Veterinary medicine for horses encompasses the study and application of medical practices to diagnose, treat, and prevent diseases in equine species. This field involves a comprehensive understanding of equine anatomy, physiology, pathology, and pharmacology. Veterinary practitioners employ a range of diagnostic tools and therapeutic interventions to address health issues in horses, including lameness, gastrointestinal disorders, respiratory conditions, and infectious diseases. Preventative care, such as vaccination and deworming programs, is also a significant aspect of equine veterinary medicine. This page gathers peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore various aspects of veterinary medicine as it pertains to horses, including advancements in diagnostic techniques, treatment protocols, and preventive health strategies.
HAMMON WM, REEVES WC.In three cases of encephalitis in humans that occurred in the area where the newly described California virus was isolated from mosquitoes, serological evidence seemed to indict the California virus as the etiological agent. In the case of an infant with very severe disease, the serological evidence was convincing; the evidence was almost as strong in the case of a seven-year-old boy; the results in an adult were equivocal. Inapparent infection in man is quite common as indicated by neutralization tests on the sera of nearly 600 residents of California, but encephalitic manifestations of infec...
Hülskötter K, Aurich C, Köhne M, Baumgärtner W, Wohlsein P.Adenomatous hyperplasia of the equine allantoic epithelium (EAAH) is an infrequently observed nodular or plaque-like change in the placenta of the mare which is presented as a case description. EAAH is most frequently diagnosed in cases of aborted fetuses and is associated with inflammatory changes of the placenta. Histologically, different degrees of EAAH may be distinguished; however, these are not associated with specific clinical signs, degree of inflammation, a particular pathogen, or the frequency of abortions. It is assumed that EAAH represents a secondary, reactive change and has per s...
Koren L, Stahl S, Rovitsky A, Peled E.Amputation of fingers with tendon avulsion occurs through a traction injury, and most occur through a ring avulsion mechanism. Usually the flexor digitorum profundus is torn out with the amputated finger. Replantation usually is recommended only when the amputation is distal to the flexor digitorum superficialis insertion. Animal bites are relatively common, with a decreasing order of frequency of dogs, cats, and humans. Horse bites are relatively infrequent but are associated with crush injuries and tissue loss when they occur. This article describes a 23-year-old man with amputation of his m...
Nelson NC, Zekas LJ, Reese DJ.As availability increases and cost decreases, digital radiograph systems become more common in equine practice. Technological advances provide an array of choices for the equine practitioner considering purchase. Two classes of systems are available: computed radiography and flat-panel systems (direct radiography). Image processing encompasses all manipulations performed on an image at acquisition and can have a profound effect on the final digital radiograph. Consideration should be given to the type of display monitor because many options are now available. The type of display monitor and th...
Aviad AD, Houpt JB.Various molecular weight hyaluronic acid (HA) preparations have been injected into joints for the treatment of human and equine osteoarthritis. A therapeutic advantage has been claimed for commercial products with a molecular weight in the range found in normal synovial fluid (SF), compared to lower molecular weight products. But a correlation between molecular weight and efficacy is not borne out by an analysis of the available literature on clinical results. SF viscosity, HA concentration, HA molecular weight and rate of synthesis in joint disease. It is proposed that the beneficial effect o...
Kasza A, Korpula-Mastalerz R, Rose-John S, Dubin A.The horse leucocyte elastase inhibitor (HLEI), present in neutrophils, monocytes and bone marrow cells, is apparently a cytoplasmic protein which is not released from cells even in response to stimulation with lipopolysaccharide, phorbol ester, tumour necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-1 or elastin degradation products. Although no expression of the inhibitor was detected in neutrophils, both monocytes and bone marrow cells were efficient in its synthesis. Using a new expression vector pREST5d, recombinant inhibitor was produced in a large quantity in a soluble form, with a yield of 88 mg per ...
Dubin A, Potempa J, Silberring J.Horse leucocyte neutral proteinase inhibitor reacts with all tested elastases at the molar ratios of 1:1 and yielding stable complexes (Ki = 10(-10) M). The above reactions are very rapid, characterized by the high values of association rate constant kon = 10(7) M-1s-1.
