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Topic:Veterinary Medicine
Veterinary medicine for horses encompasses the study and application of medical practices to diagnose, treat, and prevent diseases in equine species. This field involves a comprehensive understanding of equine anatomy, physiology, pathology, and pharmacology. Veterinary practitioners employ a range of diagnostic tools and therapeutic interventions to address health issues in horses, including lameness, gastrointestinal disorders, respiratory conditions, and infectious diseases. Preventative care, such as vaccination and deworming programs, is also a significant aspect of equine veterinary medicine. This page gathers peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore various aspects of veterinary medicine as it pertains to horses, including advancements in diagnostic techniques, treatment protocols, and preventive health strategies.
Restraint. The object of restraint is to limit, restrict, and keep under control the animal's movement while performing different procedures. The author discusses the importance of evaluating the horse and its owner prior to employing any type of restraint, various concepts of restraint, and examples of situations in which restraint may be required.
Laryngotracheal injury associated with nasotracheal intubation in the horse. Laryngotracheal damage following short-term nasotracheal intubation was studied in 7 healthy horses. A flexible fiberoptic endoscope was used to examine the upper respiratory tract of each horse before nasal intubation with a cuffed silicone endotracheal tube and again at 1 hour, 24 hours, and 48 hours after extubation. Any abnormalities still evident at 48 hours were evaluated at 7 days after extubation. Mucosal damage involved the nasal meatus (5 of 7 horses), the arytenoid cartilages (5 of 7 horses), the trachea (5 of 7 horses), the dorsal pharyngeal recess (4 of 7 horses), the vocal folds ...
Development of a gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric method using multiple analytes for the confirmatory analysis of anabolic steroid residues in horse urine. II. Detection of administration of 19-nortestosterone phenylpropionate to equine male castrates and fillies. Esters of 19-nortestosterone form an important group of anabolic preparations used in veterinary practice. Based upon results from detailed metabolic studies for 19-nortestosterone in the horse, a method to confirm the administration of anabolic preparations of this steroid to castrated male horses and fillies is described; the method is based upon the use of multiple analytes. Following administration of the anabolic preparations, solid-phase extraction of urinary conjugates and the separation of the conjugate groups prior to hydrolysis allow for the determination of specific metabolites conj...
An evaluation of an oral glucose-glycine-electrolyte solution for the treatment of experimentally induced dehydration in the horse. Five standardbred geldings were given 1 mg/kg bodyweight of frusemide by intramuscular injection to induce mild dehydration. After food and water deprivation overnight, the mean weight loss was 24.4 +/- 1.8 kg (5.5 per cent of bodyweight). The horses were then given an equivalent volume of an oral glucose-glycine-electrolyte solution by stomach tube. No more than 10 litres was given every 30 minutes until the calculated bodyweight loss had been replaced. Measurements made before, during and after the fluid administration included bodyweight, arterial blood haematocrit, PCO2, pH, standard bicar...
Resistance of horse alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor to perchloric acid denaturation and a simplified purification procedure resulting therefrom. Addition of perchloric acid (6.4% w/v final concentration) to horse alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor or to horse plasma neither precipitated nor inactivated alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor. None of the isoinhibitors of alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor was altered by dilute perchloric acid. This unexpected behavior led to a simplified procedure for the purification of horse alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor, consisting of removal of the bulk of plasma proteins, by perchloric acid precipitation and by gel filtration on Sephadex G-75 and G-200. The resulting preparations of alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor were immu...
Arthritis and panuveitis as manifestations of Borrelia burgdorferi infection in a Wisconsin pony. Infection with Borrelia burgdorferi caused panuveitis and arthritis in a pony. Spirochetes were detected by direct immunofluorescence in the anterior chamber of the eye. The carpal joints had severe degenerative joint disease, with synovial proliferation. The synovium and serum had B burgdorferi antibody titers of 1:1024. The pony lived in an area of Wisconsin where infection with B burgdorferi is endemic in human beings. Previously, serum antibodies to B burgdorferi had been found in horses, but disease had not been reported.
