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Topic:Veterinary Care
Veterinary care in horses encompasses the medical and preventive measures taken to maintain and improve the health and well-being of equine patients. It includes a wide range of practices such as routine health examinations, vaccinations, dental care, parasite control, and management of injuries and diseases. Veterinary care also involves diagnostic procedures, surgical interventions, and therapeutic treatments tailored to the specific needs of horses. This page gathers peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore various aspects of equine veterinary care, including advancements in diagnostic techniques, treatment protocols, and health management strategies to support the well-being and performance of horses.
Recent observations concerning Klebsiella infections in stallions. A high incidence of Klebsiella contamination in German 'Warmblut' and Thoroughbred stallions is reported. The organism was recovered from the nostrils, prepuce, pre-ejacultory secretion and, in some cases, on the body surface, in the faeces and on the ground of the covering (mating) yard. Fertility was not affected. However, differences of virulence were observed and Type 5 proved to be the most pathogenic.
Germ cell development and the meiotic prophase in the fetal horse ovary. A histological study of the developing germinal epithelium in the fetal horse ovary shows an enormous wastage of oocytes during the meiotic phase, between Days 73 and 150 of pregnancy. The first groups of oocytes to enter this phage undergo mass degeneration and eventually disappear; few, if any, oocytes develop to primordial follicles. Peripheral oogonia, dividing by mitosis, give rise to more oocytes which pass through the same changes and are also reduced by degeneration, but by Day 150 primordial follicles are fairly common.
Early pregnancy testing and its relationship to abortion. A total of 487 Standardbred and Thoroughbred mares at two studs were manually tested for pregnancy at 20 to 24, 30 to 34, and greater than 42 days after service and the abortion rate compared to that obtained in previous years when only the greater than 42-day test was performed. The results indicated that early manual pregnancy testing does not increase the abortion rate if undertaken carefully and enables non-pregnant mares to be re-mated earlier in the same season.
The transfer of passive immunity to the foal and its relation to immune status after birth. The mechanism of transfer of maternal immunity to the foal is reviewed. Maximal efficiency of macromolecular absorption by specialized cells of the small intestine exists soon after birth. The absorptive cells are progressively replaced by more mature-looking cells incapable of taking up large molecules and the rate of absorption is reduced in a linear decline and ceases completely within 24 hr. Passive antibody levels fall rapidly in the first 4 weeks of life to less than half their original values and have usually completely disappeared by 6 months of age. The foal shows immunological compet...
The relationship between dialy sperm production as determined by quantitative testicular histology and daily sperm output in the stallion. The relationship between daily sperm productions (DSP) and daily sperm output (DSO) was determined in eleven stallions. The DSO was determined by collecting single ejaculates, with an artificial vagina, at 24-hr intervals. The stallions were killed 24 hr after the last collection and the DSP was determined by quantitative testicular histology. The mean DSP was 8-0 X 10(9) (S.E. +/- 0-4 X 10(9), and the mean DSO was 7-0 X 10(9) (S.E. +/- 0-4 X 10(9)). It was estimated that 87% of the spermatozoa produced by the testes were harvested. The correlation between DSP and DSO was 0-80 (P less than 0-0...
Endometrial biopsy as a guide to diagnosis of endometrial pathology in the mare. A safe and simple technique of endometrial biopsy is described which the results suggest is a useful adjunct to the diagnosis of suspected pathological conditions of the uterus. In conjunction with other clinical data and a knowledge of the breeding history, histopathological findings form a basis for prognosis and treatment of the subfertile mare. A system of classification is presented as a basis for continuing work on the correlation of endometrial histopathology with fertility and breeding potential.
The frequency of infertility in thoroughbred mares. In a group of 852 Thoroughbred mares, 69-7% had foals which survived beyond 6 weeks, 7-1% had dead, premature or full-term foals and 1-1% had foals which died within 6 weeks after birth. Possible factors which may have influenced these data are mentioned.
The gnotobiotic foal in the study of infectious diseases. A method of rearing germ-free gnotobiotic foals is described. To date, four foals have been infected with rhinopneumonitis and the only clinical signs of infection have been a transient fever and leukopaenia; no detailed results are, as yet, available.
A surgical technique applied to the study of tubal eggs in the mare. An efficient surgical technique of collecting eggs from the oviducts of mares is described. Within 6 days after ovulation recovery was successful in 22/29 mares. The technique has been used to investigate the retention and ageing of eggs in the oviducts and to determine the origin and the nature of the accessory CL during pregnancy.
