempson SA, Dixon PM.The structure of peripheral cementum of mandibular and maxillary cheek teeth was studied by gross observation, light microscopy, and scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Teeth from four horses aged 4, 8, 17, and 30-years-old were examined. The cementum of the occlusal surface was thicker on the buccal aspect when compared with the lingual aspect of mandibular teeth. The cementum of the occlusal surface was thicker on the palatal aspect when compared with the buccal aspect of maxillary teeth. There was no peripheral cementum on the interdental aspects of either mandibular or maxillary...
Pauwels FE, McClure SR, Amin V, Van Sickle D, Evans RB.To measure changes in the modulus of elasticity (E) and describe histologic findings after extracorporeal shock wave therapy and radial pressure wave therapy on equine cortical bone specimens. Methods: 16 bone specimens from the proximodorsal cortex of an equine third metacarpal or metatarsal bone. Methods: Baseline E was determined by the density (p) and unidirectional ultrasound transmission velocity (C) of each specimen according to the equation E = pC2. Eight specimens were treated with 500 pulses of 0.15 mJ/mm2 of extracorporeal shock wave therapy, and 8 specimens were treated with 500 pu...
Benders NA, Veldhuis Kroeze EJ, van der Kolk JH.To present the first report of a case series concerning equine idiopathic muscular hypertrophy of the oesophagus (IMHO). Objective: To investigate the clinical and pathological features of the disorder. Methods: The medical records of 31 horses suffering from the disorder were reviewed retrospectively. In all these animals the diagnosis was confirmed at post mortem examination. Results: The median age of the affected horses was 12.5 +/- 5.6 years (range 1-26) without sex or breed predilection. Only 2 out of 31 horses showed clinical signs associated with oesophageal dysfunction, indicating tha...
Björnsdóttir S, Ekman S, Eksell P, Lord P.Osteoarthrosis (OA) in the distal tarsal joints, bone spavin, is a well known condition which is common in Icelandic horses age 6-12 years. Objective: To determine the nature, location and age of appearance of early radiographic and histological changes in the centrodistal tarsal joint (CD) of young Icelandic horses. Methods: Slab sections from the CD of young Icelandic horses were examined by high detail radiography (age 6 months to 6 years, n = 111) and histology (age 6 months to 4 years, n = 82) to detect and describe the early changes indicative of OA. Horses younger than 5 years were unri...
Pusterla N, Pesavento PA, Smith P, Durando MM, Magdesian KG, Wilson WD.The history, clinical signs and pathological findings in seven adult horses with histologically confirmed idiopathic granulomatous disease, primarily of the lungs, are reviewed. They ranged in age from eight to 21 years, five were geldings and two were females, they belonged to five breeds and there were no seasonal or geographical associations. The primary clinical signs were chronic weight loss, exercise intolerance and respiratory distress which did not respond to conventional treatment. The most consistent physical findings were depression, anorexia, tachycardia, tachypnoea and adventitiou...
Contreiras EC, Lenzi HL, Meirelles MN, Caputo LF, Calado TJ, Villa-Verde DM, Savino W.We characterized herein the microarchitecture of the equine thymus along with post-natal development (6 months-->18 years). Thymuses showed an involutional process, beginning before the puberty and defined by five histological grades, which consider the progressive cortical thymocyte depletion, shrinkage and rearrangement of the epithelial network and increase in extracellular matrix (ECM). A second feature of the equine thymus was the presence of eosinopoiesis, erythropoiesis, mastocytopoiesis and plasmacytogenesis. Additionally, lymphatic vessels, full of lymphocytes, were particularly pr...
McCue ME, Davis EG, Rush BR, Cox JH, Wilkerson MJ.A 4-year-old Paint mare was examined because of respiratory tract infection, dermatitis, and weight loss of 2 months' duration. Initial examination revealed generalized pruritic dermatitis, ocular and nasal discharges, and stranguria. Laboratory abnormalities included leukopenia and hypoalbuminemia. Further examination of the respiratory tract revealed grade III of IV pharyngitis and pyogranulomatous pneumonia. Endoscopic examination of the bladder revealed a prolific mass at the junction of the bladder and urethra. Hypoproteinemia was suspected to be caused by protein-losing enteropathy. On h...
