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Topic:Serology
Serology in horse research involves the study and analysis of blood serum to detect the presence of antibodies or antigens associated with infectious diseases and other health conditions. It is a diagnostic tool used to identify immune responses to pathogens, vaccination status, and exposure to specific diseases. Serological tests in equine research can include enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), complement fixation tests, and virus neutralization tests. These tests help in understanding the epidemiology of diseases, monitoring herd health, and informing vaccination strategies. This page compiles peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the methodologies, applications, and implications of serological testing in equine medicine.
Polyclonal antibody-based antigen-detection immunoassay for diagnosis of Trypanosoma evansi in buffaloes and horses. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was employed for the detection of Trypanosoma evansi antigens in serum samples of field cases of buffaloes and horses in northern India. In 323 naturally infected/suspected buffaloes, circulating antigenaemia was detected in 180 (55.72%), whereas parasitaemia by wet blood smear examination was found in 62 (19.19%) only. The antigen-ELISA was positive in 47 of the 62 parasitologically proven cases and in 86 of the 116 cases with anti-trypanosome antibodies detected by ELISA. Of the 80 horses examined antigen-ELISA was positive in 45 (56.75%) sera. Th...
Clinical, virological and serological responses of donkeys to intranasal inoculation with the KY-84 strain of equine arteritis virus. The clinical, virological and serological responses of seven female donkeys (Equus asinus) to inoculation with the KY-84 strain of equine arteritis virus (EAV), a strain that causes moderate to severe clinical signs in horses, was investigated. In the donkeys, the only clinical signs observed were fever (mainly 3-9 days after inoculation), mild depression in four animals, and a slight nasal or ocular discharge in three. All of the donkeys became infected with EAV as shown by recovery of the virus for periods of up to 14 days from the nasopharynx and buffy coat and, in three out of four donkeys...
A type-specific serological test to distinguish antibodies to equine herpesviruses 4 and 1. We describe a type-specific ELISA, which distinguishes antibody to equine herpesvirus 4 (EHV4; equine rhinopneumonitis) and EHV1 (equine abortion virus) thereby identifying horses that have been infected with either or both of these antigenically related viruses. The antigens used are parts of the EHV4 and EHV1 glycoprotein G (gG) homologues expressed in E. coli as fusion proteins [Crabb and Studdert, 1993: J Virol 67: 6332-6338). The expressed proteins comprise corresponding regions of the gG molecules that are highly divergent and encompass strong, typespecific epitopes. Plasma samples from ...
Rapid diagnosis of equine influenza by the Directigen FLU-A enzyme immunoassay. The Directigen FLU-A enzyme immunoassay was tested for its ability to detect equine-2 influenza viruses in nasopharyngeal fluids from horses and ponies. A total of 125 swabs from experimental infections and from different sources of natural infection in the USA and Hong Kong were examined. The assay results were compared with the results of standard virus culture in embryonated chicken eggs or Madin-Darby canine kidney cells, and with the serology of the horses sampled. In comparison with virus culture the enzyme immunoassay exhibited 83 per cent sensitivity, 78 per cent specificity, 70 per ce...
Population genetics of Great Basin feral horses. The genetic make-up of Great Basin wild (feral) horses was investigated by blood typing studies. Blood samples of 975 feral horses from seven trap sites in Nevada and Oregon were tested by serological and electrophoretic techniques for genetic markers at 19 polymorphic loci. The average number of variants for the seven feral populations [72.1 +/- 3.2 (SEM), range 62-85] was not significantly different from that of 16 domestic breeds (75.0 +/- 11.5, range 58-105). The expected average frequency of heterozygotes per locus (average heterozygosity) for the feral populations (0.402 +/- 0.009, range...
Serological relationship between a donkey alphaherpesvirus (isolate M7/91) and equid herpesvirus type 1 and 4. Rabbit hyperimmune serum prepared against a donkey alphaherpesvirus isolate (M7/91), and against EHV-1 and EHV-4 was used to characterise the antigenic relationship between these 3 viruses. Serum from immunised rabbits was always more specific for homologous virus and showed different cross reactivity for heterologous virus. It was concluded that the immunologic relationship between the M7/91 isolate and EHV-1, was closer than that between this isolate and EHV-4. A serological survey of donkeys (n = 116) and horses (n = 57) revealed evidence of the presence of neutralising antibody to M7/91 in...