Selected pathological changes of the mare uterus and ovary. Focal enlargements of the uterus are palpable through the rectal wall and have various aetiology. Aspects of their diagnosis, possible pathogenesis, significance and treatment are presented. Lymphatic lacunae appear to be quite common in older mares and may occasionally give rise to large endometrial cyst, but more frequently cause widespread change throughout the uterine horns. Three unusual ovarian abnormalities are presented, a large, oestrogen-producing granulosa cell tumour, an oestrogen-producing large follicle in a 4-month-old filly, and an ectopic progesterone-producing adrenal structu...
Results of insemination of mares with fresh and frozen stallion semen. Artificial insemination using deep-frozen semen was performed on 116 mares in 1973 using twelve ejaculates from eight stallions of the Hanoverian breed. Despite the fact that the quality of the semen used was poor, the majority of the mares inseminated were subfertile and some mares were inseminated during one oestrus only, 44% nevertheless conceived and gave birth to live foals. Of a small group of ten mares inseminated in the same year with fresh semen, seven conceived.
A review of the influence of nutrition upon the oestrous cycle and early pregnancy in the mare. Attention is drawn to the beneficial effect of improved nutrition during winter and early spring on the ovarian activity of mares. Furthermore, the necessity of an adequate plane of nutrition during early pregnancy to prevent embryonic resorption is stressed.
Surgical and non-surgical egg transfer in horses. Surgical and non-surgical methods used for the recovery and transfer of fertilized horse eggs are described. Sixteen of the twenty-three zygotes recovered surgically between Days 1 to 6 after ovulation from thirty donor mares were transferred surgically to synchronized recipients; seven pregnancies resulted. Seven of the eleven zygotes recovered non-surgically between Days 6 to 8 after ovulation from twenty-eight donor mares were transferred non-surgically to synchronized recipients; five pregnancies resulted.
A survey of eggs in the oviducts of mares. A total of 424 eggs was recovered from flushings of 176 pairs of oviducts. Of these eggs, 324 were in a state of advanced degeneration (Type 4) and ten appeared to have been recently ovulated (Type 1). The number of eggs/oviduct varied from 0 to 13, most being up to 3 eggs, but fifty oviducts contained no eggs. It is widely believed that unfertilized ova are selectively retained in the oviducts but an alternative explanation for their presence is put forward.
Effects of acetylpromazine on ventilatory variables in the horse. The influence of breathing various concentrations of carbon dioxide and oxygen upon minute volume, tidal volume, and respiratory rate were examined in acetylpromazine-tranquilized horses. Responses in the horses before (control period) and after tranquilization were qualitatively similar to increases in carbon dioxide and to alterations in oxygen. The quantitative responses to these changes were less in tranquilized horses than in the same horses studied in the untranquilized state. Tranquilization had its most prominent effect upon respiratory rate in horses breathing room air.
Control of fertility in Thoroughbred horses in West Germany. A central control system for German Thoroughbred horses is described. Autumn examination of mares and stallions enables them to be classified according to breeding potential. The results of 25 years of study are reported.
Coital exanthema in stallions. Equine coital exanthema can be produced experimentally in stallions by inoculation with an equine herpesvirus (strain 65/61) and be transmitted during coitus with an infected mare. Serological responses to this infection include the production of complement-fixing and serum-neutralizing antibodies which reach maximum levels 14 to 21 days after infection. Complement-fixing antibodies decline rapidly and are usually not detectable by 60 days after infection, whereas serum-neutralizing antibody activity is maintained for at least 1 year. This disparity provides a useful method for the diagnosis o...
A review of cytogenetics in equine reproduction. The karyotype of the horse consists of 64 chromosomes; 18 pairs have a terminal centromere and 13 pairs a non-terminal centromere. Identification of individual chromosomes is enhanced by the use of band-staining techniques which allow recognition of minor structural rearrangements of chromatin material. Seven previously reported cases of male pseudohermaphroditism with chromosome studies are reviewed. Three were genetic females, one was basically an XX/XY chimaera, one was an XX/XXY chimaera, and one was an XXXY. Also reviewed is an infertile mare with 63 chromosomes and no distinguishable sex...
Development of the equine fetus and placenta. Prenatal specimens from mares with known breeding dates were used to characterize morphological changes in the fetus and placenta of pony mares. Prenatal characteristics and the day on which each was first found and weights of different components of the equine conceptus are summarized.