Mori R, Kodaka T, Sano T, Yamagishi N, Asari M, Naito Y.Laminar bone or primary plexiform tissue, not Haversian bone, shows an alternative concentric pattern of laminar-bone units or plates around the bone marrow periphery of long bones, although the laminar bone is gradually replaced by osteons during the growth period. One laminar-bone unit is constructed with a hypercalcified line in the center, woven bone on both sides of the line, and lamellar bone with laminated appositional lines. Such a laminar bone showing a homogeneous calcification has been reported in young calves and some young large animals, but it has not been reported in foals altho...
Anastasiou A, Skioldebrand E, Ekman S, Hall LD.The distal row of carpal bones (C2, C3, and C4) from eight left intercarpal joints--four from Standardbred Trotters and four from Swedish Warmblood horses--were used to assess the potential of magnetic resonance (MR) imaging to detect cartilage and bone lesions. The joints used in the study were classified by macroscopic and radiographic examinations as having normal, mild, moderate, or severe articular cartilage lesions and bone sclerosis. Those classifications correlated well with the appearance of the MR images. Bone sclerosis in the MR images was observed as regions of decreased signal int...
Weijs W, Dingboom E, van Ginkel F.The contribution to total variance of different error sources in fibre type counts of equine gluteus medius muscle biopsies was determined to quantify and possibly improve the resolution of the method. Fibre types were defined on the basis of myosin heavy chain immunostaining. Errors were determined at levels: (1) positioning the insertion channel, (2) positioning the needle tip (3) biopsy heterogeneity (4) observer interpretation. Errors at levels 1 and 2 were considerable. Confidence intervals for individual observations were +/- 10-15%. In longitudinal studies a group size of 4 animals is n...
Bailey KL, Kinsel MJ, Connell KA.Multiple cutaneous masses developed in the perineum of a 14-year-old Saddlebred stallion over a period of approximately 5 years. Clinically, the masses ranged in size from 3- to 9-mm diameter and were not ulcerated, painful, or pruritic. Three of the masses were surgically excised and submitted for microscopic evaluation. The masses were dome shaped to nodular, located in the superficial dermis, and composed of haphazardly arranged bundles of plump spindle-shaped cells. The tumor cells immunoreacted with monoclonal antibodies directed against desmin, muscle-specific actin, and smooth muscle ac...
Bøgh IB, Brink P, Jensen HE, Lehn-Jensen H, Greve T.In the mare, ultrasound-guided transvaginal oocyte recovery and transfer might offer a way to circumvent the demanding procedures of in vitro embryo production. Before clinical application, the possible consequences for subsequent fertility have to be considered. Objective: To examine ovarian function and morphology in mares after repeated follicular punctures. Methods: A total of 14-26 follicular puncture sessions were conducted on each of 4 Norwegian pony mares over a period of 8 years. The ovaries of these mares were recovered by bilateral ovariectomy or at post mortem and subjected to macr...
Götzen N, Cross AR, Ifju PG, Rapoff AJ.We investigated the microstructural basis of a reduced stress concentration around the primary nutrient foramen of the equine third metacarpus. We quantified the spatial variations of compositional parameters (mineral content, volume fraction, histological architecture, and osteonal trajectories) from microradiographs and polarizing microscopic images of thin sections. These variations in composition and organization in turn cause variations in mechanical properties of cortical bone. We modeled the spatially inhomogeneous anisotropic elastic properties based on the measured compositional param...
Bragulla H, Hirschberg RM.Accessory organs of the integument are locally modified parts of the potentially feather-bearing skin in birds (e.g., the rhamphotheca, claws, or scales), and of the potentially hairy skin in mammals (e.g., the rhinarium, nails, claws, or hooves). These special parts of the integument are characterised by a modified structure of their epidermal, dermal and subcutaneous layers. The developmental processes of these various integumentary structures in birds and mammals show both similarities and differences. For example, the development of the specialised epidermal structures of both feathers and...
