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Topic:Horses
"Horses" is a broad topic that encompasses various aspects of equine biology, behavior, and management. This category includes studies on the anatomy, physiology, and genetics of horses, as well as their behavior, nutrition, and care. Research in this area may also cover the historical and cultural significance of horses, their roles in agriculture, sport, and therapy, and the challenges associated with their conservation and welfare. The page aggregates peer-reviewed research articles and scholarly studies that explore the multifaceted relationships between humans and horses, examining both scientific and socio-economic perspectives.
Review of large intestinal motility and mechanisms of impaction in the horse. The large intestine has distinct motility patterns which include non-rhythmic haustral kneading of ingesta and stronger rhythmic retropulsive and propulsive contractions which move ingesta along the tract. A variable site electrical pacemaker exists at the pelvic flexure where the strong rhythmic contractions begin. The large intestine can contract adequately with only the intrinsic nerve supply intact. Neurotransmitters have profound effects on large intestinal activity.
Colic in two horses associated with smooth muscle intestinal tumours. The research article discusses a rare case of colic in two horses, which was attributed to the existence of smooth muscle intestinal tumors. Introduction The article begins by explaining that […]
Trypanosomiasis in Indonesia. A review of research, 1900-1983. This review describes research conducted from 1900-1983 on trypanosomiasis due to Trypanosoma evansi in Indonesia. Clinical signs and post-mortem findings in horses, cattle, buffaloes, pigs and dogs, experimental transmission tests to establish possible surra vectors in Indonesia, and research on chemotherapy and chemoprophylaxis are discussed.
Study of variables commonly used in examination of equine colic cases to assess prognostic value. In a retrospective study, the prognostic value and individual merit of seven variables, used in routine examination of colic cases, were tested. The following variables proved to be significant in discriminating between horses which survived and those which died: heart rate (P less than 0.00005), packed cell volume (P less than 0.00005) and intensity of colic signs (P less than 0.0001).
Effects of amitraz, several opiate derivatives and anticholinergic agents on intestinal transit in ponies. Amitraz, atropine, glycopyrrolate and morphine (but not its derivatives, meperidine [pethidine], oxymorphone and butorphanol) produced similar effects on clinically observed intestinal functions and significantly prolonged intestinal transit, as assessed with polyethylene glycol (PEG). However, their mechanisms of action, particularly on intestinal transport (fluid movement), may differ widely. Loperamide appeared to exert a preferential action on intestinal transport rather than motility, as there was no significant delay in PEG transit. The action of amitraz in perturbing smooth muscle coord...
Morphogenesis of Berne virus (proposed family Toroviridae). In equine dermis cells infected with Berne virus particles were first detected 10 h after infection. Virions were encountered in all parts of the Golgi system and, infrequently, in the rough endoplasmic reticulum. A unique form of budding of preassembled rigid tubular nucleocapsids was demonstrated. Masses of tubular nucleocapsids of a lesser diameter and electron density were prominent in the cytoplasm and the nucleus of infected cells. Within the Golgi system and cytoplasmic cisternae virions appeared as straight or slightly curved rods. Extremely long, aberrant virions (250 nm) were occasio...
Western equine encephalitis surveillance in Utah. The history of WEE surveillance in Utah is reviewed, beginning with the 1933 outbreak involving 3,958 horses. The step by step formation of the Utah Mosquito Abatement Associations surveillance program from 1957 to the present is discussed. Results of an enlarged sentinel chicken flock surveillance program in Utah during 1983 (3 sero-conversions in September), 1984 and 1985 (no sero-conversion) show the lack of WEE activity in the surveillance area.
Effect of furosemide administration on systemic circulation of ponies during severe exercise. Systemic distribution of blood flow was studied in 11 healthy adult grade ponies, using radionuclide-labeled microspheres (15 micron diameter) that were injected into the left ventricle. Measurements were made at rest, during severe exercise (SE) without furosemide, as well as during SE at 10 minutes and 120 minutes after furosemide administration (1.0 mg/kg, IV). During SE, heart rate, cardiac output, mean aortic pressure, and whole body O2 consumption were 220 +/- 4 beats/min, 720 +/- 44 ml/min/kg, 169 +/- 4 mm of Hg, and 126 +/- 9 ml of O2/min/kg, respectively. With SE performed after furos...