Franken P, Schotman JH.The activities and concentrations of a number of erythrocytic enzymes and intermediate products of erythrocyte metabolism were determined in twenty-one normal standard-bred horses which were studied clinically and biochemically. These studies showed that equine anaerobic glycolysis is characterized by a biochemical pattern similar to that observed in human PK deficiency. The greater sensitivity of equine haemoglobin to oxidants is attributable either to low stability of GSH, which may be due either to the low activity of GR or that of 6PGD as observed in the studies. In addition, the saturatio...
Lobigs M, Pavy M, Hall RA, Lobigs P, Cooper P, Komiya T, Toriniwa H, Petrovsky N.Advax is a polysaccharide-based adjuvant that potently stimulates vaccine immunogenicity without the increased reactogenicity seen with other adjuvants. This study investigated the immunogenicity of a novel Advax-adjuvanted Vero cell culture candidate vaccine against Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) in mice and horses. The results showed that, in mice, a two-immunization, low-dose (50 ng JEV antigen) regimen with adjuvanted vaccine produced solid neutralizing immunity comparable to that elicited with live ChimeriVax-JE immunization and superior to that elicited with tenfold higher doses of a ...
Eaton BT, Broder CC, Wang LF.Within the past decade a number of new zoonotic paramyxoviruses emerged from flying foxes to cause serious disease outbreaks in man and livestock. Hendra virus was the cause of fatal infections of horses and man in Australia in 1994, 1999 and 2004. Nipah virus caused encephalitis in humans both in Malaysia in 1998/99, following silent spread of the virus in the pig population, and in Bangladesh from 2001 to 2004 probably as a result of direct bat to human transmission and spread within the human population. Hendra and Nipah viruses are highly pathogenic in humans with case fatality rates of 40...
Reedy SE, Powell DM, Williams NM, Dodson MV, Fitzgerald BP.This paper describes attempts to initiate equine adipocyte cultures from necropsy cases with varying intervals from time of death to isolation and culture. Equine adipocytes were isolated from 21 necropsy cases, regardless of the interval from time after death to establishment in primary ceiling cultures. However, while all cultures produced adipocytes, only 2 attempts to produce long-term equine adipocyte cultures from the subcutaneous rump fat depots were successful and not contaminated. Findings from these experiments indicate that it is possible to collect and culture equine adipocytes fro...
Kaikkonen R, Niinistö K, Lindholm T, Raekallio M.Ingestion of geosediment (further referred as sand) may cause weight loss, diarrhea and acute or recurrent colic in horses. Our aim was to compare the efficacy of three treatment protocols in clearing colonic sand accumulations in clinical patients. This retrospective clinical study consisted of 1097 horses and ponies, which were radiographed for the presence of colonic sand. Horses included to the study (n = 246) were displaying areas of sand in the radiographs of ≥75 cm2 and were treated medically monitoring the response with radiographs. The horses were assigned into three groups base...
Mc Brearty A, Auckburally A, Pollock PJ, Penderis J.Deafness has been reported in horses due to a variety of causes and objective auditory assessment has been performed with brainstem auditory evoked potential testing. Evoked otoacoustic emission (OAE) tests are widely used in human patients for hearing screening, detecting partial hearing loss (including frequency-specific hearing loss) and monitoring cochlear outer hair cell function over time. OAE tests are noninvasive, quick and affordable. Two types of OAE are commonly used clinically: transient evoked OAEs (TEOAEs) and distortion product OAEs (DPOAEs). Detection of OAEs has not been repor...
Reinhard F.The conformation of a foal's limbs is of interest beginning in the first days of life. The hoof also must not be neglected. Management and hoof care necessary for normal hoof development are discussed. In addition, pathological hoof shapes and their appropriate treatments are outlined.
Olson LE, Perkowski SZ, Mason DE, Muir WW.Strips of trachealis muscle were dissected from the midcervical portion of the trachea of horses that were free of respiratory tract disease, and the overlying epithelium and mucosa were removed. Muscle strips were suspended in tissue baths that were filled with Krebs-bicarbonate solution, aerated with 5% CO2 in oxygen and maintained at 37 C. Isometric tension was continuously recorded. The increase in active isometric tension was concentration dependent when acetylcholine (10(-9) to 10(-4) M) or histamine (10(-9) to 10(-4) M) was added to the tissue baths in 0.5-logarithmic increments. When t...