Borrelia burgdorferi infection in UK horses. Antibody levels (IgG and IgM) to Borrelia burgdorferi were measured in the sera and synovial fluids of UK horses. Western blotting against B. burgdorferi was also used on samples from seropositive horses. A low incidence of seropositivity was shown in horses from most parts of the UK. This increased in areas that have a high incidence of human and canine borreliosis (Norfolk and south coast). Leptospira infections of horses did not cause cross reactions in the B. burgdorferi ELISA. Most horses did not display clinical signs of Lyme disease. As with dogs and man, it is apparent that B. burgdorf...
Leishmaniasis disseminated by Leishmania braziliensis in a mare (Equus cabalus) immunotherapy and chemotherapy assays. Cutaneous disseminated lesions caused by Leishmania sp. were found in a pregnant mare (Equus cabalus) from a rural city in the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Before delivering, treatment was undertaken by immunotherapy followed by chemotherapy. Histopatology and serology were performed during treatment, as well as the biochemical characterization of the parasite (L. braziliensis) that was isolated from one of the lesions.
[Detection of mycoplasmas in horses with respiratory diseases and their biochemical and serologic characterization]. Tracheal swabs were taken from 25 horses with respiratory diseases and investigated for mycoplasmas using three different media. Mycoplasmas could be isolated from 5 horses. The isolates were characterized by serological and biochemical methods. Four isolates could be identified as Mycoplasma equirhinis. The fifth isolate could not be typed. It did not react with antisera against mycoplasmas found in the respiratory tract of horses and its biochemical characteristics were different from the mycoplasmas described so far. It may represent a new species.
[An outbreak of equine arteritis virus infection in a riding school]. A major part of the residing horses and ponies of a riding school in Noord-Holland became affected by a febrile disorder that included anorexia, depression, conjunctivitis, urticaria, edema of the legs and laborious locomotion. All remaining horses fell ill within one week. Based on the clinical symptoms the disorder was diagnosed as vasculitis. With serology the causative agent of the disorder appeared to be equine arteritis virus.
[Trichinellosis in slaughtered and wild animals in Switzerland using a digestion method and a serologic method (E/S-ELISA)]. For many decades trichinellosis has not been reported among Swiss domestic pigs. Considering the fact that Trichinella occurs in a sylvatic cycle in Switzerland, a study was designed to reevaluate the present epidemiologic situation by investigating 10,904 fattening pigs, 218 pigs with free access to pasturage or being kept on an alp, 104 domestic boars, 106 horses, 44 wild boars and 538 foxes using a direct and an indirect diagnostic technique (digestion method and serology with ELISA and an excretory/secretory antigen, respectively). The digestion method was performed according to EC-guideli...
Diagnosis of eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus infection in horses by immunoglobulin M and G capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Immunoglobulin M (IgM) and G (IgG) capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) were used as possible adjuncts to hemagglutination inhibition (HI) and virus neutralization (VN) tests to differentiate between reaction to recent exposure to eastern equine encephalomyelitis (EEE) virus and those due to prior vaccination. Serum samples were evaluated by the IgM-capture ELISA, and the results were compared with those of HI and VN tests. Of 381 serum samples, 51% (195 samples) were positive by HI test (> or = 1:40) and 54% (205 samples) were positive by VN test (> or = 1:10), but only 3...
Serologic evidence of canine and equine ehrlichiosis in northeastern United States. In a retrospective study, indirect fluorescent-antibody staining methods were used to detect immunoglobulins to Ehrlichia canis and Ehrlichia risticii in canine and equine sera that had originally been analyzed for antibodies to Borrelia burgdorferi. Analyses of 60 dog serum specimens collected in Connecticut and New York State during 1986 revealed antibodies to E. canis in 7 (11.7%) specimens; titration endpoints ranged from 1:40 to 1:320. Three of these dogs had anemia. Of the 187 equine serum specimens obtained in Connecticut during 1985 and analyzed by indirect fluorescent-antibody stainin...
Serologic analysis of dogs, horses, and cottontail rabbits for antibodies to an antigenic flagellar epitope of Borrelia burgdorferi. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) and immunoblots using either whole-cell lysates of Borrelia burgdorferi or an antigenic region of flagellin (41-G) as the antigen were performed, and the abilities of the two assays to detect antibodies to this spirochete in dog, cottontail rabbit, and horse sera were compared. Assays using whole-cell B. burgdorferi lysates as the antigen were more sensitive for detecting antibodies. ELISA with 41-G as the antigen were specific for Borrelia antibodies but were not as sensitive as the assays with whole-cell lysates coated to the solid phase. Use of rec...
Potomac horse fever. E. risticii, the cause of classic Potomac horse fever, is now known to produce two disease syndromes: EEC and EEA. The pathogen appears to commonly infect horses based on seroepidemiologic studies; however, the method of transmission remains unknown. The most common clinical disease is EEC, commonly called Potomac horse fever, which presents a wide spectrum of clinical signs. Diagnosis is currently dependent on serology, which frequently does not lead to a definitive diagnosis and at best results in a retrospective diagnosis. A new diagnostic approach, polymerase chain reaction, may offer a ra...
