Lymphocytes are a type of white blood cell found in horses that are integral to the immune system. They are involved in the body's defense mechanisms against infections and other diseases. Lymphocytes are primarily categorized into T cells, B cells, and natural killer (NK) cells, each playing distinct roles in immune responses. T cells are involved in cell-mediated immunity, B cells are responsible for antibody production, and NK cells contribute to the destruction of infected or cancerous cells. The study of lymphocytes in horses includes their development, function, and response to various pathogens. This page compiles peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the biology, regulation, and clinical relevance of lymphocytes in equine health.
Angsubhakorn S, Poomvises P, Romruen K, Newberne PM.Two episodes of acute aflatoxin poisoning in horses suggest that horses are susceptible to the toxic effects of this mycotoxin. Lesions associated with exposure to aflatoxin included encephalomalacia of cerebral hemispheres, fatty degeneration, necrosis, bile duct hyperplasia, fibrosis of the liver, fatty infiltration of the kidney, hemorrhagic enteritis, and myocardial degeneration. Hypoglycemia, hyperlipidemia, and depletion of lymphocytes accompanied these lesions. The diagnosis was based on gross and histopathologic observations, consistent with observations of other species poisoned with ...
Barta O, Oyekan PP.Lymphocyte transformation test is a powerful tool in laboratory testing of immunologic competence of animals. The impaired function of the lymphocytes or presence of mitogenesis suppressing factors in the patient serum were detected by comparing lymphocyte transformation (expressed as thymidine incorporation) obtained in media containing either autologous, homologous, or fetal calf serum additions. Most valuable results were obtained by using at least two, preferably three, different phytomitogens: concanavalin A (Con A), pokeweed mitogen (PWM), and phytohemagglutinin (PHA) at optimal concentr...
Dutta SK, Myrup A, Bumgardner MK.Six pony foals, experimentally infected with equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1), were studied for their lymphocyte responses to EHV-1 and phytohemagglutinin (PHA) stimulations. Lymphocyte blastic transformation in the presence of EHV-1 appeared as early as 2 days after the foals were inoculated, reached a peak in 7 to 10 days, and subsequently decreased. In contrast, the lymphocyte blastic transformation in the presence of PHA increased sharply, reaching a peak in 2 to 3 days, and then decreased to its lowest level in 10 days after which it returned to its near preinoculation level. As for the mecha...
Prescott JF, Ogilvie TH, Markham RJ.A lymphocyte stimulation test using antigens of Corynebacterium equi was used to compare the response of peripheral blood lymphocytes from foals with C equi pneumonia with those of clinically normal foals and adult horses. The test clearly distinguished infected foals from normal foals when tested in animals less than or equal to 2 months old. After the 2nd month, stimulation response from individual normal foals sometimes exceed those from infected foals, but mean stimulation response to C equi antigens was significantly (P less than 0.025) greater in 3- to 5-month-old infected foals when com...
Lazary S, Bullen S, Müller J, Kovacs G, Bodo I, Hockenjos P, De Weck AL.Mono- and oligospecific lymphocytotoxic alloantibodies from primiparous mares were tested on cells from horse families of various breeds in the two-step microcytotoxicity assay. The results showed that the detected antigens were inherited co-dominantly and autosomally as simple Mendelian traits. The membrane antigens showed different linkage with one or more other antigens and seem to be coded by a limited number of loci (at least three) from one chromosome. In the families tested one recombinant for the serologically defined antigens was recognized. The mixed leukocyte reactions of cells from...
Lew AM, Hosking CS, Studdert MJ.Tests for T- and B-cell quantitation and immune function were developed, and their application in the diagnosis of primary severe combined immunodeficiency disease (CID) in Arabian foals was investigated. Foals with CID had severe lymphopenia and had small or zero numbers of B cells, as shown by immunofluorescence of surface immunoglobulin (Ig), erythrocyte-antibody-complement rosetting, and staphylococcal protein A rosetting. Serum IgM was undetectable in four CID foals 25 to 71 days old. Demonstrable antibody responses were not elicited in CID foals by phage phi X-174, a potent antigen in no...