Rowe EL, White NA, Buechner-Maxwell V, Robertson JL, Ward DL.To identify apoptosis in equine intestines and determine whether apoptosis is associated with gastrointestinal tract disease or a specific tissue layer of intestine. Methods: 38 horses that underwent surgery or were euthanatized for small or large intestine obstruction, strangulation, or distension and 9 control horses euthanatized for reasons other than gastrointestinal tract disease or systemic disease. Methods: Specimens were collected at surgery from intestine involved in the primary lesion and distant to the primary lesion site or at necropsy from several sites including the primary lesio...
Bartmann CP, Stief B, Schoon HA.Transendoscopic thermal preparation techniques like laser- or electrosurgery have proved to be most reliable for minimal invasive intrauterine surgery during operative hysteroscopy in mares. To determine the effect of Nd:YAG laser surgery on the endometrium and the complete uterine wall compared with electrosurgery, standard lesions were obtained by transendoscopic monopolar electrosurgery (loop electrode, cutting blade) and Nd:YAG laser surgery (contact, bare fibre, 25 Watt, exposure time four seconds, non contact, 80 Watt, exposure time four seconds) in five healthy mares on days d 0, 7, 14,...
Hillyer LL, Jackson AP, Quinn GC, Day MJ.Epidermal (infundibular) and dermoid cysts are unusual in the horse in contrast with other species. The diagnosis and treatment of six lesions in the dorsal midline of a three-year-old Thoroughbred-cross gelding is described. The lesions were believed to be congenital and presented asymptomatically but required attention because five of them were in the saddle region, thus preventing ridden exercise. Under general anaesthesia, the cysts were excised and subsequently examined histologically. The horse recovered uneventfully. This report is novel in that such midline cysts have not previously be...
Turk JR, Gallina AM, Liu IM, Nickels F, Grossman B.A 6-month-old Morgan colt was examined because of preputial edema and multiple nodular masses in the left inguinal region. A tentative diagnosis of lymphatic hamartoma was made on the basis of initial biopsy findings. The prognosis for surgical excision was poor due to the progressive expansile growth of the tumor. Secondary infectious complications developed, and the colt was euthanatized at the owner's request. An abdominal and retroperitoneal mass was seen at postmortem examination. The mass was adherent to the left lumbar musculature, the craniodorsal aspect of the pelvic inlet, the midjej...
Farnsworth KD, White NA, Robertson J.To determine the effect of intra-articular gentamicin-impregnated polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) beads inserted in the equine tarsocrural joint on the synovial fluid, synovial lining, and cartilage, and to determine the peak and sustainable gentamicin concentrations in synovial fluid and plasma. Methods: Pharmacokinetic, cytologic, and histologic study of the effect of gentamicin-impregnated PMMA on normal equine tarsocrural joints. Methods: Five healthy adult horses. Methods: Gentamicin-impregnated PMMA bead strands (3 strands each of 40 beads, with each strand containing 100 mg gentamicin) we...
Leitenbacher J, Herbach N.The aim of this study was to characterize the age-related morphological changes in the equine pituitary and to identify features that allow distinction between pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID)-associated and non-functional/age-associated pars intermedia (PI) adenoma. Pituitary glands of all horses submitted for necropsy examination at the Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, between 2008 and 2012 were examined. The pituitary glands of 124 horses were weighed, cut into ∼2 mm slices and examined histologically. A slightly modified grading scheme...
Wagner IP, Rees CA, Dunstan RW, Credille KM, Hood DM.To determine whether systemic immunologic hyperreactivity exists in horses with chronic laminitis, compared with responses for nonlaminitic horses. Methods: 7 nonlaminitic horses and 7 CL horses. Methods: In experiment 1, intradermal testing (IDT) was performed on 7 nonlaminitic and 7 CL horses to evaluate the response to a combination of 70 allergens at 15 and 30 minutes and 4 and 24 hours after injection. Three nonlaminitic and 3 CL horses used in experiment 1 were used in experiment 2 to determine whether histologic differences existed between the 2 groups. The H&E-stained tissue sectio...
