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Topic:Veterinary Medicine
Veterinary medicine for horses encompasses the study and application of medical practices to diagnose, treat, and prevent diseases in equine species. This field involves a comprehensive understanding of equine anatomy, physiology, pathology, and pharmacology. Veterinary practitioners employ a range of diagnostic tools and therapeutic interventions to address health issues in horses, including lameness, gastrointestinal disorders, respiratory conditions, and infectious diseases. Preventative care, such as vaccination and deworming programs, is also a significant aspect of equine veterinary medicine. This page gathers peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore various aspects of veterinary medicine as it pertains to horses, including advancements in diagnostic techniques, treatment protocols, and preventive health strategies.
Neoplasia of the male reproductive tract. Genital neoplasms in the male horse are relatively uncommon. Squamous cell carcinomas and squamous papillomas are the most commonly diagnosed neoplasms of the penis and prepuce. Geldings appear to be overrepresented for these types of neoplasms, and accumulation of smegma may be a contributing factor. Early diagnosis and treatment are essential for salvaging these organs before lesions become excessively large and invasive or are allowed to metastasize. Newer treatment modalities such as 5-fluorouracil appear to be promising alternatives to surgical excision. Although generally considered to b...
Tumors of the eye and ocular adnexal tissues. This article reviews options in dealing with tumors of the cornea and conjunctiva, nictitating membrane neoplasms, and eyelid neoplasms. Orbital tumors, optic nerve and other intraocular tumors are also discussed.
Detection of Cryptosporidium parvum in horses: thresholds of acid-fast stain, immunofluorescence assay, and flow cytometry. Feces collected from three asymptomatic horses and seeded with Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts (10(1) to 10(6)/g of feces) were evaluated by acid-fast staining (AF), an immunofluorescent antibody (IFA) technique, and flow cytometry. The thresholds of detection were 5 x 10(5) oocysts/g of feces for the IFA and AF techniques and 5 x 10(4) oocysts/g for flow cytometry.
Diagnosis and prevention of equine infectious diseases: present status, potential, and challenges for the future. The frequent transfers of horses, whether on a permanent or temporary basis, make strict control of infectious diseases essential. Such control needs a reliable and rapid means to accurately diagnose the relevant diseases. Indirect diagnosis based on antibody detection remains certainly the best method to secure the epidemiologic surveillance of the diseases at regional, national, or even world level, while direct diagnosis is the only way to diagnose a new outbreak. New diagnostic methods resulting from advances in biochemistry, molecular biology, and immunology are now available. As far as a...
Prevalence of beta2-toxigenic Clostridium perfringens in horses with intestinal disorders. The incidence of a new, yet unassigned toxin type of Clostridium perfringens containing the genes for the alpha-toxin and the recently described beta2-toxin in horses with intestinal disorders is reported. The study included 18 horses suffering from typical typhlocolitis, 7 horses with atypical typhlocolitis, 16 horses with other intestinal disorders, and 58 horses without intestinal disease. In total, 20 samples of ingesta of the small and large intestines, five biopsy specimens of the intestinal wall, and 74 fecal samples were analyzed bacteriologically. C. perfringens isolates were typed fo...
A comparison of porosity, fabric and fractal dimension as predictors of the Young’s modulus of equine cancellous bone. The purpose of this study was to compare the structural parameters of fabric and fractal dimension as predictors of the Young's modulus of equine cancellous bone. Eight 15 mm cubes of cancellous bone were obtained from three equine third metacarpal bones. Young's modulus was determined for the three orthogonal directions. The fabric and fractal dimension were calculated for each of the six exposed faces of each cube. Fractal dimension plus porosity provided a higher explanatory power for Young's modulus (R2 = 78.7%. P < 0.0001) than fabric plus porosity (R2 = 69.2%, P < 0.0001). Fractal ...
Cecocolic and cecocecal intussusception in horses: 30 cases (1976-1996). To determine the prognosis in horses with cecocolic or cecocecal intussusception. Methods: Retrospective study. Methods: 30 horses with cecocolic intussusception or cecocecal intussusception. Methods: Information on history, physical examination findings, and laboratory values was summarized from the medical records. Laboratory data included results of hematologic examination, serum biochemical analysis, and peritoneal fluid color, total nucleated cell count, and total protein concentration. A one-year follow-up via the telephone was used to determine long-term survival. Results: Horses ranged...
Pharmacokinetics of cisapride in the horse. The purpose of this study was to determine the pharmacokinetics and absolute bioavailability of cisapride after intravenous (i.v.) and intragastric (i.g.) administration in healthy, adult horses. Five animals received single doses of 0.1 mg/kg, 0.2 mg/kg and 0.4 mg/kg cisapride by the i.g. route in an open, randomized fashion on different occasions separated by a washout period of at least 48 h. Four of these horses were also given a single i.v. dose of 0.1 mg/kg cisapride. Jugular venous blood was collected periodically up to 24 h after dosing. Plasma cisapride concentrations were measured by...