Perryman LE, McGuire TC, Torbeck RL.The capacity of cells from thymus, liver, spleen, mesenteric lymph nodes, peripheral blood, and bone marrow to respond to in vitro phytolectin and allogeneic lymphocyte-stimulation was determined in 16 pony fetuses 61 to 200 days old (gestational age). Phytolectin-responsive cells were detected in the thymus at the 80th gestational day, peripheral blood at 120 days, lymph node at 160 days, and spleen at 200 days. Mixed lymphocyte culture-responsive cells were detected in thymus at 100 days and in the spleen at 200 days (gestational age). Immunoglobulins (Ig) M and IgG were quantitated by radio...
Prescott JF, Johnson JA, Markham RJ.Four month-old foals were infected orally with 75 mL of a suspension of 5.0 x 10(8)Corynebacterium equi per mL. Two foals were killed after ten days and had scanty number of C. equi in the caeco-colic lymph nodes. No C. equi were recovered from the other two foals, killed 20 days after infection. No gross pathological change was detected in these four foals, although mild microscopic lesions were seen in the ileum of one foal. Results of lymphocyte blastogenesis using peripheral blood lymphocytes and C. equi antigens showed, however, that lymphocytes became sensitized to C. equi following this...
Perryman LE, Liu IK.Nine foals with combined immunodeficiency were given hepatic and thymus cells from 68- to 110-day-old (gestational age) fetuses or peripheral blood lymphocytes from nonrelated horses. Clinical signs and lesions consistent with graft vs host reaction were observed in eight of the foals. Diarrhea was observed in these 8 foals, and ulcerative dermatitis, stomatitis, or glossitis was detected in 6 of the 8 foals. Histopathologic changes consisting of necrosis and lymphocyte infiltration were observed in liver, skin, alimentary tract, and less frequently in lymphoid tissues. Changes in complete blo...
Bailey E.Six hundred horses were tested with lymphocytotoxic antisera derived from 550 parous mares and 58 antisera produced by alloimmunization with horse blood cells. Seven equine lymphocyte specificities were identified using correlation analysis of the test data, absorption analysis and lysostripping. These specificities are expressed on lymphocytes and platelets, but not on red blood cells (RBC). Therefore, these specificities do not appear to be products of any of the eight known blood group systems of the horse. The distribution of these specificities in 113 Thoroughbred horses and 57 Arabian ho...
Broström H, Bredberg-Rådén U, England J, Obel N, Perlmann P.Cell-mediated immunity in horses with sarcoid tumor against sarcoid antigens was studied in vitro by means of mixed lymphocyte tumor cell culture assay and lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity of 52Cr-labeled target cells. When Mc-1 sarcoid cells were used as stimulatory cells for peripheral blood lymphocytes in the mixed lymphocyte tumor cell assay, a clear difference in the kinetics of the generated lymphocytic proliferative response could be detected between sarcoid and control horses. With sarcoid horses, their proliferative maximum was reached 3 days earlier than that of the control horses, a...
Prescott JF, Markham RJ, Johnson JA.Transformation of peripheral blood lymphocytes from pony foals vaccinated and subsequently infected with Corynebacterium equi was studied. Three foals were vaccinated on two occasions using a formalinized C. equi vaccine with aluminum hydroxide as an adjuvant. Three nonvaccinated foals served as controls. Foals were challenged intratracheally with 9 x 10(9) C. equi six weeks after the initial vaccination. Foals survived this infection for one to two weeks. Significant lymphocyte transformation in response to C. equi antigens was detected in two vaccinated foals at the third week after initial ...
Deem DA, Traver DS, Thacker HL, Perryman LE.Immunologic deficiency was suspected in an 18-month-old Standardbred horse with persistent fever, multifocal bacterial infection, and neutropenia with a large number of immature neutrophils. Serum protein electrophoresis revealed marked depression of the gamma-globulin fraction (0.2 g/100 ml). Immunologic testing and histologic examination of lymphoid tissues identified the immune deficit as agammaglobulinemia. Serum concentrations of immunoglobulin (Ig)G and IgG(T) were initially low and declined with time; IgM and IgA were not detectable. The horse failed to produce antibodies when inoculate...