Androgen and estradiol effects on gonadotropin secretion and response to GnRH in ovariectomized pony mares. In Exp. 1, 16 long-term ovariectomized pony mares were used to determine the effects of treatment with estradiol benzoate (EB) and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) benzoate alone, and in combination, on secretion of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) in daily blood samples and after three consecutive injections of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH). Administration of EB alone, or in combination with DHT, every other day for 11 d reduced (P less than .05) concentrations of FSH and increased (P less than .05) concentrations of LH in daily blood samples, and increased (P ...
Adverse effects following intravenous fluid therapy in the horse using non-commercial fluids: preliminary findings. Non-commercial, endotoxin positive, intravenous fluids as well as a commercially available intravenous fluid were given to clinically normal horses. Endotoxin-positive fluids caused clinical signs attributable to endotoxaemia. Leukopenia, preceded by a fluctuating white cell count, was observed in horses showing clinical signs. The commercial intravenous fluid had no effect on the white cell count or on the clinical state. Precautions to be taken and recommendations are made with regard to the monitoring of horses in which one might be forced to use non-commercial intravenous fluids.
Rapid and specific serodiagnosis of western equine encephalitis virus infection in horses. Paired sera from 28 nonvaccinated horses with serologically confirmed western equine encephalitis (WEE) virus infections were evaluated for immunoglobulin (Ig)M and IgG directed against WEE virus, by use of enzyme immunoassay. Twenty-one of the horses developed greater than or equal to 4-fold increases or decreases in serum IgM titers in paired serum samples, confirming the diagnosis of WEE in these horses. Of the remaining 7 horses, 1 had stable IgM titers, 1 had a 2-fold increase in IgM titer between paired sera, 2 had 2-fold decreases in IgM titer, and for 3 horses adequate volumes were not...
Characterization of amyloid protein AA and its serum precursor SAA in the horse. Amyloid was extracted from the liver of a horse that had developed amyloidosis after being used for several years for the production of antibodies to bacterial antigens. The amyloid fibrils were shown to be of the AA type. Two AA proteins with molecular weights of 9000 and 11,000 and with identical partial N-terminal amino acid sequences were identified. Marked structural homology with AA from other species including man was seen, although clear species-related antigenic specificity was observed. SAA isolated from an acute phase (septic abortion) horse serum was identical to AA with respect to...
Immunofluorescent evaluation of the lower respiratory tract of healthy horses and of horses with chronic bronchiolitis. Pulmonary parenchymal tissues from 6 healthy horses and from 9 horses with chronic bronchiolitis were evaluated by use of an indirect immunofluorescent technique. In horses of both groups, the diffuse interstitial immunofluorescence was most intense for immunoglobulin (Ig)G, moderate for IgA, and minimal for IgM. Intensity of fluorescence was increased markedly in diseased lungs exposed to anti-IgA and anti-IgG. Around small bronchi and large bronchioles of healthy horses, IgA-containing cells generally were more numerous than were IgG-Fc fragment (Fc)-containing cells; in small bronchioles, h...
Incidence of major injuries, severe colic, and acute laminitis at American Horse Shows Association A- and B-rated shows. A questionnaire was designed to determine the incidence of major injuries, severe colic, and acute laminitis in horses at American Horse Shows Association (AHSA) A- and B-rated shows, ie, those shows requiring a veterinarian in attendance. The questionnaire was sent to the show stewards and filled out by the attending veterinarians of the AHSA A- and B-rated shows held from January 1982 to October 1984. Of 2,952 questionnaires sent out, 799 (27%) were completed and returned by veterinarians; 99 of them were discarded because of incomplete or misleading information. The study revealed a low inc...
Exogenous corticosteroids increase serum iron concentrations in mature horses and ponies. Corticosteroid preparation was administered to 7 Shetland Ponies and 10 Quarter Horses. Serum iron concentration increased dramatically for 48 to 72 hours after the steroid treatment, whereas serum iron-binding capacity and serum ferritin concentration did not. An increase in available iron may allow bacteria to proliferate when ponies or horses are stressed or treated inappropriately with corticosteroids.
Hemorrhagic enteritis caused by Clostridium perfringens type C in a foal. A 4-day-old foal died with bloody diarrhea. Using a mouse neutralization test, Clostridium perfringens type C was isolated from intestinal contents, and alpha and beta toxins were identified. About 4 m of the jejunum had severe necrohemorrhagic enteritis. Microscopically, large, rod-shaped, gram-positive bacteria were seen on necrotic intestinal villi by use of Brown and Hopp's stains.
