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Topic:Immunology
The equine immune system is a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work collaboratively to defend against pathogens and maintain homeostasis. It consists of innate and adaptive components, each with distinct functions and mechanisms. The innate immune system provides the first line of defense through physical barriers, phagocytic cells, and the complement system. The adaptive immune system involves lymphocytes, such as B cells and T cells, which generate specific responses to antigens and provide immunological memory. Research in equine immunology explores the interactions between these components, the impact of genetic and environmental factors on immune function, and the development of vaccines and therapeutics. This page gathers peer-reviewed studies and scholarly articles focusing on the mechanisms, regulation, and clinical applications of the equine immune system in health and disease.
Detection of equine infectious anemia virus in horse leukocyte cultures derived from horses in various stages of equine infectious anemia viral infection. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) antigen-positive and agar-gel immunodiffusion test (AGID)-negative horses do not have infective equine infectious anemia (EIA) virus. The ELISA testing of horse leukocyte culture (HLC) supernatants did detect EIA virus in a HLC that was infected with the Wyoming strain of EIA virus and in HLC derived from horses in febrile, acute, or subacute stages of EIA infection. In supernatants of HLC derived from chronic and inapparent carrier horses, EIA virus was not detected with ELISA. Direct fluorescent antibody tests detected EIA virus in HLC infected w...
Structural proteins of equine infectious anemia virus and their antigenic activity. Using purified equine infectious anemia (EIA) virus labeled with 3H-glucosamine or 14C-protein hydrolysate, structural proteins were analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. As a result, 2 glycoproteins and 10 proteins with molecular weights (mol wt) ranging from 12,000 to 115,000 daltons were demonstrated. Of 12 structural proteins, 3 proteins, namely a glycoprotein with mol wt of 76,000 (gp76) and 2 proteins with mol wt of 25,000 (p25) and 12,000 (p12), respectively, had distinct antigenic activity from one another in immunodiffusion. Development of antibodies a...
[An attempt at demonstrating the participation of autoaggressive processes in the pathogenesis of periodic eye inflammation in horses]. In the studies attempts were to demonstrate the occurrence of immunological reactivity against antigens of the lens and tunica vascularis of the eye in periodical inflammation of eyes in horses. For this purpose antigens from the lens and tunica vascularis of the eye, prepared in our laboratory, were used in the experiments. The reactivity of horses with monthly symptoms of blindness against the above antigens was determined in vivo (skin tests and PCA) and in vitro (ID reaction). The results obtained mainly in skin tests account for its occurrence in some percentage of diseased animals, becau...
[Monoclonal antibodies directed against equine blood group antigens]. The chief application of blood typing in domestic animals is in the verification of parentage. However, the acquisition of good standardized reagents in sufficient quantity remains an obstacle for the development of this work. The production of monoclonal antibodies directed against blood group determinants offers an attractive means of improving both the quality and quantity of serological reagents, and could facilitate the definition of new specificities. Fusions between a mouse myeloma line and splenocytes from mice immunized with horse red cells have resulted in four hybridomas producing a...
Differential sensitivity of human, avian, and equine influenza A viruses to a glycoprotein inhibitor of infection: selection of receptor specific variants. Human and animal (avian and equine) influenza A virus isolates of the H3 serotype exhibit marked differences in their ability to bind specific sialyloligosaccharide sequences that serve as cell surface receptor determinants (G. Rogers and J. Paulson, 1983, Virology 127, 361-373). Whereas human isolates of this subtype strongly agglutinate enzymatically modified human erythrocytes containing the terminal SA alpha 2,6Gal sequence, avian and equine isolates preferentially agglutinate erythrocytes bearing the SA alpha 2, 3Gal sequence. As shown in this report, a glycoprotein found in horse serum, ...
Increased susceptibility of fibroblasts from horses with severe combined immunodeficiency to growth inhibition by 2′-deoxyadenosine. The effect of adenosine, deoxyadenosine, guanosine, and deoxyguanosine on the growth rate of fibroblasts derived from normal horses, horses heterozygous for the severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) trait (heterozygotes), and horses with SCID was studied. All four purines were found to inhibit growth in a dose-dependent manner, but only adenosine and deoxyadenosine were inhibitory at concentrations of less than 100 microM. No statistical difference in sensitivity to adenosine was detected between normal and SCID fibroblasts. Fibroblasts from SCID horses were, however, more sensitive to the g...
Affinity chromatographic purification of horse muscle acylphosphatase: evidence of the existence of multiple molecular forms. Acylphosphatase was purified from horse muscle by a new procedure involving an affinity chromatography step and subsequent ion-exchange chromatography. This procedure was considerably milder than the preceding one, gave an overall yield of about 60% of activity and permitted isolation of three molecular forms with acylphosphatase activity. All these enzymatic forms are tightly bound to Sepharose 4B-linked anti-horse muscle acylphosphatase antibodies. Two of these forms (Ho1 and Ho3) are present in larger amounts: Ho1 corresponds to the enzyme purified according to the older procedure; this enz...