Magnuson NS, Perryman LE.The effect of adenosine on the mitogenic response of peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) and on the nucleotide pools of erythrocytes from normal horses, horses heterozygous for the combined immunodeficiency (CID) trait (carriers), and foals with CID was studied. When PBL from normal, carrier, and CID horses were stimulated by phytohemagglutinin (PHA), concanavalin A, or pokeweed mitogen, [3H]thymidine uptake was inhibited by adenosine (0.1 microM) to 1.0 mM) in a dose-dependent manner. Adenosine (100 microM) mediated inhibition of [3H]thymidine uptake was prevented in both normal and carrier ho...
Science (New York, N.Y.)June 22, 1979
Volume 204, Issue 4399 1317-1319 doi: 10.1126/science.451540
Bailey E, Stormont C, Suzuki Y, Trommershausen Smith A.A system of equine lymphocyte alloantigens designated ELA, is identified, and it is shown that the locus or loci controlling these markers must be closely linked to the locus controlling markers in the A system of horse blood groups. Among 29 offspring in two stallion families there was evidence for one recombinant. Lod scores for linkage between the A and ELA loci in the two families were 3.61 and 3.33, respectively, for theta equal to 0.
Corradin G, Chiller JM.Murine T-lymphocyte specificity was determined in a system of antigen driven in vitro T-cell proliferation using cytochrome c molecules from different species, their derived peptides and reconstituted hybrid proteins. It was observed that primed T cells could discriminate between peptide fragments which differed from each other at a single amino acid residue. These conclusions were substantiated by the pattern of cross-reactivity noted in the response of closely related cytochrome c proteins as well as when artificial hybrid molecules reconstituted by the covalent linkage of peptide fragments ...
Dixon JB, Allan D, West CR.The purpose of these investigations was to assemble and compare data which might illustrate a functional relationship between phytohaemagglutinin-induced transformation of equine lymphocytes in vitro and the haematological profiles of the lymphocyte donors. Statistically significant correlation between transformation and a haematological parameter was taken as evidence that both may be part of a common regulatory system. There was no evidence that transformation in vitro was affected by artefactual variation in the cellular composition of the cultures. Transformational behaviour of lymphocytes...
Hueso P, Rocha M.The present paper deals with a comparative study on six methods for isolation of peripheral blood lymphocytes from various mammalian sources: Bos taurus L. (adult cow), Equus caballus L. (adult horse), Equus asinus L. (adult and young donkeys) and Sus scropha L. (adult pig). The following systems were used: a) Filtration through sand columns (a modification of Blaszczyszyn's method); b) Sodium metrizoate and "Ficoll 400" c) "Lymphoprep"; d) "Urovison" and dextran T150 (a modification of GILI et al.'s method); e) "Urografin" and dextran T150; f) "Ficoll-Paque". The final preparation of lymphocy...
Magnuson NS, McGuire TC, Banks KL, Perryman LE.The in vitro and in vivo effects of corticosteroids on peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) from ponies were studied. Prednisolone inhibited lymphocyte stimulation by phytohemagglutin (PHA) in a dose-dependent manner, without inducing lysis even at large doses. The PBL from horses heterozygous for the combined immunodeficiency trait responded to corticosteroid treatment the same as did PBL from normal ponies. Removal of the corticosteroid after incubation with PBL from normal ponies partially restored responsiveness of these cells to PHA. Chronic in vivo treatment of ponies with corticosteroids ...
McClure JJ, Muscoplat CC, Johnson DW, Senogles DR.A miniaturized method for the mixed lymphocyte culture test in the horse is described. The test is performed in either round- or flat-bottom microtitration tissue culture plates. Concentrations of responsing and stimulating cells are varied, depening on the experiment. Significant discrimination between isogeneic and allogenic mixtures is possible after 120 hours' culture when cells are labeled ([3H]thymidine) for the last 16 to 18 hours of the test.
Meuten DJ, Butler DG, Thomson GW, Lumsden JH.Chronic granulomatous enteritis associated with weight loss and hypoproteinemia was identified in 2 horses. Both horses continued to have normally formed feces. Malabsorption of carbohydrate and lipid, with concomitant gastrointestinal protein loss was demonstrated in 1 case. One horse was treated symptomatically and gained 108 kg. In both cases, principal gastrointestinal lesions were partial to total villus atrophy and transmural mononuclear leukocytosis, with lymphocytes and histiocytes predominating. The cause of the condition was not identified in either case.
