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Topic:Horses
"Horses" is a broad topic that encompasses various aspects of equine biology, behavior, and management. This category includes studies on the anatomy, physiology, and genetics of horses, as well as their behavior, nutrition, and care. Research in this area may also cover the historical and cultural significance of horses, their roles in agriculture, sport, and therapy, and the challenges associated with their conservation and welfare. The page aggregates peer-reviewed research articles and scholarly studies that explore the multifaceted relationships between humans and horses, examining both scientific and socio-economic perspectives.
Antibodies against equine herpesvirus 1 in the cerebrospinal fluid in the horse. Neutralizing antibodies against equine herpesvirus 1 were measured in serum and cerebrospinal fluid of 16 horses and ponies from a closed herd both before and after vaccination with modified live equine herpesvirus 1. These titers were also measured in 22 neurologically normal and 15 neurologically abnormal horses at a teaching hospital. Animals from the closed herd had prevaccination serum titers up to 1:8 and postvaccination serum titers up to 1:128. Horses from the teaching hospital had serum titers up to 1:64. Cerebrospinal fluid titers were not detected in the vaccinated horses or the neu...
Ultrastructural variations in the sweat glands of anhidrotic horses. The ultrastructure of sweat glands from the skin of free sweating horses was compared with that of glands from anhidrotic cases. Evidence of atrophied and abnormal sweat glands in the anhidrotic horses indicates that the condition involves progressive failure of the glandular mechanism of sweat production.
Genital injuries from mating in the mare. Minor accidents during natural mating are common occurrences during the breeding of horses. Mares may suffer from a variety of genital injuries including vulval separations, vaginal lacerations and, less commonly, vaginal rupture. Possible sequelae to, and management of, these injuries are described, with additional mention of false entry by the stallion and persistent hymen in maiden mares. Vaginal rupture during natural mating can lead to death of the mare. The implications for litigation involving veterinary surgeons and horse breeders are discussed.
Intestinal decompression: preliminary study in the horse. A technique of nasoduodenal (N-D) intubation and intestinal decompression was developed and used in the horse to explore the prevention of gastric and intestinal distention after abdominal surgical operation. Three styles of tubes (2 single-lumen tubes and 1 double-lumen tube) were positioned in the duodenum of 12 mature horses (10 experimental and 2 clinical) during laparotomy (without enterotomy), and an iatrogenic occlusion at the small intestine was created and later released in the 10 experimental horses. The 2 clinical horses had an exploratory laparotomy to correct a natural obstruction...
Use of 111In-labeled autologous leukocytes to image an abdominal abscess in a horse. Indium 111-labeled autologous leukocytes were used to image an abdominal abscess in a horse with a palpable abdominal mass and history of Streptococcus equi infection. A focal area of radioactivity was identified in the location corresponding to the abscess. Imaging of this focal uptake was optimal 48 hours after injection. Similar scans obtained in 2 clinically normal horses revealed no evidence of focal radioactivity in this region. The cell labeling procedure gave acceptable labeling efficiency (87.5%) but an excessive number of damaged WBC, resulting in persistent lung radioactivity on all...
Effects of enterocentesis on peritoneal fluid constituents in the horse. Peritoneal fluid was collected from 15 clinically normal horses and was analyzed for nucleated cell (NC) counts and specific gravity. Six horses (controls, group 1) were subjected to abdominocentesis only, with a teat cannula, every 24 hours for 5 days. There were no marked changes in the peritoneal fluid of these horses over the 5-day period. Peritoneal fluid was collected from 6 other horses (group 2) with an 8.89-cm 18-gauge needle. The needle was then advanced until intestinal fluid was obtained. Peritoneal fluid was then collected with teat cannulas at 24-hour intervals for an additional ...
Neoplasia of the equine urinary bladder as a cause of hematuria. In 6 horses with urinary bladder neoplasms, common clinical findings included a palpable mass in the bladder, anemia, hematuria, and/or proteinuria. Squamous cell carcinoma was found in 4 horses and appears to be the most common bladder tumor in the horse. Single cases of transitional cell carcinoma and fibromatous polyp also were identified. All horses except one were over 10 years of age. In one mare, treatment with 5-fluorouracil intracystically resulted in decreased bleeding from the bladder mass and apparent stabilization of the mass size. The mare ultimately died because of abdominal met...
Quantitative determination of betamethasone and its major metabolite in equine urine by micro-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Micro-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (micro-LC-MS) was utilized to quantitatively determine betamethasone and its major unconjugated metabolite, 6 beta-hydroxybetamethasone, in equine plasma and urine. The advantage of micro-LC-MS over conventional gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in corticosteroid determination is illustrated and the reliable, steadfast nature of micro-LC-MS is demonstrated through example.
Measurement of the time between biosynthesis and surface excretion of sebaceous lipids in the horse. The time between the biosynthesis and excretion of sebum to the skin surface of the horse was examined by in vivo intradermal injection of [1-14C]acetate followed by periodic surface lipid collections. The radiolabelling of the major neutral lipid classes, equolides (giant ring omega-lactones, C32-C36) and cholesteryl esters, was evaluated by thin-layer chromatography and autoradiography. The distribution of radioactivity within the monounsaturated equolides was examined by oxidative fragmentation and evaluation of the products. A peak of radioactivity in the equolides and cholesteryl esters o...