Standard antisera produced in ponies for the identification of bovine mycoplasmas: comparative growth-inhibition results from six laboratories. Antisera to 10 mycoplasma species of bovine origin were produced in 10 ponies and were distributed for evaluation in growth-inhibition tests at 6 laboratories in Australia, England, Denmark, France, and the United States. Except for a few failures with some antigens produced at the 6 laboratories, the antisera induced large zones of growth inhibition in homologous, but not heterologous, systems. These antisera may be useful as standard reagents for the identification of the bovine mycoplasmas.
Adherence of Streptococcus equi on tongue, cheek and nasal epithelial cells of ponies. Streptococcus equi was found to adhere to tongue, cheek and nasal epithelial cells of ponies, in vitro. Maximum adherence was observed at pH 7.5 after one hour of incubation of bacteria with epithelial cells. This adherence was more on epithelial cells from adult animals than from foals. Streptococci exposed to heat (60 degrees C for 10 min) or treated with pepsin or trypsin showed a reduced adherence, whereas an increase occurred on treatment with hyaluronidase. Antibodies against whole S. equi cells or M-like protein blocked the adherence, whereas antibodies against group-specific carbohydra...
Experimental production of neonatal isoerythrolysis in the foal. Serological evidence with or without clinical signs of neonatal isoerythrolysis was experimentally produced in 6 of 8 foals born to mares allo-immunized with washed erythrocytes from the stallion. Blood group antigens were determined in all mares, stallions and foals, and the incompatible antigenic factor(s) responsible for the disease were defined. In 5 of 8 foals born to alloimmunized mares, a single antigenic factor difference accounted for the erythrocyte incompatibility between mare and foal. The erythrocyte antigen suspected as the most responsible for isoerythrolysis observed was A1. Ag...
Phagocytosis and intracellular killing of the contagious equine metritis organism by equine neutrophils in genital secretions. Equine neutrophils were combined with contagious equine metritis organism (CEMO) or Escherichia coli in vitro in the presence of seminal plasma, uterine flushings, or Hank's balanced salt solution (HBSS). Phagocytosis and intracellular killing were estimated by bacterial culture and light and electron microscopy. With lysed neutrophils, the numbers of colony-forming units of CEMO and E coli increased in seminal plasma and uterine flushings. Numbers of CEMO decreased in HBSS. The numbers of CEMO increased more in the presence of seminal plasma than the other media. When neutrophils were in the ...
Evaluation of a series of testing procedures to predict neonatal isoerythrolysis in the foal. A series of modified (field) tests were compared to a crossmatch between mare and foal for their reliability in predicting neonatal isoerythrolysis (NI) in eight foals born to experimentally alloimmunized mares. In the field tests, mare's serum, plasma and colostrum were combined with foal erythrocytes washed by a modified procedure to determine which combination was the best predictor of impending NI. A consistent grading system for agglutination and hemolysis was employed. The field tests using mare's plasma demonstrated less agglutination and hemolysis than tests where serum was employed. I...
Equine herpesvirus abortion in Australia 1977 to 1982. Until 1977 no case of abortion caused by equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV1) had been recorded in Australia although the virus, called equine rhinopneumonitis virus, had been known to have been present at least since 1962. Outbreaks of EHV1 abortion occurred in New South Wales in 1977 and in 1981. Sporadic cases of EHV1 abortion had been confirmed in some parts of Australia each year since 1975. It was concluded that an abortigenic subtype of EHV1 had been introduced to Australia in 1977 and that the previously endemic respiratory subtype occasionally caused abortion. Virus isolation in a variety of c...
Isolation and characterization of an equine rotavirus. A rotavirus, designated as the H-1 strain, was isolated from a diarrheic foal in primary African green monkey kidney cells and MA104 cells. This cell culture-adapted strain hemagglutinated erythrocytes of human group O, rhesus monkeys, guinea pigs, and sheep. It was found to be similar, if not identical, to porcine rotaviruses (strains OSU, EE, and A-580) by plaque reduction neutralization and hemagglutination inhibition tests, and, in addition, it was found to belong to subgroup 1. This equine rotavirus has an RNA electrophoretic migration pattern which was distinct from those of the three st...
Precipitating cross-reactions among pneumococcal types. Data accumulated over many years are brought together on cross-reactions of 46 among the more than 80 pneumococcal serological types, with the idea of correlating cross-reactions with the structures of the relevant type-specific capsular polysaccharides, insofar as these have been determined. The precipitin reaction was carried out with the polysaccharides and antibodies raised in horses, rabbits, and a mule. Quantitative values (micrograms of antibody nitrogen per milliliter of antiserum at 0 to 1 degree C) are given in many instances and discussed, together with arbitrary qualitative data, i...
Concentration of nucleotides and deoxynucleotides in peripheral and phytohemagglutinin-stimulated mammalian lymphocytes. Effects of adenosine and deoxyadenosine. Concentrations of purine and pyrimidine ribonucleotides were measured with HPLC in lymphocytes of man, horse, pig and sheep and in rat thymocytes. The ATP concentration was highest in lymphocytes of all species and about 850 pmol/10(6) cells in human and equine lymphocytes, higher in porcine and lower in ovine lymphocytes and rat thymocytes. The GTP concentration was comparable in human, equine and porcine lymphocytes, but lower in ovine lymphocytes. ATP concentration was also measured in lymphocytes of man, horse and pig with a luciferin-luciferase assay. During culturing with or without phyt...