Perryman LE, McGuire TC.Combined immunodeficiency in horses is a genetic disorder in which there is a defect in the production of committed B and T lymphocytes. In this study, peripheral blood mononuclear leukocytes from foals with combined immunodeficiency were examined for their capacity to stimulate and respond in one-way mixed lymphocyte cultures. Irradiated cells from combined immunodeficient foals were uniformly capable of stimulating cells from unrelated horses. However, none were able to respond to allogeneic stimulation. Examination of cells from known carrier horses revealed no difference in capacity to sti...
Dixon JB, Allan D, West CR.Data are presented on lymphocyte transformation by phytohaemagglutinin in 20 normal horses. The logarithms of transformation ratios were found to have an approximately normal distribution, giving (for the transformation ratios themselves) a geometric mean of 23.6, a range of 1.92 to 97.3, and an estimated 95 per cent tolerance interval of 1.1 to 488. Analysis of variance on the logarithms of the transformation ratios gave a coefficient of variation of 140 per cent of the transformation ratios themselves for the variation between horses; whereas the coefficient of variation between duplicate sa...
Tax WJ, Veerkamp JH.1. Activities of ADA and PNP were measured in erythrocytes and lymphocytes of man, horse and cattle. 2. In bovine hemolysates both enzyme activities are low when compared with activities in human hemolysates. In horse hemolysates both enzyme activities are virtually absent. 3. Enzyme activities are consistently lower (about 50%) in intact lymphocytes than in sonicated lymphocytes. This finding suggests that the uptake of nucleosides is rate-limiting for both enzymes in intact lymphocytes. 4. The activity of ADA in horse lymphocytes is comparable to that in lymphocytes of patients with severe c...
Tarr MJ, Olsen RG, Krakowka GS, Cockerell GL, Gabel AA.Erythrocyte rosette (ER) formation of equine peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) was characterized. Guinea pig and, to a lesser extent, human erythrocytes formed ER; cat, cow, dog, hamster, mouse, rat, and sheep erythrocytes showed negligible rosetting properties. Conditions of the assay were varied to determine which procedure allowed the largest percentage of rosette formation. The PBL from 20 normal horses were then assayed, averaging 38 +/- 2% ER. To characterize the erythrocyte receptor as being on T or B cells, equine thymocytes from 6 foals were assayed; the thymocytes formed an average ...
Roberts MC.Progressive leukaemic changes and a persistent anaemia were demonstrated in the blood of a 7 year old gelding, which had shown early signs of lowered performance and unthriftiness, and later developed dependent oedema and became dull and listless. The total leucocyte count, initially within the normal range although reflecting an absolute lymphocytosis, increased fourfold in 6 days from excessive lymphoid production involving predominantly the more immature cell types; lymphoblasts, prolymphocytes and large lymphocytes. The severity of the condition was confirmed by bone marrow biopsy.
Manglai D, Wada R, Kurohmaru M, Sugiura T, Yoshihara T, Oikawa M, Hayashi Y.To clarify the functions of the equine guttural pouch, the distribution of various immunoglobulin isotypes and subisotypes in the guttural pouch mucosa were examined in healthy horses. IgGa was present in the mucosa of guttural pouch, mucosal lymph nodules and submucosal lymph nodules. IgM was scattered in the mucosal lymph nodules and in the germinal centers of the submucosal lymph nodules. IgGc was recognized only in the submucosal lymph nodules. These immunoglobulin isotypes and subisotypes were found in lymphocytes and plasma cells. On the other hand, IgA was detected in glandular epitheli...
Edens LM, Crisman MV, Toth TE, Ahmed SA, Murray MJ.The objectives of this study were to: (1) develop a technique to analyze the in vitro cytotoxic activity of lymphocytes from adult horses against equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) infected allogenic equine dermal fibroblasts (EDF); (2) evaluate the ability of a 72-h in vitro incubation with interleukin-2 (IL-2) to enhance the lymphocytic cytolytic activity against EHV-1 infected EDF; (3) compare the cytotoxic activity of lymphocytes isolated from pregnant mares and non-pregnant mares against EHV-1 infected EDF; (4) ascertain if any correlations existed between the percent cytotoxicity and percentag...