Characterization of virulence variants of African horsesickness virus. There are three clinicopathologic syndromes associated with African horsesickness (AHS) virus infection in horses. These different forms of AHS (pulmonary, cardiac, and fever forms) vary in the organs affected, the severity of lesions, time of onset of clinical signs and mortality rates. We have studied the effects of infection with three cell culture passaged variants of AHS virus in naive North American horses. One of these viruses, AHS/4SP, consistently caused the pulmonary form of AHS with rapid onset of severe pulmonary edema and 100% mortality. A second variant, AHS/9PI, resulted in sign...
Effect of influenza A/equine/H3N8 virus isolate variation on the measurement of equine antibody responses. This study has tested the effect of using homologous or heterologous equine influenza A virus isolates to evaluate serum antibody levels to influenza A virus in vaccinated and naturally-infected horses. In addition, the potential effect of antigenic selection of virus variants in egg versus tissue culture propagation systems was studied. Serum antibody levels in samples from horses recently infected with a local influenza A virus isolate (A/equine 2/Saskatoon/1/90) or recently vaccinated with a prototype isolate (A/equine 2/Miami/1/63) were assessed by hemagglutination inhibition and by single...
Serological titers of equine monocytic ehrlichiosis associated with gastro-intestinal disorders and serological follow-up on two endemic farms. The purpose of this work was to study the association of positive serological titers to Ehrlichia risticii, the causative agent of equine monocytic ehrlichiosis (EME) with gastro-intestinal disorders in hospitalized horses referred to The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine Teaching Hospital (OSU VMTH). In addition, serological titers for E. risticii were monitored in two horse populations with endemic EME for one season to monitor temporal changes in titers. A statistically significant difference was found between the proportion of the total hospitalized horse population pres...
Serological diagnosis of Trypanosoma evansi (Steel, 1885) in horses using a direct agglutination test. A direct agglutination test is described to diagnose 'Mal de Caderas' caused by Trypanosoma evansi. The antigen used was a suspension of trypsin-treated parasites stabilized with formalin. The test was evaluated in horses with both natural and experimental infections. Test sensitivity and specificity were 94 and 97%, respectively. Treatment of serum with 2-mercaptoethanol before testing permitted the differentiation of IgM and IgG antibodies, and possible differentiation of current infection from past exposure to the parasite. The antigen was stable over a 6-month evaluation period and also sh...
Immunoprecipitation of viral polypeptides of equid herpesvirus 1 and 4 by serum from experimentally infected ponies. Sera from two sibling groups of ponies experimentally infected with Equid herpesvirus 1 or 4 (EHV-1 or 4) were used to investigate which viral polypeptides (VPs) of EHV-1 and EHV-4 were recognised. Recognition was detected as early as 8 d.p.i. and thereafter. The polypeptides of EHV-1 (labelled with 35S-methionine) immunoprecipitated (IIP) by sera from both groups had Mr of 148, 138, 123, 117, 110, 77-79, 70, 55, 49-50, 47, 40 and 35-37 kDa respectively. Of these VP148K (VP9 nucleocapsid) gave the maximum precipitation, followed by 117 and 77-79 kDa. The latter were confirmed by monoclonal ant...
Antibody responses of Japanese horses to influenza viruses in the past few years. A total of 305 horse sera collected in the Hidaka district of Hokkaido in the years 1988-90 were tested for the presence of hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) antibodies to A/equine/Newmarket/1/77 (H7N7), A/equine/Tokyo/2/71 (H3N8) and A/equine/Kentucky/1/81 (H3N8, Kentucky) strains of equine influenza (EI) virus. Antibodies to the 3 strains were detected in hardly of the 45 sera from 2-years-old horses which were collected before vaccination. Many of the 51 horses, after vaccination with inactivated EI virus, had HI antibodies to the 3 strains in 37 to 88 per cent. However, the number of positi...
A review of techniques for the serologic diagnosis of equine infectious anemia. No abstract available
A comparison of ELISA, FAST-ELISA and gel diffusion tests for detecting antibody to equine infectious anaemia virus. Sera of sixteen horses with clinical signs of EIA from six different outbreaks and sera of 100 uninfected horses were used to validate an ELISA for EIA diagnosis. The antigen used was a recombinant protein derived from the amino-terminal portion of the transmembrane envelope protein of EIA (gp45). Reactivity between positive and negative sera could be clearly distinguished. Comparison with the traditional agar gel immunodiffusion test (commonly called the Coggins test) showed that the ELISA was superior in sensitivity. Comparison of this ELISA with the FAST-ELISA system showed that the latter ...