Endocrine and metabolic responses to plasma volume expansion during halothane anesthesia in ponies. The study was designed to contribute to identification of the stimulus to adrenocortical activity during halothane anaesthesia in equidae. Two groups of six ponies were premedicated with acepromazine before induction of anaesthesia with thiopentone and maintenance for 120 min with halothane in oxygen. In group H Haemaccel modified gelatine plasma replacer was infused (48+/-13 mL/kg) to maintain mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) close to preanaesthetic values. In group DH, blood pressure was maintained close to preanaesthetic levels with a lower dose of Haemaccel (10 mL/kg) combined with an i...
Asthma and allergy in New Zealand farmers. To examine the prevalence of symptoms of asthma and allergy in different farming groups in New Zealand. Methods: A postal questionnaire was sent to a random sample of 2,500 farmers throughout New Zealand. Results: The response rate was 77% (1,706 of 2,203 eligibles). The 12-month period prevalence of current asthma was 11.8% overall, compared with 15% in the general population. Asthma prevalence was higher for horse breeders/groomers (16.5%), pig farmers (18.2%), poultry farmers (17.4%), and those working with oats (17.4%). Asthma was also significantly elevated among those working with cleani...
Studies on growth cartilage in the horse and their application to aetiopathogenesis of dyschondroplasia (osteochondrosis). The importance of osteochondrosis (dyschondroplasia) to the horse industry has been well documented since it was first recorded 50 years ago. The condition is known to be multifactorial in origin, arising from focal failure of endochondral ossification at predilection sites in articular/epiphyseal growth cartilage, but specific information on its aetiopathogenesis is sparse. This paper reviews the current knowledge of growth cartilage metabolism and the process of normal endochondral ossification in the horse. It highlights the localization of various protein products of chondrocytes and the d...
Immunolocalization of cathepsin B in equine dyschondroplastic articular cartilage. A polyclonal antiserum raised in sheep against human cathepsin B was tested for specificity and cross-reactivity with the horse homologue by SDS-PAGE and Western blotting, prior to being used for immunolocalization of the enzyme in equine articular cartilage. In Western blots, the antiserum recognized the 30 kDa single chain and 25 kDa heavy chain of the mature enzyme in purified bovine cathepsin B, and corresponding bands at 32 and 27 kDa in equine chondrocyte and fibroblast lysates. This antiserum was then used to compare the expression and distribution of cathepsin B in normal and dyschondr...
[Demonstration of intraocular leptospira in 4 horses suffering from equine recurrent uveitis (ERU)]. Vitreous samples from 43 horses which underwent vitrectomy because of equine recurrent uveitis (ERU) were cultured for leptospires. Out of 4 vitreous samples (4/43 = 9%), leptospires could be isolated. In 3 cases, serovar grippotyphosa, and in one case, a serovar out of the serogroup Australis were identified. So for the first time, in several horses with ERU in vivo cultures of vitreous material were positive for leptospires. A strong evidence of association between leptospiral infection and uveitis is discussed for many years. In this investigation the leptospiral etiology is confirmed. Vitr...
Performance and management of draught animals in agriculture in sub-Saharan Africa: a review. Use of animal power generally enables farmers in sub-Saharan Africa to increase agricultural production and improve the quality of life. Effective use of working animals depends on an understanding of the capabilities of the animals for work, their husbandry requirements and the factors which can influence their performance. These issues are reviewed in this paper in the context of the use of animal power in agriculture in sub-Saharan Africa. The type of animal used for work determines power available to the farmer. The performance of donkeys, horses and cattle have been compared in work tests...
Effects on the intramuscular blood flow and cardiopulmonary function of anaesthetised ponies of changing from halothane to isoflurane maintenance and vice versa. The effects on intramuscular blood flow and cardiopulmonary parameters of changing from anaesthesia with halothane to isoflurane and vice versa were investigated in six ponies (small horses). Anaesthesia was induced with xylazine, ketamine and diazepam, maintained for one hour with halothane at an end tidal concentration of 1 per cent and then with isoflurane at 1.5 per cent for a further hour (halo/iso). On another occasion the order in which the volatile agents were administered was reversed (iso/halo). After one hour of anaesthesia the mean (sd) arterial blood pressure (MAP) and cardiac out...
Evaluation of equine infectious anemia virus core proteins produced in a baculovirus expression system in agar gel immunodiffusion test and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) core proteins (Gag and p26) obtained from a baculovirus expression system were used in agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) antigens to test seventy-six horse sera. Those sera showed false-positive reaction in AGID test using Nisseiken antigen. However, none of them showed false-positive reaction with both of the expressed antigens. The 76 horse sera were also tested by ELISA. The sera gave a high background in ELISA using Nisseiken antigen. Gag and p26 reacted strongly against positive sera from horses immunized wi...