Rickards KJ, Page CP, Hamblin AS, Goode NT, Cunningham FM.Lymphocytes play an important role in allergic inflammation and have been implicated in the pathogenesis of equine allergic skin and respiratory disease. Targeting intracellular signalling pathways in human lymphocytes has demonstrated a role for both phosphodiesterase and protein kinase C in cell activation. The aim of this study was to measure total cyclic nucleotide hydrolysing phosphodiesterase activity and to identify the phosphodiesterase and protein kinase C isoenzymes present in equine lymphocytes. The functional significance of these isoenzymes was then investigated by examining their...
Zaleska M, Anusz K, Winnicka A, Kita J.Twelve horses, all of them 10 years old, were vaccinated intramuscularly on 0 and 28 days of the experiment with inactivated vaccine containing only antigens of A-equi-2/Miami/63. Another three unvaccinated horses, each at the age of 10 years, were the negative control group. One, ten-year-old horse was vaccinated with commercial inactivated vaccine containing both antigens of A-equi-2/Miami/63 as well as A-equi-1/Praha/56 as positive control. Three horses were challenged intranasally with homotypic strain of Miami/63, while six other were challenged with heterotypic strains--three with Suffol...
Yu DT, Gale RP, Kacena A, Pearson CM.Rosette formation between human lymphocytes and horse red blood cells could be promoted by a low pH medium, overnight incubation and a temperature of 4 degrees C. The percent of sheep, horse and human rosette-forming cells in the peripheral blood were 71.7 +/- 1.8, 30.5 +/- 2.8 and 28.3 +/- 3.4 respectively. However, their percentages in thymuses were 97.1 +/- 1.1, 91.4 +/- 2.4 and 89.0 +/- 3.4. Using preparations of isolated subpopulations, it was observed that the horse and human red cell rosette-forming cells were probably also "early" sheep red cell rosette-forming cells. Rosette formation...
Ozaydın T, Celik I, Sur E, Oznurlu Y, Uluısık D.We attempted to characterize the cytochemical staining patterns of leukocytes and to determine the percentages of alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase (ANAE) and acid phosphatase (ACPase) positive lymphocytes in peripheral blood of thoroughbred foals at different ages. Blood samples were obtained from the jugular veins of 60 healthy thoroughbred foals, 1 day, 3 days and 1 year old. Each age group included 10 male and 10 female animals. Peroxidase (PO) activity was detected in neutrophils, eosinophils and monocytes. Lymphocytes were negative for PO staining. Periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) staining was o...
Broström H, Troye-Bomberg M, Perlmann P.To analyze in vitro lymphocyte-mediated immune responses of horses with sarcoids against allogeneic sarcoid cells containing endogenous retrovirus but not expressing major histocompatibility complex antigens. Methods: Lymphocyte-mediated immune reactions were assessed by means of proliferative responses in mixed lymphocyte tumor cell culture (MLTC) assay and lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity against various equine target cells. Methods: 12 horses with sarcoid tumors and 15 control horses. Methods: Blood lymphocytes were cocultured in MLTC with allogeneic sarcoid cells (Mc-1, BayMc-1), equine te...
Baker JM, Stidworthy M, Gull T, Novak J, Miller JM, Antczak DF.Serological and cellular assays and molecular techniques were used to define features of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) of the donkey With this information in hand, immune recognition of MHC determinants within and between donkeys and horses was compared. An antibody-mediated, complement-dependent, microcytotoxicity assay using a variety of antisera to donkey histocompatibility antigens, including those induced as a result of intraspecies or interspecies pregnancy in horse mares and jenny donkeys, delineated five donkey leukocyte antigen (DoLA) specificities. Antisera raised across...
Tajima M, Fujinaga T, Okamoto Y, Otomo K, Koike T.The relationship between the optimum concentration of mitogen which induces lymphocyte blastogenic response and the receptor occupancy by mitogen was investigated. The receptor occupancies which induced maximal blastogenic activity in equine, bovine and canine peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) were 31.1 per cent, 26.5 per cent and 38.4 per cent with phytohaemagglutinin-P, and 48.2 per cent, 17.9 per cent and 24.5 per cent with concanavalin A, respectively. The data clearly show that each animal species had its own optimum concentration of mitogen for stimulation of PBL. Optimum concentration ...