Arthroscopic landmarks of the equine carpus. The radiocarpal and middle carpal joints of 4 clinically normal horses and 24 necropsy specimens were examined with an arthroscope to describe the topographic anatomy of these joints. The carpal bones of the radiocarpal joint had congruent articular surfaces in extension, but carpal flexion resulted in a stairstep between the radial and intermediate carpal bones. The variable surface anatomy, as well as the restricted synovial space and the technical limitations of the arthroscope, contributed to the need for more than one arthroscopic approach to the radiocarpal joint to ensure a thorough exa...
Equine laryngeal hemiplegia. Part IV. Muscle pathology. This study confirmed that neurogenic muscle pathology exists in intrinsic laryngeal muscles supplied by the recurrent laryngeal nerves in horses subclinically and clinically affected with laryngeal hemiplegia. An important additional observation was the occurrence in three out of four laryngeal hemiplegic horses of neurogenic muscle changes in a hindlimb muscle, the extensor digitorum longus, a muscle supplied by another long peripheral nerve. This finding suggests that a polynenropathy exists in laryngeal hemiplegic horses, and supports the classification of this disease as a distal axonopath...
Influence of vitamin E and selenium supplement on antibody production in horses. Fifteen horses used for serum production were maintained on low vitamin E and selenium diets. They were divided into four groups receiving: Group 1 no supplements, Group 2 vitamin E, Group 3 selenium and Group 4 both vitamin E and selenium. The humoral immune response to novel antigens, such as tetanus toxoid and equine influenza virus, was increased in groups receiving either vitamin E or selenium/vitamin E. No effects were recorded on the titres against Escherichia coli or the levels of immunoglobulin G.
Equine laryngeal hemiplegia. Part III. A teased fibre study of peripheral nerves. Individual nerve fibres were isolated from the recurrent laryngeal and some distal hindlimb nerves, in an investigation of equine laryngeal hemiplegia. One hundred teased fibres were obtained from each of three sampling sites on both left and right recurrent laryngeal nerves, from 15 Thoroughbred horses. These fibres were graded descriptively and internode lengths measured. A distal distribution of pathology was demonstrated in all groups studied, but was most severe in the clinical group of horses. The predominant change was one of short thinly myelinated internodes interspersed amongst norma...
Increase of serum gamma-glutamyltransferase in neonatal Standardbred foals. Serial blood samples were obtained from 16 Standardbred foals from time of birth to postpartum day 28. Sera were obtained and analyzed for gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT), aspartate transaminase, and immunoglobulin (Ig) G. Presuckle colostrum from the respective mares of these foals was analyzed for GGT activity. Mean serum aspartate transaminase activities were significantly increased above presuckle values by postpartum hour 48 (P less than 0.01) and increased gradually over the first 14 days. Mean serum IgG concentrations were significantly greater than presuckle values by 5 hours after foa...
Navicular suspensory desmotomy in the treatment of navicular disease: technique and preliminary results. The technique of navicular suspensory desmotomy for the treatment of navicular disease is described and the rationale behind its development is discussed. To date 16 horses involved in a clinical evaluation of the technique have been assessed six months after surgery. Thirteen of these horses are able to work without lameness.
Radius fractures in the horse: a retrospective study of 47 cases. The case records, radiographs and treatment results of 47 consecutive equine radius fractures presented to The Ohio State University Veterinary Hospital from 1975 to 1985 were examined retrospectively. Chip fractures and incomplete fractures were not considered. Both diaphyseal fractures and fractures involving the physes were included. Diaphyseal fractures were placed into three major categories: comminuted, oblique and transverse; and subclassified as proximal, mid-diaphyseal, or distal. Fractures involving a physis were classified using the Salter-Harris classification system. The horses ra...
A retrospective study of proliferative interstitial lung disease of horses in Florida. Proliferative and fibrosing interstitial lung disease was diagnosed in 20 horses submitted for necropsy between 1982 and 1985. Most of the horses were foals ranging from 3 days to 6 months in age. Six adult horses were affected. The macroscopic and microscopic characteristics of the lesions consisted of proliferative interstitial pneumonia and were similar to those of atypical interstitial pneumonia of ruminants. Based on morphologic features of the lesions, a toxic etiology is suspected for the induction of this naturally acquired primary equine lung disorder, but could not be specifically di...