Booth TM, Clegg PD.An 8-year-old show-jumper gelding was referred for examination as a result of a purchase dispute for reported back pain. Clinical examination identified back pain and atrophy of the left semimembranosus and semitendinosus muscles, but no lameness. Standing pelvic radiography demonstrated a chronic nonunion fracture of the left ischium, the clinical significance of which was uncertain. The apparent back pain was thought to be probably unrelated to the pelvic lesion. We conclude that chronic ischial fracture in the horse can lead to specific atrophy of the semimembranosus and semitendinosus musc...
Mayaki AM, Intan-Shameha AR, Noraniza MA, Mazlina M, Adamu L, Abdullah R.Back disorder is an ailment that often affects athletic and riding horses. Despite the rapidly growing equine athletic and equestrian activities, there is no documentation on the nature of equine back disorder (EBD) in Malaysian horses. The purpose of this study was to characterize EBD cases presented to University Veterinary Hospital, Universiti Putra Malaysia, between 2002 and 2017. Methods: The compilation of data was based on signalment, case history, duration of clinical signs, anatomical location of the pain, method of diagnosis, type of EBD, treatment, and outcome. The diagnosis of EBD ...
Wang LF, Yu M, Hansson E, Pritchard LI, Shiell B, Michalski WP, Eaton BT.An outbreak of acute respiratory disease in Hendra, a suburb of Brisbane, Australia, in September 1994 resulted in the deaths of 14 racing horses and a horse trainer. The causative agent was a new member of the family Paramyxoviridae. The virus was originally called Equine morbillivirus but was renamed Hendra virus (HeV) when molecular characterization highlighted differences between it and members of the genus Morbillivirus. Less than 5 years later, the closely related Nipah virus (NiV) emerged in Malaysia, spread rapidly through the pig population, and caused the deaths of over 100 people. W...
Farr AC, Hawkins JF, Baird DK, Moore GE.To characterize features of diagnosis, treatment, and outcome in horses with foreign bodies, exclusive of enteric, inhaled, and foot-penetrating foreign bodies. Methods: Retrospective case series. Methods: 37 horses with foreign bodies. Methods: The incidence of equine foreign bodies from 1990 through 2005 was determined by review of data from veterinary schools participating in the Veterinary Medical Database (VMDB). Medical records of horses with foreign bodies at Purdue University were reviewed, and the following information was retrieved: clinical history; signalment; results of physical, ...
Rutherford DJ, Textor J, Fretz PB.A 4-week-old Thoroughbred filly presented with lameness of acute, severe onset of the left foreleg (LF) of 3 days' duration. Results: Diffuse swelling was present around the distal radius and carpus of the LF. Carpal varus that could be reduced manually was present. Radiographs revealed an intra- articular frontal-plane fracture in the distal radial epiphysis, which continued cranially through the distal radial physis (DRP). The lateral aspect of the DRP was wider than expected. Latero-medial carpal instability was resolved by placement of a lag screw from the dorsal midline through the epiphy...
Passamonti F, Veronesi F, Cappelli K, Capomaccio S, Coppola G, Marenzoni ML, Piergili FD, Verini SA, Coletti M.Anaplasma phagocytophilum, the causative agent of granulocytic ehrlichiosis, affects several species of wild and domesticated mammals, including horses. In this work we compared direct and indirect methods to evaluate A. phagocytophilum presence in Central Italy: 135 sera were screened by IFA for A. phagocytophilum and other haemopathogens (Theileria equi and Babesia caballi). Each horse was also tested for A. phagocytophilum 16S rRNA with a nested-PCR technique. In order to examine the risk of A. phagocytophilum transmission, 114 ticks were examined for the presence of A. phagocytophilum by P...
Zielińska-Dawidziak M, Błaszak R, Piasecka-Kwiatkowska D.The presented experiments show the model of expectation of equine spleen ferritin extraction in a new aqueous two-phase system which was formed by mixing polyethylene glycol (PEG) and hydroxyethyl starch (HES). The tendency of the protein to migrate in the analyzed systems was dependent on the concentrations of HES and PEG as well as PEG molecular weight. The highest concentration of ferritin in the top phase (rich in PEG) was recorded in the system composed of 6% PEG 3000 and 3% HES. The obtained concentration was 0.88 mg mL(-1). The lowest concentration was 0.42 mg mL(-1) in the system compo...