Serodiagnosis of western equine encephalitis virus infections: relationships of antibody titer and test to observed onset of clinical illness. Sera from horses and human beings with clinically diagnosed western equine encephalitis (WEE) virus infections were tested for hemagglutination-inhibition (HI), complement-fixation (CF), and neutralizing (N) antibody to WEE virus. These tests confirmed infection in 43.8% (HI), 56.3% (CF), and 80.4% (N) of horses and 54.5% (HI), 59.1% (CF), and 77.3% (N) of human beings. Use of the N test as an adjunct to the HI and CF tests increased the likelihood of serologic confirmation to 91.7%. In both horses and human beings, N antibody increased steeply at the end of the 1st week after onset. The resul...
Successful bacterin therapy in a case of chronic equine staphylococcal infection. A Staphylococcus aureus infection in a mature horse, resulting from trauma, is described, which proved refractory to antibiotic therapy directed by the results of antibiotic sensitivity testing. After a prolonged course, rapid resolution of the infection was achieved with the administration of an autogenous formalized bacterin.
A collaborative assay of mycoplasma reference antisera. A total of 29 Mycoplasma and Acholeplasma antiserum reagents produced in mules and horses by the Baltimore Biological Laboratory and by Huntingdon Research Centre, under the auspices of National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA, were tested for potency and specificity, by a great variety of serological techniques, at the FAO/WHO Collaborating centre for Animal Mycoplasmas, University of Aarhus, Denmark. Subsequently, the antisera were subjected to a collaborative assay in which 20 workers from 15 different laboratories participated under the auspices of the International Research Programme ...
A clinical and experimental study of tendon injury, healing and treatment in the horse. This project was carried out over a five year period (1977 to 1981 inclusive) at the University of Bristol following discussion between the British Veterinary Association and the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons about the efficacy of, and ethical justification for, the practice of 'firing' (cautery). These discussions had been promoted by parliamentary questions but led to no firm conclusions because previously reported clinical investigations on specific treatments lacked adequate comparisons and controls and thus did not provide scientifically acceptable, statistically valid data. The pr...
Radioimmunological measurement of beta-endorphin in equine plasma. Radioimmunoassay procedures were developed and validated for the quantification of beta-endorphin (beta-EP)-like immunoreactivity in equine plasma. beta-EP could be quantitatively extracted from plasma with silicic acid powder and subsequently assayed, however, valid estimates of this hormone could also be obtained on unextracted plasma. Although beta-lipotropin (beta-LPH) cross-reacted in the assay, it was not necessary to correct for beta-LPH activity when assaying unextracted plasma because chromatographic analyses showed that 92% of the immunoreactivity in plasma extracts was similar in mo...
Further purification and characterisation of horse IgE. Horse IgE was isolated from a serum pool collected from foals naturally infected with endoparasites. The serum was precipitated with ammonium sulfate, delipidated with dextran sulfate and further purified by gel filtration, anionic exchange, immunosorption or preparative polyacrylamide gelelectrophoresis. By these methods IgE could be isolated at a purity of 81%. The sera from rabbits immunized with the purified horse serum fractions were tested using reversed passive cutaneous anaphylaxis and an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). By the ELISA method cross reaction of rabbit anti horse...
Influenza hemagglutination inhibiting activity in respiratory mucus from horses with chronic obstructive pulmonary disorders (heaves syndrome). Samples of mucus from the lower trachea were collected from 53 horses with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and from 24 clinically normal horses. Serum samples were collected from 35 of the horses with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and from the 24 normal horses. Samples were tested for inhibition of hemagglutination by influenza A equine 1 and 2 viruses. There were high levels of hemagglutination inhibiting activity against influenza A equine 1 in mucus samples from horses with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Equine immunology 4: vaccines and antisera. This paper attempts to relate the practicalities of vaccine development to the ideals which should be aimed for in a new vaccine. The type of immune response induced is dependent upon the nature of the antigen in the vaccine and the site and timing of its presentation to the immune system. In this respect the influence of age, maternal immunity and antigenic competition are discussed. The possible side effects associated with vaccination are defined and vaccines which are currently available for horses are reviewed. These vaccines are mostly for the prevention of respiratory disease. Finally, ...
Attempted reconstitution of a foal with primary severe combined immunodeficiency. A foal with primary severe combined immunodeficiency, diagnosed within the first two weeks of life, was maintained with its dam in semi-isolation. The foal received continuous prophylactic antibiotic therapy, plasma from a sibling hyperimmunised with equine adenovirus vaccine, and intensive general nursing care. A full sibling female was selected as a bone marrow donor on the basis of red blood cell cross-matching and mixed lymphocyte reactions. Cyclophosphamide was given before two bone marrow transfusions at 35 and 73 days of age. To prevent graft versus host disease graft versus host diseas...