Critical test and safety evaluations of an oral paste preparation of mebendazole and trichlorfon in horses. Critical tests were done on 24 naturally parasitized horses to compare the antiparasitic activity of an oral paste preparation of mebendazole and trichlorfon with that of the marketed powder formulation. Each formulation was administered at the recommended dosages of 8.8 mg of mebendazole and 40 mg of trichlorfon/kg of body weight. Efficacy of the paste formulation ranged from 97.7% to 100% against 2nd- and 3rd-stage Gasterophilus spp, adult Strongylus vulgaris, S edentatus, Parascaris equorum, small strongyles; and larval and adult forms of Oxyuris equi. Adverse effects were generally limited...
Doxapram: cardiopulmonary effects in the horse. The cardiopulmonary effects of 3 dosages of doxapram hydrochloride (0.275 mg/kg, 0.55 mg/kg, and 1.1 mg/kg, IV) were studied in 6 adult horses. Doxapram given IV significantly (P less than 0.05) decreased PaCO2 and increased respiratory rate, cardiac output arterial blood pressures (systolic, mean, and diastolic) arterial pH, and PaO2 at 1 minute after each dose was administered. Heart rate and mean and diastolic pulmonary arterial blood pressure were significantly (P less than 0.05) increased 1 minute after the 2 larger dosages of doxapram were given (0.55 mg/kg and 1.1 mg/kg, IV), but not af...
Blunt bovine and equine trauma. During the past 6 years 134 patients were admitted as the result of bovine (cow) and equine (horse) trauma. The mechanism of injury was fall from horse in 45 patients, animal assault in 42, animal kick in 39, and animal-drawn vehicle accident in eight. Injury Severity Score (ISS) ranged from 1 to 41 and was greater than or equal to 25 in 11 patients. One hundred seventeen operative procedures were performed by ten groups of surgical subspecialists. Mortality was nil. Ideal management of these injuries includes treatment in a regional trauma center and an educational program of preventive measu...
Toxoplasma-like sporozoa in an aborted equine fetus. Multifocal areas of necrosis and infiltrations of mononuclear cells were seen in lung specimens of an equine fetus aborted 2 months before term. Extracellular and intracellular protozoa were seen in the alveolar tissue. Individual organisms were 4 microns by 2.5 microns, and cyst-like structures were 25 microns by 18 microns. Organisms did not stain with periodic acid-Schiff or by use of the immunoperoxidase and peroxidase-antiperoxidase method for Toxoplasma gondii. Twelve days after abortion, the mare had serum antibody titer of less than 1:10 against T gondii.
24-hour renal clearance and excretion of endogenous substances in the mare. Urine samples were obtained from 6 healthy mares. During a 2-day acclimation period, mares were kept in stalls, fed sweet feed and mixed grass hay, and allowed free access to water and trace mineral salt. The mares were crosstied in their stalls within reach of hay, salt, and water for 24 hours during which urine was obtained by constant flow via indwelling Foley catheters. Twenty-four-hour urine production was 7,649 to 11,904 ml/day (mean = 9,212 +/- 1,9285) or 14.7 to 25.1 mlĝ/day. (mean = 19.3 +/- 4.1). Urinary excretion and clearance of electrolytes and protein were determined from aliquo...
Dermatomycoses in the horse. The clinicopathological features and treatment of cases of dermatomycotic infections in horses are reported. Organisms isolated from these cases include Trichophyton mentagrophyte, T. equinum and Micosporum equinum. The Veterinary, medical and economic importance of the disease is discussed.
Fusariotoxicoses of farm animals and mycotoxic leucoencephalomalacia of the equine associated with the finding of trichothecenes in feedstuffs. Mycotoxicoses involving horses, rabbits and cattle have been studied. Fusarium tricinctum and T-2 toxin were isolated from all incriminated feedstuffs. Other isolated trichothecenes from the feed included HT-2, verrucarins and roridin. The toxins were separated, identified and quantitated using thin-layer chromatography, gas-liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. T-2 toxin was detected in amounts varying from 0.5-204 ppm. The contaminated feedstuffs in connection with the affected horses and rabbits, included cereal grains (corn, cornstalks, bran and barley), whereas fescue hay was assoc...
