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Topic:Horses
"Horses" is a broad topic that encompasses various aspects of equine biology, behavior, and management. This category includes studies on the anatomy, physiology, and genetics of horses, as well as their behavior, nutrition, and care. Research in this area may also cover the historical and cultural significance of horses, their roles in agriculture, sport, and therapy, and the challenges associated with their conservation and welfare. The page aggregates peer-reviewed research articles and scholarly studies that explore the multifaceted relationships between humans and horses, examining both scientific and socio-economic perspectives.
Epidermoid cyst of the brain in the horse. An aged Connemara mare had a neurological illness lasting 3 weeks and characterised by episodes of dullness, head-pressing, staggering gait and hyperexcitability. The signs recurred at intervals of 3 to 4 days, with intervening periods of apparent normality. Post-mortem examination revealed an epidermoid cyst on the dorsal surface of the occipital lobe of the left cerebral hemisphere. The cyst was lined by stratified squamous epithelium and contained desquamated keratinised material and blood. The lesion is considered to be a congenital malformation which enlarges and produces space-occupying ...
[Hematological effects produced on horses and sheeps pasturing upon Brachiaria radicans Napper (Tanner grass) in winter time (author’s transl)]. Hematological studies were developed on two mares and twelve adults castrate sheeps of "Ideal" breed. The animals had been on a pasture formed with Brachiaria radicans Napper for one and two months respectively. This experiment was developed in winter time, so the leaves of the graminea had a yellow-green color. Clinical and hematological observations were made weekly. The typical symptoms of intoxication failed to present as observed in the former investigation when the plant was green (3). The hematological exames showed only for ovines a slight anemia, it was also characterized as being mac...
The problem of testing horse kidneys for the presence of antibiotics at meat inspection: how to avoid a false positive reaction. When 33 horse kidneys were tested for the presence of inhibitory substances by the Bacillus subtilis BGA method at pH 8 and the Micrococcus luteus ATCC 9341 method, 24 were positive and 9 negative. The pH of the seeded M. luteus test medium changed from pH 6.6 before incubation to 8.7 after 24 hours incubation at 30 degrees C. When the same 33 kidneys were tested by the B. subtilis BGA method, medium pH 6, and 15 of them also by the M. luteus method using a medium buffered to pH 6, all were negative. The cadmium concentration of the 33 horse kidneys was found to be 70.17 +/- 81.28 mg/kg wet we...
Percutaneous tendon splitting–method and results. The paper briefly describes the percutaneous tendon splitting operation as performed in general practice and evaluates its effectiveness on the basis of races run during a 2 year follow-up period. The results are compared with similar figures for normal Standardbred trotters. A higher percentage of horses subjected to splitting of the suspensory ligament failed to remain sound long enough to run more than 10 races during the follow-up period. The percentage of horses returning to racing whose superficial flexor was operated upon was somewhat lower than the control group.
Urethral sphincterotomy for delivery of vesical calculus in the mare: a case report. A case of vesical calculus in which haematuria was not a presenting sign is described. Methods of removal of vesical calculi are discussed. In this case, urethral sphincterotomy facilitated delivery.
Rostral displacement of the palatopharyngeal arch: a case report. A horse with rostral displacement of the palatopharyngeal arch was found to have a bilaterally symmetrical deformity of the laryngeal area. Both left and right cricopharyngeal muscles were absent. The shape of the thyroid cartilage was grossly abnormal and vestiges of the cricothyroid muscles were attached only to the cricoid cartilage. It was suggested that such an anomaly could have resulted from aberrant development of the fourth branchial arch.
Encephalitis caused by louping ill virus in a group of horses in Ireland. An outbreak of LI infection in a group of free range horses is described. Three of 4 horses displayed signs of CNS disturbance and 2 of these died after illnesses ranging from 2-12 days duration. In both cases a variable degree of viral polioencephalomyelitis was observed. A virus antigenically indistinguishable from a reference strain of LI virus was isolated from the brain and cervical cord of a 3 y.o. draft mare. Serum samples obtained from 3 of the horses contained HI, CF, precipitating and neutralising antibodies to LI virus, with a rise in antibody titre being demonstrated in 2 animals.
Growth rate in thoroughbred yearlings and two year olds. One hundred and four animals aged 13-18 months were measured at monthly or two monthly intervals, as were comparable numbers of animals 19-36 months old. Height, girth and circumference of the cannon bone below the knee were recorded, measurements for colts and fillies are shown separately. The average height at 18 months was 148 cm (15.01/2 h.h.) and at 36 months 156 cm (15.31/2 h.h.).
Biochemical studies on equine infectious anaemia. A description is given of an outbreak of equine infectious anaemia (E.I.A.) in Campania [at Naples and Aversa (Caserta)]; it was diagnosed by clinical, pathological and serological examinations (Coggins test). Using the serum of 45 horses with E.I.A. and 11 healthy horses (controls), numerous investigations were carried out on: enzymes, intrinsic coagulation factors, lipids and other substances. The results obtained were very interesting and show that in this disease there are significant increases in many enzymes (LDH, LAP, gamma-GT, CPK, PK and ALD) and copper. Insignificant increases were f...
Fractures of the pedal bone in the horse. A series of 79 fractures of the pedal bone in various types of horses are reported and the clinical features described. The fractures were of 3 types--intra-articular or extra-articular, involving the wing of the pedal bone, and fractures of the extensor process. Forty-five horses with a fractured wing of the pedal bone were treated conservatively and 11 by immobilisation of the bony fragment with a compression screw. Conservative treatment was usually successful in the extra-articular fractures. Intra-articular fractures treated conservatively in animals under 3 years had a good prognosis. Th...