Mammalian ribonucleases. The absence of a glycosylated Asn-Pro-Thr sequence in horse ribonuclease and the presence of tryptophan at position 39 in horse and dromedary ribonuclease. Parts of the amino acid sequences of horse and dromedary pancreatic ribonuclease were reinvestigated. The sequence of residues 21-25 in horse ribonuclease is Ser-Asn-Pro-Thr-Tyr or Ser-Asn-Ser-Thr-Tyr. The asparagine in the latter sequence is glycosylated. Horse ribonuclease possesses four additional amino acid residues at the C-terminus, like a number of other ribonucleases. Position 39 in horse and dromedary ribonuclease is not deleted but is occupied by tryptophan.
Thyroid hormone binding in serum of 15 vertebrate species: isolation of thyroxine-binding globulin and prealbumin analogs. The binding of [125I]T4 to serum proteins was studied in human, monkey, cattle, sheep, goat, water buffalo, horse, swine, dog, cat, rabbit, rat, chicken, frog, and salmon. Attempts were made to isolate thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) and thyroxine-binding prealbumin (TBPA) from serum of all species, utilizing purification methods based on the specific properties of these proteins. TBPA was found to exist in all species examined. The protein was found anodal to albumin only in human, monkey, horse, and chicken. In cattle, swine, dog, cat, rabbit, frog, and salmon, TBPA was found cathodal to al...
Radial-intermediate Carpal Bone Fusion in a Horse. The radial carpal and intermediate carpal bones were found to be fused in a four year old Quarterhorse stallion having a subtle forelimb lameness. Clinical examination, diagnostic local anesthesia, radiography and arthroscopy were used to arrive at the diagnosis. A cause could not be established, although perinatal deformation of cartilagenous carpal bone templates is suspected. A similar case of carpal bone fusion was found among carpi collected for an anatomical study, indicating this condition may be more common than expected. Clinicians should carefully evaluate the flexed lateral view of ...
Pelvic limb lameness due to malignant melanoma in a horse. Malignant melanoma in a 21-year-old, gray, Arabian gelding was manifested by rapidly deteriorating lameness of the right pelvic limb. A melanotic, cutaneous mass of small dimensions was identified in the left jugular furrow. Exploratory laparoscopy revealed widespread infiltration of melanotic masses into the structures of the abdominal cavity. Necropsy indicated the lameness to have resulted from infiltration of neoplastic cells into the sacral nerves, dorsal root ganglia, proximal ischiatic nerve, and gluteal muscle fibers. The primary tumor could not be identified.
Pharmacokinetics of amikacin in the horse following intravenous and intramuscular administration. The pharmacokinetics of amikacin sulfate (AK) were studied in the horse after intravenous (i.v.) and intramuscular (i.m.) administration. Serum (Cs), synovial (Csf) and peritoneal (Cpf) fluid concentrations of the drug were measured. Doses of 4.4, 6.6 and 11.0 mg/kg were given. The concentrations at 15 min following i.v. injection were 30.3 +/- 0.3, 61.2 +/- 6.9 and 122.8 +/- 7.4 micrograms/ml, respectively, for the 4.4, 6.6 and 11.0 mg/kg doses. Mean peak Cs values after the intramuscular injections occurred at 1.0 h post-injection and were 13.3 +/- 1.6, 23.0 +/- 0.6 and 29.8 +/- 3.2 microgra...
Conditioned suppression of sexual behavior in stallions and reversal with diazepam. Sexual behavior dysfunction unaccompanied by detectable physical or endocrine abnormality is an important cause of reproductive failure among domestic stallions. Several authors have suggested that such dysfunction may be psychogenic, related to negative experience associated with intense handling and training. An experimental model of experience-related dysfunction was developed by exposing pony stallions to erection-contingent aversive conditioning. This resulted in rapid, specific suppression of sexual arousal and response similar to spontaneously occurring dysfunction. Subsequently, treatm...
Splinting device for hindlimb fractures in horses. A Robert Jones bandage modified to include a steel walking bar frame and, in one case, side-supporting bars, was applied as a splinting device in 4 horses with hindlimb fractures (3 tarsal and 1 middle phalangeal). The modification was used as an adjunct to previous casting therapies or as a means for handling casting failures or soft tissue problems encountered during the casting period. This means of stabilization is easily adapted to replace a problematic cast in various clinical settings, is easily applied in the standing patient, is easily changed and adjusted on a regular basis, has mini...
Comparison of carbonated lidocaine and lidocaine hydrochloride for caudal epidural anesthesia in horses. A double-blind comparison of carbonated lidocaine and lidocaine hydrochloride in caudal epidural anesthesia was performed in 8 horses. Among 5 horses with successfully paired bilateral caudal epidural blockades, no significant differences in onset time, duration, or sensory blockade were demonstrated. In the present study, carbonated lidocaine did not offer an advantage over the hydrochloride salt for caudal epidural anesthesia in the horse.