Grünig G, Barbis DP, Zhang CH, Davis WC, Lunn DP, Antczak DF.Equine peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) were enriched by positive selection using panning with a mixture of monoclonal antibodies against putative equine CD4 (Equine Leucocyte Antigen Workshop antibodies WS 1 and WS 72), or CD8 molecules (Workshop antibodies WS 12, WS 49, and WS 74). RNA was extracted from CD4 enriched cells (99% purity), from CD8 enriched cells (69% purity), from peripheral blood lymphocytes, and from neonatal equine thymus. RNA extracted from equine granulocytes and from equine kidney served as negative control. The RNA was electrophoresed in agarose and transferred to nyl...
Brinsko SP, Ball BA.The equine oviduct is the site of fertilisation and location of embryonic development during the first 5 or 6 days. It therefore has an important influence on mare fertility. Although histopathological changes have been described previously, there is limited information regarding lymphocyte subtypes present in the mucosa of the normal equine oviduct. Objective: To characterise the distribution of CD3+, CD4+, CD8+ and B lymphocytes in the equine oviduct from inseminated mares during oestrus and dioestrus, and from noninseminated mares during the immediate post ovulatory period. Methods: Oviduct...
Perryman LE, Wyatt CR, Magnuson NS.Neoplastic lymphocytes from a horse with lymphosarcoma and IgM deficiency were analyzed for ability to grow in culture; surface and cytoplasmic IgM; functional activity in blastogenesis, cytoxicity, and suppressor assays; and activities of six enzymes involved in purine and pyrimidine metabolism. The cells lacked surface and cytoplasmic IgM. They had elevated activity of adenosine deaminase and reduced activity of purine nucleoside phosphorylase. Neoplastic cells were nonresponsive in blastogenesis assay and did not kill allogeneic lymphocyte target cells or YAC-1 targets in a lectin-dependent...
Abraham G, Broddet OE, Ungemach FR.In this study, beta-adrenoceptors of intact equine lymphocytes were identified and subclassified by (-)-[125I]-iodocyanopindolol (ICYP) binding. ICYP binding to intact equine lymphocytes was rapid, saturable (maximal number of binding sites 320 +/- 20 ICYP binding sites/cell, n = 12) and of high affinity (KD value for ICYP 14.4 +/- 1.7 pmol/l, n = 12). Binding was stereospecific as shown by the 10 times greater potency of (-)-propranolol to inhibit binding than its (+)-isomer. Beta-adrenoceptor agonists inhibited ICYP binding with an order of potency: (-)-isoprenaline >(-)-adrenaline >(-...
Winder NC, Gruenig G, Hermann M, Howald B, von Fellenberg R.Equine respiratory secretions (RS) collected before (33 horses) and after (76 horses) slaughter were evaluated cytologically and grouped according to the histological diagnosis of the lungs from which they were obtained. The histological categories included normal lungs (control; 17 horses), chronic small airway disease with mild (23 horses), moderate (13 horses) and severe lesions (25 horses), interstitial pneumonia (13 horses), pulmonary eosinophilic infiltration (13 horses) and pulmonary haemorrhage (5 horses). On a group basis there were significantly more neutrophils in RS of horses with ...
Srivastava SK, Barnum DA.Lymphocyte stimulation was observed in whole equine blood in the presence of phytohaemagglutinin and M protein extracted from a typical strain of Streptococcus equi. Blood samples were collected from several healthy horses and horse and pony foals and cultured in vitro with varying concentrations of phytohaemagglutinin and M protein for several days. Phytohaemagglutinin was found to induce lymphocyte stimulation in these animals. Highest mean stimulation indices in horse foals (49.3 +/- 24.4) and pony foals (54.7 +/- 32.0) were observed with 0.625 and 1.25 micrograms/mL phytohaemagglutinin, re...
Hamouzová P, Drábková Z, Stehlíková Š, Řeháková K, Čížek P, Dobešová O, Jahn P, Doubek J.This study determined Tregs and inflammatory cytokines in BALF and peripheral blood (PB) of adult horses with mild and severe asthma and different BALF cytological inflammation profiles. Horses of diverse breeds with asthma (age range: 2-20 years, n = 24) were divided into groups according to the number of points obtained in a standardized clinical scoring system (mild-moderate equine asthma - MEA, severe equine asthma - SEA) and according to the inflammation type based on cytological finding. Plasma levels of IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-10, IL-17 and MMP-9 in the BALF were determined by ELISA. Tregs ...