Andersen C, Griffin JF, Jacobsen S, Østergaard S, Walters M, Mori Y, Lindegaard C.Articular cartilage thinning is an important hallmark of osteoarthritis (OA), and ultrasonography (US) is a clinically accessible tool potentially suitable for repeated evaluation. The aim of the present prospective methods comparison study was to validate US as a tool for measuring cartilage thickness in the carpus of the horse. Eight Standardbred trotters underwent US examination with 9 and 15 MHz linear transducers. Six anatomical locations in the radiocarpal joint (RCJ) and middle carpal joint (MCJ) were examined. The same joints were assessed by ultrahigh field (9.4 Tesla) magnetic reson...
Roßgardt J, Heilen LB, Büttner K, Dern-Wieloch J, Vogelsberg J, Staszyk C.In the crown pulp of brachydont teeth, a cell-free and a cell-rich zone are established beneath the odontoblastic layer, indicating a mature status. For the equine dental pulp, there are no descriptions which allow for a comparative analysis with regard to functional requirements in terms of lifelong secondary dentin production to compensate for occlusal wear. For histomorphological and immunohistological investigations, ten incisors and ten check teeth were used from seven adult horses and five foals. In the periphery of the equine dental pulp, a constant predentin and odontoblastic cell laye...
Poss M, Young S.A 4-year-old horse was evaluated at the Colorado State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital for rapidly progressing cerebellar disease. Euthanasia was elected and at postmortem examination a proliferative mass encompassing the right side of the cerebellum was discovered. The lesion was characterized by large, convoluted, vascular folia and absence of the core of central white matter. Histologically, there was a diminution or loss of the internal granule cell layer, cavitation of the central white matter, and absence of Purkinje cells. The molecular layer was thickened with myelinated axons ...
Gerstenberg C, Allen WR.Branched tubular endometrial glands are key features of the uterine lining in mares. The epithelium in the neck regions of the glands is similar to that lining the lumen of the uterus, whereas the epithelium in the deeper, coiled portions of the glands secretes protein rich histotrophe or 'uterine milk' during dioestrus and pregnancy. The present study was performed to characterize endometrial histology in perinatal and peripubertal fillies and to investigate the influences of specific steroid treatments on endometrial gland development in the prepubertal period. Uteri obtained from equine fet...
Rijkenhuizen AB, Németh F, Dik KJ, Goedegebuure SA.A macroscopical, arteriographical and histological study was made of the arterial supply of the navicular bones of horses with clinical and/or radiographic signs of navicular disease. Based on the clinical and radiological findings the navicular bones of 40 Warmblood horses are divided into four different groups. In the pattern of the arteriogram obvious changes are noticed: an imbalance and a distal to proximal shift between the distal and proximal arterial supply occur, indicating a reduction of the distal blood supply with a compensatory reaction of the proximal, medial and lateral supply. ...
Robinson P, Williams KJ, Sullins KE, Arnoczky SP, Stick JA, Robinson NE, de Feijter-Rupp H, Derksen FJ.Trans-endoscopic laser surgery, such as unilateral laser-assisted ventriculocordectomy (LVC), has gained popularity in the treatment of RLN because a laryngotomy incision or general anaesthesia are not required. However, removal of the vocal fold and ventricle takes considerable laser energy and could cause collateral tissue damage, including injury to the adjacent laryngeal cartilages. Objective: To document the histological effects of laser surgery on laryngeal tissues in horses that have undergone LVC for the treatment of laryngeal hemiplegia (LH). Methods: Six horses were used: 4 with expe...