The amino-acid sequence of beta-lactoglobulin II from horse colostrum (Equus caballus, Perissodactyla): beta-lactoglobulins are retinol-binding proteins. beta-Lactoglobulin isolated from horse colostrum is heterogeneous and contains two components: beta-lactoglobulin I and beta-lactoglobulin II. These two proteins are monomeric and show differences in their electrophoretic mobilities, chain lengths and primary structures. The complete amino-acid sequence of beta-lactoglobulin II was determined by automated Edman degradation of the intact protein and of the peptides derived from these by digestion with trypsin or chymotrypsin and by chemical cleavage with cyanogen bromide. Unlike other beta-lactoglobulins which contain 162 amino acids, horse bet...
Common ventricle with separate pulmonary outflow chamber in a horse. On the basis of clinical and laboratory examinations, a ventricular septal defect or a variant of the tetralogy of Fallot was suspected in a 3-year-old filly with a history of poor growth rate and exercise intolerance. The filly was euthanatized and found to have a 3-chambered heart (cor triloculare biatriatum). The heart had 2 normally formed atria and a large common ventricle into which the right and left atrioventricular orifices opened and from which the aorta arose. There was a small separate chamber from which the pulmonary trunk originated. This chamber communicated with the common vent...
Toxoplasma seroprevalence in animals in northern India. In a serological survey of latent Toxoplasma prevalence on 3761 animals in northern India by the microtitre indirect haemagglutination test, 23.7 per cent were found to have antibody titres ranging from 1:4 to 1:1024. Seropositivity was recorded in 25.3 per cent of 1227 sheep, 30.3 per cent of 961 goats, 11.8 per cent of 603 horses, 19.3 per cent of 243 cattle, 15.7 per cent of 108 water buffaloes, 31.5 per cent of 178 pigs, 30.9 per cent of 175 dogs, 33.7 per cent of 80 cats and in 9.7 per cent of 186 bandicoot rats. Relevant epidemiological data has been furnished. High seropositivity in foo...
Osteochondritis dissecans of the sagittal ridge of the third metacarpal and metatarsal bones in horses. Osteochondritis dissecans of the sagittal ridge of the third metacarpal and metatarsal bones was diagnosed in 8 horses during an 18-month period. Seven of the horses were less than or equal to 2 1/2 years old. Synovial distention of the affected fetlock joints and a pain response to fetlock flexion were typical findings. Lameness predominated in 1 limb at a trot, although fetlock flexion frequently elicited lameness in other affected limbs. Radiography revealed bony lesions (flattening, erosion, or fragmentation) of the sagittal ridge in at least 2 fetlock joints in all horses. The onset of si...
Prevalence of equine onchocerciasis in southeastern and midwestern United States. Of 664 horses reported to have originated in southeastern and midwestern United States, 341 (51.4%) were positive for Onchocerca cervicalis cutaneous microfilariasis. The highest prevalence of 68.8% was recorded for horses from Virginia. Horses with the highest concentrations of microfilariae (as high as 19,770 microfilariae/mg in 1 horse) were from the Southeast (Georgia, Florida, Tennessee, and Alabama). For horses from South Carolina, the prevalence of infection was 57.1%; from the Midwest (Kentucky, Illinois, Ohio, and Indiana), 54.4%; from North Carolina, 45.5%; from Pennsylvania, 7.7%; a...
Comparison of three suture techniques for anastomosis of the small intestine in the horse. Seven horses were used to compare the Gambee, the crushing, and a 2-layer inverting suture pattern composed of a simple continuous layer in the mucosa oversewn with a continuous Lembert pattern in the seromuscular layer. Horses were evaluated at 30 days for adhesion formation, lumen diameter, and quality of healing at the anastomotic sites. One horse was euthanatized 9 days after surgery after 24 hours of ileus and colic; necropsy revealed septic peritonitis and widespread adhesions. One horse had no adhesions. The remaining horses had adhesions associated with 50% of the Gambee and 50% of the...
Ulcerative keratitis associated with Salmonella arizonae infection in a horse. Salmonella arizonae 61:1,5, was isolated in pure culture from the eye of a horse with unilateral ulcerative keratitis. The eye responded well to treatment with atropine sulfate and polymyxin B-bacitracin-neomycin ophthalmic ointments. In swab specimens taken after the lesion had healed, Salmonella was not found to be a constituent of the bacterial flora of the horse's eyes.
Haemorrhagic necrotising enteritis in foals associated with Clostridium perfringens. Two foals aged 35 and 48 h from 2 Thoroughbred studs died several hours after developing clinical signs of depression, severe haemorrhagic diarrhoea and dehydration. Both foals had an acute haemorrhagic enteritis extending from the anterior jejunum to the terminal ileum which was characterised histologically by villus necrosis. Necrotic villi were surrounded by large numbers of rod-shaped Gram positive bacteria. Clostridium perfringens was recovered from the intestines of both foals and the isolates were considered to be C. perfringens type C. Other cases of diarrhoea were also observed in foa...