Chiaradia E, Gaiti A, Terracina L, Avellini L.Physical exercise induces a reduction of immune defences and an imbalance of red-ox status. In this study plasma levels of cysteine and homocysteine (Hcy) were determined in horses before and after submaximal treadmill exercise as well as the effect on horse lymphocyte proliferation. The exercise induced a significant increase in plasma Hcy levels, which remained high both after the 20 min recovery period and after 2 h of rest. Moreover, a reduction of lymphocyte responsiveness to the proliferative stimulus induced by Concanavalin A was observed. The effects of different Hcy concentrations on ...
Hamouzová P, Dobešová O, Řeháková K, Stehlíková Š, Čížek P, Drábková Z, Jahn P, Doubek J.This study is the first to provide information on the lymphocyte subpopulations in peritoneal effusions in horses. Peritoneal transudates (n = 12), peritoneal exudates (n = 6) and a pleural exudate (n = 1) were analyzed. The total nucleated cell count (TNCC), total protein (TP) and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) concentration determined by ELISA were measured and routine cytological evaluation was performed. CD3, CD4, CD8 and CD21 positive cells were detected by flow cytometry. A higher percentage of neutrophils (P < 0.05) and higher MMP-9 (P < 0.01) levels were found in ex...
Ansar Ahmed S, Furr M, Chickering WR, Sriranganathan N, Sponenberg DP.Immunological, clinical, and pathological investigations were conducted on a horse with lymphosarcoma. The immunological status was investigated by measuring the level of antibodies by single radial immunodiffusion test and the ability of lymphocytes to proliferate in response to mitogens. Multiple immunological abnormalities were noted in this horse. They were; (1) decreased IgM, IgG, and IgA levels in the serum despite hyperproteinemia; (2) increased in-vitro spontaneous lymphoproliferation which reflects augmented mitosis; (3) decreased lymphoproliferative response to T cell stimulants (e.g...
Targowski SP.All chronically diarrheal horses given (orally) 2 series of treatments with normal horse serum recovered in 2 to 4 weeks. However, mild diarrhea sometimes persisted several months in the group of horses with severe diarrhea. Weight gains were approximately 35% in horses with severe diarrhea and approximately 10% in horses with mild diarrhea. Serum specimens from 12 diarrheal and 20 normal horses were examined for immunoglobulins by single radial immunodiffusion technique. Concentration of immunoglobulin A in serum of diarrheal horses was approximately 50% lower than that in serum of normal hor...
Antczak DF.A new polymorphic locus of the horse which has several unusual properties is described. The suggested name for the locus is ELY-2. The gene product of one allele at this locus, designated ELY-2.1, has been identified with antisera raised as a result of pregnancy. Antibody to ELY-2.1 was first detected on day 55 after conception in the serum of a mare in first pregnancy. This early onset of antibody is similar to that seen for antibody to ELA antigens, and suggests that the source of the antigenic stimulus may be the tissue of the equine endometrial cups. The antisera identifying ELY-2.1 are cy...
Ahmed JS, Schmid G, Hörchner F.Pony peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) were stimulated with a soluble fraction of Trypanosoma (T.) evansi (SF). As determined by 3H-thymidine incorporation, the cells underwent a proliferative response and were able to: a) produce a factor having the biological activities of interleukin 2 (IL-2) since their supernatants could support the in vitro growth of pony PBL stimulated with concanavalin A (Con A-blasts); b) undergo a further proliferative response when incubated in short term cultures with SF, human recombinant IL-2 (hrIL-2), or both c) bind specifically radiolabelled hrIL-2 (125I-hrIL...
Aida Y, Okada K, Kageyama R, Amanuma H.Tumor-associated antigens that are expressed in lymphosarcoma B cells of cattle with enzootic bovine leukosis had been analyzed in terms of their reactivity with 13 monoclonal antibodies (MAB). By use of flow cytometry and radioimmunoprecipitation, 1 of the MAB (c143) that recognized a tumor-associated antigen cross-reacted with blood lymphocytes (BL) from various mammalian species. By use of flow cytometry, the c143 MAB reacted with 10 to 49% of BL derived from human beings, mice, dogs, horses, pigs, llamas, sheep, goats, and cattle. Titer of the c143 MAB with BL from horses, pigs, human bein...