Organisation of the equine immunoglobulin constant heavy chain genes. II. Equine cgamma genes. The number of immunoglobulin G constant heavy chain genes (cgamma genes) varies broadly among mammalian species, reflecting structural and functional differences between expressed immunoglobulin G (IgG) isotypes and allotypes. Up to now equine IgG isotypes have been defined only at the biochemical and serological level. It is still not clear how many IgG isotypes exist in horses and whether there are any allotypes. Here, we describe the isolation and characterisation of equine cgamma genes. An equine genomic lambda phage library was screened with a human cgamma4 probe. Cross-hybridising equine...
Equine neutrophil myeloperoxidase in plasma: design of a radio-immunoassay and first results in septic pathologies. The strangulated intestinal pathologies of horses are accompanied by a local activation of the neutrophils, that can be revealed by measuring the tissular enzymatic activity of the granulocytic enzyme myeloperoxidase (MPO). To estimate the possible spreading of this neutrophil activation to the systemic circulation, we designed a radioimmunoassay (RIA) for equine neutrophil myeloperoxidase (MPO) (EC 1.11.1.7) using a specific rabbit antiserum. MPO was labeled with 1 mCi 125I by a technique of self-labeling in the presence of 10(-4) M hydrogen peroxide. The RIA was performed by incubation of 10...
[Quadrisol]. No abstract available
In vitro reactivation of latent equid herpesvirus-1 from CD5+/CD8+ leukocytes indirectly by IL-2 or chorionic gonadotrophin. IL-2 and equine chorionic gonadotrophin (eCG) initiated reactivation of equid herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) from venous lymphocytes at a frequency of 1/10(-5). Indirect immunofluorescence showed that > 80% of virus-positive leukocytes were CD5+/CD8+ with the remaining 20% being CD5+/CD8-/CD4-. Cocultivation demonstrated that the reactivated virus was infectious. In addition, virus was reactivated in vitro from leukocytes of > 70% of horses by the mitogens phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) and pokeweed mitogen (PWM). Transfer of supernatants showed that IL-2 and eCG acted indirectly by causing the releas...
Comparative efficacy evaluation of moxidectin gel and ivermectin paste against internal parasites of equines in Brazil. A total of 24 male and female equines of mixed breed, 10-20 months of age and naturally infected with internal parasites was utilized in a controlled test to evaluate the efficacy of a moxidectin 2% gel formulation at the dosage of 0.4 mg moxidectin per kg of live weight and an ivermectin 1.87% commercial paste formulation at the dosage 0.2 mg ivermectin per kg applied orally. Animals were allocated into three groups of eight horses each based on pre-treatment eggs per gram (EPG) counts and treatments were randomized among the groups. One group was kept as untreated controls. One animal in the...
Conformationally restricted carbamate inhibitors of horse serum butyrylcholinesterase. Conformationally restricted carbamate inhibitors, exo-2-norbornyl-N-butylcarbamate (1), endo-2-norbornyl-N-butylcarbamate (2), l-adamantyl-N-butylcarbamate (3), and 2-adamantyl-N-butylcarbamate (4) as active site-directed irreversible inhibitors of horse serum butyrylcholinesterase are investigated for values of the dissociation constant (KI), the carbamylation constant (k2), and the bimolecular rate constant (ki). Compound 1 is the most potent inhibitor of the enzyme and the values of KI and ki are 20 nM and 1.1 x 10(5) M-1sec-1, respectively.
Effect of regular training on the myocardial and plasma concentrations of taurine and alpha-amino acids in thoroughbred horses. Exercise induces significant changes in the free intracellular amino acid pool in skeletal muscle but little is known of whether such changes also occur in cardiac muscle. In this study the effect of regular exercise on the size and the constituents of the free amino acid pool in the hearts and in the plasma of thoroughbred horses was investigated. The total free intracellular amino acid pool in the hearts of control horses was 30.9 +/- 1.2 mumol/g wet weight (n = 6). Glutamine but not taurine was present at the highest concentration (13.5 +/- 0.9 and 7.7 +/- 0.69 mumol/g wet weight for glutam...
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for detection of anti-Trypanosoma evansi equine antibodies. The standardization of ELISA for the detection of anti-Trypanosoma evansi antibodies in naturally and experimentally infected horses is described. Bayesian analysis was used to establish the cutoff between positive and negative sera. In order to determine the assessment of the ELISA test, the results obtained were compared with those from an IFA. A relative sensibility of 98.39%, a specificity of 95.12% and a predictive value of 96.83% were determined. The standardized technique was used to evaluate the antibody production against trypanosome in an experimentally infected equine, in which the ...