[Biological and parasitic variations in horses infested and reinfested by Trichinella spiralis]. Seven mares were infected with 20,000 Trichinella spiralis larvae; 2 of them were reinfected 22 wk later with the same amount of larvae. The course of infection in horses was assessed by serology (ELISA), biochemistry (aldolase activity), parasitology and histopathology. In each animal, infection was followed by a significant rise in specific antibody titers culminating at 5-10 wk post-infection (pi) and decreasing thereafter. Reinfection was followed by a slight rise in antibody levels. Aldolase activity increased during the first infection, but was not modified by reinfection. The parasite b...
High prevalence of serum antibodies to equine infectious anemia virus reverse transcriptase. The immunogenicity of the equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) reverse transcriptase (RT) was examined by immunoblot assay with recombinant EIAV RT. All of the 19 sera from EIAV-infected horses tested contained antibodies that recognized EIAV RT and directly inhibited the polymerase activity of the enzyme. An examination of sera obtained sequentially from two experimentally infected animals revealed that anti-RT antibodies arise early in infection and increase in level. The appearance of the antibodies correlated with progression toward the asymptomatic period of infection.
Haemagglutination-inhibiting antibodies against African horse sickness virus in domestic animals in Nigeria. A sero-epidemiological survey of African horse sickness (AHS) virus in 261 animals which included 96 camels, 81 horses, 80 dogs and 4 donkeys was carried out in Nigeria. The animals had no history of vaccination against AHS. Sera were tested by the haemagglutination-inhibition (HI) test for the presence of antibody against AHS virus. Of these, 77 (95.1%) horse, 4 (100%) donkey, 10 (10.4%) camel and 28 (35%) dog sera samples tested were recorded as positive. The prevalence of antibody in samples taken from horses in different regions was similar. The prevalence of antibody to AHS virus detected...
[The importance of Lyme borreliosis in veterinary medicine]. A study of literature concerning Lyme borreliosis related to animals was done. In the research work the epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of horses, cattle and dogs affected with Lyme borreliosis have been discussed. The clinical signs of Lyme borreliosis in horses are: chronic weight loss, sporadic lameness, laminitis, low grade fever, swollen joints, muscle tenderness and anterior uvetitis. In addition to these clinical sings, neurological sings such as depression, behavioral changes, dysphagia and encephalitis can be seen in chronic cases. Cattle affected with acute Lyme b...
Pathogenic studies and antigenic and sequence comparisons of A/equine/Alaska/1/91 (H3N8) influenza virus. An influenza virus, A/equine/Alaska/1/91 (H3N8), was isolated from horses from Alaska with an acute respiratory infection. Pathogenic and serologic studies revealed that this virus is similar to previously isolated equine H3N8 influenza viruses. Antigenic analyses utilizing hemagglutination inhibition and neuraminidase inhibition assays indicated an antigenic drift from the prototype equine H3N8 influenza virus, A/equine/Miami/1/63. Partial sequence analysis of the A/equine/Alaska influenza virus indicated that each of 8 gene sequences are of equine origin.
Modulation of the serological response of specific pathogen-free (EHV-free) foals to EHV-1 by previous infection with EHV-4 or a TK-deletion mutant of EHV-1. EHV-1 was inoculated into specific pathogen-free (SPF) foals in order to study uncomplicated primary responses. Infection resulted in a strong serological response recognizing EHV-1-specific antigens; this contrasts with a previous publication where a weak response was recorded in SPF animals. Antibodies to EHV-1 were readily detected by four techniques (virus neutralization, complement fixation, Western blots and immune precipitation), yet there was comparatively little cross-reaction to EHV-4 target antigen. Re-inoculation with the same virus strain stimulated antibodies to EHV-1 but no addi...
[Venezuelan equine encephalitis. Determination of antibodies in the human population of Municipio Mirand, Estado Zulia, Venezuela]. With the purpose of determining antibodies prevalence against Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus in the population of Puertos de Altagracia and Sabaneta de Palmas of Miranda county, Zulia State, Venezuela, 199 subjects were studied: 57 from Puertos de Altagracia and 142 from Sabaneta de Palmas. They were classified in older (42.78%) and younger (57.2%) than 15 years. The blood specimens were processed for Hemagglutination Inhibition Test using EEV antigen Goajira strain at pH 6.5. We found that all 57 specimens from Puertos de Altagracia were negative, whereas of 142 specimens from Sabaneta ...