Tajima M, Fujinaga T, Mizuno S, Otomo K.The distributions of phytohemagglutinin-P (PHA) and concanavalin A (ConA) binding sites were investigated for equine, bovine and canine peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL). Non-B lymphocytes were collected from each PBL using a fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS), and the numbers of PHA and ConA binding sites on their surfaces were counted. Most PHA binding sites on PBL of the three species were shown on the surfaces of non-B lymphocytes. On the other hand, the ConA binding sites on equine and canine PBL existed mainly on the surfaces of non-B lymphocytes, but B lymphocytes of these two s...
Yasuda K, Scott DW, Erb HN, McDonough SP.Infiltrative lymphocytic mural folliculitis (ILMF) is a histopathological reaction pattern reported to occur in a small number of equine inflammatory dermatoses. However, the prevalence of ILMF in a variety of equine dermatoses has not been reported. Skin biopsy specimens from 250 horses with inflammatory dermatoses and from 27 horses with physically healthy skin were therefore evaluated. ILMF was present in 82% of the diseased skin specimens examined. ILMF was not seen in physically healthy skin. It appears that ILMF is frequently seen in a wide variety of equine inflammatory dermatoses and t...
Michishita M, Shibata R, Machida Y, Matsumoto M, Ochiai K, Azakami D.A 20-year-old Dutch Warmblood gelding was referred with clinical signs of anorexia, weight loss, intermittent fever, cough, subcutaneous oedema and exercise intolerance. Haematological examination revealed the presence of blast cells, decreased lymphocytes, mild thrombocytopenia and anaemia but no leucocytosis. Serum analyses detected elevated aspartate aminotransferase and gamma-glutamyl transferase activities and triglyceride concentrations. Twenty-two days after the initial visit, the horse died after showing clinical signs of decreased appetite, increased body temperature, tachypnoea and t...
Weston MC, Cunningham FM, Collins ME.CCL11 (also known as eotaxin) is a very potent and selective mediator of eosinophil migration which exerts its effects through its receptor, CCR3. In this study we report the cloning of an equine CCR3 cDNA sequence and investigation of the localization of CCR3 mRNA expression in horse tissues. Equine CCR3 displayed high levels of sequence identity with CCR3 sequences in other species. RT-PCR analysis revealed the expression of CCR3 in colon, lung and spleen of normal horses. In situ hybridisation experiments indicated that expression of CCR3 mRNA in colon was predominantly in eosinophils and t...
Jalali GR, Rezai A, Underwood JL, Mowbray JF, Surridge SH, Allen WR, Matthias S.We have shown that most of the IgG present on term syncytiotrophoblast, membrane, microvesicles is bound to an 80 kDa protein antigen (R80K). Methods: Microvesicles were prepared from term human placenta, and the IgG eluted at pH3. Results: When IgG antibody was eluted at pH3 and reacted with acid-treated vesicles of other placentae, the alloantibody always bound to the preparation from which it was obtained, but only to about 10% of acid-treated preparations from other placentae. A similar polymorphic protein found in association with IgG antibody was found in term horse placentae. Cross-reac...
Watson ED, Zanecosky HG.Immunosuppressive substances which interfere with lymphocyte blastogenesis are released in vitro by embryos and endometrium from mares in early pregnancy. Immunosuppression was not evident when tissues were cultured in the presence of indomethacin (a prostaglandin-synthesis inhibitor). Various prostaglandins (PGs) were added to equine lymphocytes and lymphocyte proliferation was measured after the addition of concanavalin A (Con A) or phytohaemagglutinin A (PHA). PGE2 and PGF2 alpha inhibited Con A-induced blastogenesis down to final concentrations of 1.8 x 10(-9) M and 1.3 x 10(-6) M, respect...
Tajima M, Araiso T, Koyama T, Fujinaga T, Otomo K, Koike T.The membrane viscosity of peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) of equine, bovine and canine was measured by the use of time-resolved fluorescence depolarization technique with 1, 6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene (DPH). The viscosity values were 0.55, 0.59 and 0.50 poise for equine, bovine and canine PBLs, respectively. These values were compared with steady-state anisotropies and order parameters measured from electron spin resonance (ESR) of 5-doxyl stearic acid. Both values were increased with increase of viscosity. The fluid property of the membranes stimulated with phytohemagglutinin-P (PHA) was...