Du Toit N, Kempson SA, Dixon PM.Ten normal cheek teeth (CT) were extracted at post mortem from donkeys that died or were euthanased for humane reasons. Decalcified histology was performed on three sections (sub-occlusal, mid-tooth and pre-apical) of each tooth, and undecalcified histology undertaken on sub-occlusal sections of the same teeth. The normal histological anatomy of primary, regular and irregular secondary dentine was found to be similar to that of the horse, with no tertiary dentine present. Undecalcified histology demonstrated the normal enamel histology, including the presence of enamel spindles. Scanning elect...
Klomkleaw W, Kasashima Y, Fuller GA, Kobayashi A, Yoshihara T, Oikawa MA, Izumisawa Y, Yamaguchi M.An anatomical study of horse lumbrical muscle (Lm) was carried out by light and electron microscopy in combination with immunochemical and cytochemical methods. Paraffin sections were subjected to haematoxylin and eosin (H & E) and Masson's trichrome staining for morphometric analysis. Paraffin sections were also used for immunostaining by anti-PGP 9.5 for reaction with nerve-protein associated-structures, anti-heat-shock protein 70 (hsp 70) for detection of gene expression changes, anti-fast myosin for the determination of muscle fibre types, and for detection of apoptotic gene expression...
Hopster-Iversen C, Hopster K, Staszyk C, Rohn K, Freeman D, Rötting AK.Large intestinal diseases in horses are characterised by inflammation, which could arise from the disease process with some contribution from intestinal manipulation. The effects of the latter are unknown but important to surgeons and could contribute to post operative complications. Objective: To characterise type and degree of intestinal inflammation induced by various mechanical stimuli in the equine ascending colon. Methods: Laparotomy was performed in 12 horses, the left dorsal colon exteriorised and 3 segments randomly exposed to different mechanical manipulations: 1) enterotomy, 2) ente...
Guo X, Aoyama M, Sugita S.Three optic nerves (L1, R2, R3) 12-18 mm behind the eyeball of the horse (Thoroughbred) were investigated quantitatively under light and electron microscopes. Thin sections at the thickness of 0.35 microm were cut, stained by toluidine blue and observed under the light microscope. The areas of the optic nerve and the axon bundles were 20.03 +/- 1.04 and 16.59 +/- 0.79 mm2 (mean +/- SD, n=3), respectively. The axon numbers for optic nerve L1, R2 and R3, estimated from light micrographs, were about 481 x 10(3), 543 x 10(3), and 494 x 10(3), respectively. Axons of optic nerve L1 were also counted...
Ulrich R, Eydner M, Grün A, Haydn J, Baumgärtner W.This report describes the macroscopic, histologic, immunohistologic and ultrastructural characteristics ofa biphasic malignant mesothelioma in the peritoneal and pleural cavity of a 13-year-old Icelandic pony mare, which exhibited recurrent ascites clinically. Immunohistology was performed employing multiple monoclonal antibodies against cytokeratins (CK) and vimentin. The ultrastructural examination included the quantitative evaluation of the length to diameter ratio of the microvilli. Post mortem examination revealed a severe ascites and hydrothorax. The serosal surfaces of the peritoneum an...
Lindner A, Dag S, Marti-Korff S, Quiroz-Rothe E, López Rivero JL, Drommer W.The collection of muscle samples in horses to estimate their performance potential, adaptations to training and diagnosis of exertional myopathies is of increasing interest. This study was designed to examine whether repeated biopsying of the gluteus medius muscle at 7 week intervals alters morphology and muscle fibre variables in the sampling area. The gluteus had been biopsied 3 times previously, each biopsy separated by a 7 week interval. Seven weeks after the last biopsy, this study was initiated. Percutaneous needle biopsies were taken from left and right muscles at 2 depths (2 and 6 cm) ...
Weaver RE, Sharif M, Livingston LA, Andrews KL, Fuller CJ.The objective of this study was to assess whether macroscopically normal articular cartilage taken from joints containing focal osteoarthritic lesions is histologically similar to articular cartilage taken from macroscopically normal joints. Metacarpophalangeal, proximal interphalangeal, and distal interphalangeal joints were obtained from 10 horses following euthanasia. Gross articular cartilage damage was scored and the cartilage assigned to one of two groups: (1) macroscopically normal cartilage from normal joints (control) and (2) macroscopically normal cartilage from diseased joints in wh...