Attempted transmission of Ehrlichia risticii by field-captured Dermacentor variabilis (Acari: Ixodidae). The capability of field-collected American dog ticks, Dermacentor variabilis, to infect horses with Ehrlichia risticii, causative agent of Potomac horse fever (PHF), was examined by allowing adult ticks collected from horse farms with a history of PHF to feed on susceptible horses. More than 500 male and female ticks attached and fed on 3 test horses; however, no clinical or serologic evidence of PHF was observed in treated or control horses. All horses were challenge exposed with E risticii-infective blood by inoculation at 60 to 65 days after ticks fed, and all developed clinical PHF with su...
Effects of a phenylbutazone paste in ponies: model of acute nonimmune inflammation. In a 12-day treatment schedule, 5 ponies were given orally a paste formulation of phenylbutazone (PBZ) and 5 matched ponies were given equivalent doses of a placebo paste. On day 12, a mild, nonimmune inflammatory reaction was induced subcutaneously in the neck of each pony by inserting sterile, polyester sponge strips soaked in a 2% carrageenan solution. Exudate was collected at 4, 8, 12, and 24 hours by serial removal of sponges. There were no significant (P less than 0.05) differences in exudate protein concentration and leukocyte numbers between the treatment groups, but the group given PB...
Studies on the optimal temperature of flotation tanks in the management of skeletal injuries in the horse. In order to determine optimum tank temperature, nine horses were allocated randomly to three groups and placed in a flotation tank at temperatures of 28 degrees C, 32 degrees C and 36 degrees C. Their progress was monitored by subjective and objective clinical measurements and a variety of laboratory parameters. A 'reacclimatisation crisis' following removal from the tank was observed in most horses after immersion for 21 days and it was concluded that a tank temperature of 36 degrees C provided maximum patient comfort and minimum homoeostatic disturbance.
Cardiopulmonary effects of continuous intravenous infusion of guaifenesin, ketamine, and xylazine in ponies. Eight ponies were anesthetized with a solution containing 50 mg of guaifenesin, 1 mg of ketamine, and 0.5 mg of xylazine X ml-1 of 5% dextrose in water. Anesthesia was induced by IV injection (1.1 ml X kg-1), followed by continuous IV infusion at 2.75 ml X kg-1 X hr-1. Heart rate, rate-pressure product, mean pulmonary artery pressure, and standard bicarbonate were not significantly changed throughout the study. Systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial pressures and left ventricular stroke work index were significantly decreased at 5 and 15 minutes after a bolus of the anesthetic solution was inj...
Effects of propranolol on cardiopulmonary function in the pony during submaximal exercise. Cardiopulmonary responses of four ponies were monitored during standard exercise tests (SET), before and after beta-adrenergic receptor blockade with propranolol. The SET consisted of four 5 min increments of increasing speed from 1.0 to 2.8 m/sec on a treadmill at a 7 degrees incline. Data were collected at rest, throughout the SET and recovery. Administration of propranolol to ponies at rest had no effect on cardiopulmonary function. During the SET, increases in heart rate, mean pulmonary artery flow velocity (an index of cardiac output) and right ventricular dP/dt (an index of myocardial co...
Chronic inflammatory and lymphoproliferative lesions of the equine small intestine. A retrospective study was made of 20 horses with severe and extensive chronic disease of the small intestine. Many of the animals had clinical evidence of malabsorption, with progressive loss of weight, hypoalbuminaemia and sometimes anaemia. All but two of the horses were Thoroughbreds. The pathology was diverse. Nine of the cases were alimentary lymphomas (Platt, 1986) and five had lymphocytic and eosinophilic infiltrations in the bowel wall which were considered to be probable reactions to parasitic invasion. One had acute thrombosis associated with partial occlusion of the anterior mesente...
Unconventional aqueous humor outflow of microspheres perfused into the equine eye. Normal drainage of aqueous humor from the anterior chamber of the equine eye occurred through conventional and unconventional routes. To determine the degree of uveoscleral outflow in the pony, 1- and 3-microns (diam) microspheres were perfused through the anterior chamber for 60 and 90 minutes. Two eyes were treated with pilocarpine before perfusion of spheres to observe any effect on outflow. Presence of spheres was detected by scanning electron microscopy and verified by light microscopy. By 60 minutes of the perfusion, 1- and 3-microns spheres thoroughly infiltrated the anterior uveal trab...