Four cases of Tyzzer’s disease in foals in England. A rodent pathogen, Bacillus piliformis, has been recognised as causing a rapidly fatal hepatitis in 4 foals in England. The disease in foals has been recognised in America since 1973. A clinico-pathological account of the 4 cases is given and the differential diagnosis discussed. The 4 foals' ages fell within a very narrow range (24-34 days). Some of the properties of this unusual intracellular pathogen are reviewed. For the first time in the equine the bacillus was seen in association with myocardial lesions. There are marked differences in the epidemiology of the disease in the mouse and in ...
A practical health programme for prevention of parasitic and infectious diseases in horses and ponies. A scheme of combined anthelmintic treatment and vaccination is described. The seasonal veterinary activities are as follows: March (all horses); parasitological examination of faeces, anthelmintic treatment, immunization against influenza and tetanus (booster dose). June: parasitological faeces examination of foals, anthelmintic treatment of all horses, immunization of foals against tetanus (1st dose). August: anthelmintic treatment of all horses and immunization of foals against influenza (1st dose) and tetanus (2nd dose). October: parasitological faeces examination and anthelmintic treatment...
Alterations of the thymus and other lymphoid tissue in young horses with combined immunodeficiency. Combined immunodeficiency (CID) is a significant disease in terms of prevalence in Arabian foals and is a useful animal for study of a similar condition in children. Thymuses from all CID foals examined were extremely hypoplastic. Light and electron microscopic examination of thymuses from CID foals, as well as a thymus from an aborted CID fetus, demonstrate that the basic thymic structure is intact, despite a number of dissimilar morphologic appearances. From these data, we inferred that the thymic hypoplasia was caused by a failure of committed lymphocytes from the bone marrow to populate th...
Influence of azaperone/metomidate anaesthesia on blood biochemistry in the horse. Ponies were anaesthetized by administration of the ataractic, azaperone (0 · 2–0 · 8 mg/kg), in combination with the hypnotic, metomidate (3 · 5 mg/kg). Changes in blood biochemistry were measured during and following the course of action of these drugs. In control experiments, azaperone (0 · 4 and 0 · 8 mg/kg) was administered alone to other ponies. There were no significant changes in blood glucose concentration in either circumstance. Blood lactate and pyruvate concentrations and lactate/pyruvate ratio were not altered significantly by azaperone. However, moderate increases in lactat...
[Preparative isolation of alpha 2-macroglobulin, transferrin, albumin and study of their nonspecific gamma-inhibitory activity]. Profiles of distribution of non-specific gamma-inhibitors of influenza A2/Victoria/35/72 in donkey and horse sera were established by gel chromatography in Sephadex G-200. High and low molecular inhibitors were found in 19S and 4S serum fractions. Highly purified preparations of a2-macroglobulin, transferrine and albumin were isolated by a combination of methods of salt precipitation, gel chromatography on Sephadex G-100, G-200 and ion exchange on DEAE-Sephadex A-50. Heating sera resulted in a considerable increase of the antiviral activity of a2-macroglobulin and transferrine and a reduction ...
Search for persistent epizootic Venezuelan encephalitis virus in Guatemala, El Salvador and Nicaragua during 1970-1975. Evidence was sought during 1970-1975 of persistence of equine-virulent Venezuelan encephalitis (VE) virus in regions of Central America that were heavily involved in the epidemic-equine epizootic of 1969. (a) Four sentinel horses were exposed in an arid, upland region of the Atlantic drainage of Guatemala during August-October 1970, but no horse became infected. (b) The epicenter region of the 1969 outbreak, in southwestern Guatemala and southwestern El Salvador, was studied during July 1970-February 1974; no antibody developed in sentinel horses, sentinel hamsters did not die, mosquitoes yiel...
Efficacy of Japanese encephalitis vaccine in horses. The efficacy of Japanese encephalitis vaccine in horses has been described from the effect of mass vaccination on the local prevalence of the disease in horses in each district of Hokkaido, Japan.
Experience of the efficacy of equine influenza vaccinations. In 1974, a very extensive influenza/A/equi 2 epidemic broke out in the Finnish horse population. To study the efficacy of influenza vaccinations a questionnaire was sent after the epidemic to all Finnish veterinarians. The answer material was selected to contain only stables which had had clinically typical cases. The material consisted 234 unvaccinated and 629 vaccinated horses. In the latter group 466 horses were vaccinated adequately. The results of the study showed that of the unvaccinated horses 212 (91%) and of the adequately vaccinated horses only 42 (9.4%) contracted clinically typical...
A comparison of horse, cow, and sheep blood in NYC medium: effect on recovery of N. gonorrhoeae and urogenital mycoplasmas. NYC medium supplemented with cow blood (NYC-C) and sheep blood (NYC-S) were tested for the growth of N. gonorrhoeae and urogenital mycoplasma in comparison with standard NYC medium which contains horse blood. In situations where horse blood is not available, cow blood could be substituted in NYC standard medium, whereas the use of sheep blood was found unsuitable.
Fluprostenol in mares: clinical trials for the treatment of infertility. Fluprostenol (ICI 81,008) is a 16-aryloxyprostaglandin, structurally related to PGF2alpha. It is a highly potent luteolytic agent, being effective in thoroughbred mares at a single intramuscular dose of 250 mug and having a wide margin of safety in this species. A total of 941 mares have been treated with fluprostenol in an international trial, for various forms of infertility associated with abnormal persistence of luteal function. These mares were selected for treatment on the basis of clinical examination and 760 (approximately 80 per cent) responded fluprostenol by showing oestrus within s...