Leonida A, Todeschini G, Lomartire G, Cinci L, Pieri L.To histologically assess the effectiveness of a socket-preservation technique using enzyme-treated equine bone granules as a bone-graft material in combination with an equine collagen matrix as a scaffold for soft-tissue regeneration. Background: Enzyme-treated equine bone granules and equine collagen matrix recently have been developed to help overcome alveolar bone deficiencies that develop in the wake of edentulism. Methods: The patient had one mandibular molar extracted and the socket grafted with equine bone granules. The graft was covered with the equine collagen matrix, placed in a doub...
Leendertse IP.A three year old warm-blood gelding with severe colic was referred to a veterinary clinic. The history revealed that the horse was found early in the morning with severe colic, and laying in the pasture. On arrival the clinical examination showed a complete wet horse with a pulse rate of 92/min, a respiratory rate of 24/min., a pcv of 0.50 L.L.-1, a T. of 38.0 degrees C, and no gastric reflux. Rectal examination revealed a sticky rectal mucous membrane and a colonic impaction together with displacement of the large colon. A diagnostic laparotomy showed an impaction as is seen in horses with Gr...
Powell SE.Multidetector-row computed tomographic contrast angiography (MDCTA) is routinely employed to investigate vascular masses in human patients but, to date, the use of this technique to investigate an aneurysmal mass has not been reported in an equine case. The potential of MDCTA to investigate a right-sided parapharyngeal mass in a 6-week-old Thoroughbred foal was therefore investigated. A 4-slice helical computed tomography scanner was used on a superficial, firm, ovoid mass yielding arterial blood on fine needle aspiration. MDCTA enabled identification of the vessels involved thus assisting in ...
Sledge DG, Miller DL, Styer EL, Hydrick HA, Baldwin CA.Granulomatous dermatitis in horses has been linked to many etiologies, including various parasites, fungi, and bacteria. Idiopathic forms of granulomatous inflammation-producing diseases, some of which are localized to the skin, also have been reported in horses. Herein we describe a case of recurrent equine granulomatous skin disease characterized by intranuclear viral inclusions within macrophages and giant cells. The histologic changes were primarily noted in the deep dermis and included multifocal to coalescing areas of necrosis marked by histiocytic cell infiltration and presence of giant...
Harada K, Kanemitsu S, Akioka K, Fujita K, Nishi Y, Taura Y, Sasaki N.Fifty-four slaughtered horses were classified into groups having adipose tissue in the crest of the neck with or without hemorrhage (AH and NH groups, respectively). Blood biochemical tests (Alb, TP, T-bil, GOT, GPT, LDH, T-cho, and BUN) and an epidemiological survey (age, gender, weight, origin, breed, BCS, CNS, and hoof disease) were performed. T-bil tended to be high, while the other parameters were normal. Weight, BCS, and CNS were higher in the AH group (P<0.05). GOT was lower in the AH group (P<0.05). It was suspected that the horses in the AH group had lipomatosis. It was assumed ...
Hodgson DR, Rose RJ.Muscle biopsy samples were collected from the middle gluteal muscle of seven horses undergoing a nine-month endurance training programme. Samples were collected before the programme began and again after three, six and nine months of training. A fifth sample was collected three months after training ceased. Serial muscle sections were reacted histochemically for myosin adenosine triphosphatase after either acid (pH 4.3 and 4.6) or alkaline (pH 10.3) pre-incubation, and muscle fibres identified as type I, IIA, IIB or IIC. The oxidative capacity of individual fibres was assessed, using the reduc...
Gargiulo AM, Pedini V, Ceccarelli P.The glycoconjugate content of major horse salivary glands was investigated by means of horseradish peroxidase-conjugated lectins. Qualitative differences were observed in the terminal sugar residues of secretory glycoproteins and glycoconjugates linked to the apical surface of excretory duct epithelial cells. Mucous acinar cells in mandibular and sublingual glands contained oligosaccharides with D-galactose, alpha- and beta-N-acetylgalactosamine, N-acetylglucosamine and fucose residues, whereas mandibular, sublingual and parotid serous cells contained only oligosaccharides with terminal alpha-...
José Antonio G, Jim S, Ramés SJ, Rohrbach BW, Alejandro Rodríguez M, Laura Romero R, Robert D.To examine changes occurring in normal pelvic suspensory ligaments (SLs) of horses after denervating these ligaments and to investigate the effect chronic inflammation might have on these changes. Methods: 10 horses. Methods: The SL of 1 randomly selected pelvic limb of each of 5 horses was injected with collagenase to induce desmitis, and 42 days later, the proximal aspect of both pelvic SLs were denervated. The SLs were harvested 120 days after being denervated, and the morphological and histological characteristics of each collagenase-injected, denervated SL were compared with those of the ...
Clemmons AJ, Thompson DL, Johnson L.Gross observation of testicular parenchyma of 1.5- to 2-yr-old horses reveals both light and dark regions. If this gross, differential shading reflects quantitative differences in the development of spermatogenesis and interstitial cell populations, the horse may prove to be a useful model for study of the paracrine relationships associated with initiation of spermatogenesis. The objective of this study was to characterize seminiferous tubules and interstitium of testes with gross, differential shading. Testes with both light and dark regions of parenchyma were obtained from horses 1.5-2 yr ol...
Jago RC, Scholes S, Mair TS, Pearson GR, Pirie RS, Handel I, Milne EM, Coyle F, Mcgorum BC.An accurate, minimally invasive, ante-mortem diagnostic test for equine grass sickness (EGS) is currently lacking. Although histological examination of haematoxylin and eosin-stained rectal biopsies for chromatolytic neurons is insensitive as a diagnostic test for EGS, we hypothesised that its diagnostic accuracy could be improved by immunolabelling for β-amyloid precursor protein (β-APP), which has increased expression in cranial cervical ganglia (CCG) neuronal perikarya in EGS. Objective: To develop a grading scheme for assessing the distribution and intensity of β-APP immunoreactivity wi...
Ben Hamouda S, Vargas A, Boivin R, Miglino MA, da Palma RK, Lavoie JP.Severe asthma is associated with an increased airway smooth muscle (ASM) mass and altered composition of the extracellular matrix (ECM). Studies have indicated that ECM-ASM cell interactions contribute to this remodeling and its limited reversibility with current therapy. Three-dimensional matrices allow the study of complex cellular responses to different stimuli in an almost natural environment. Our goal was to obtain acellular bronchial matrices and then develop a recellularization protocol with ASM cells. We studied equine bronchi as horses spontaneously develop a human asthma-like disease...
De Clercq D, van Loon G, Lefère L, Deprez P.An ultrasound examination of the thorax of three horses which were performing poorly or had mild signs of colic showed that they had a cranial mediastinal mass and a pleural effusion. A cytological examination of the pleural fluid showed that it did not contain neoplastic cells. A histological examination of an ultrasound-guided core biopsy of the cranial mediastinal mass showed that in each of the three horses it was a lymphosarcoma.
Morreale RJ, Wilkie DA, Gemensky-Metzler AJ, Weisbrode SE, Willis MA.To determine the acute histologic effects of semiconductor diode laser transscleral cyclophotocoagulation (TSCP) on the normal equine eye. Methods: Part 1: eight eyes of four horses. Part 2: 10 eyes of five horses. Methods: Part 1: TSCP was performed on four eyes at 4 mm and four eyes at 6 mm posterior to the limbus with 15 sites treated in four quadrants at 1800 mW for 1500 ms. The globes were sectioned transversely or sagitally to examine all quadrants and histologic sections were taken every 1 mm for the entire globe. Part 2: Based on the results from Part 1, TSCP was performed at 20 sites ...
