Veterinary research in horses encompasses the study of diseases, health management, and medical treatments specific to equine species. This field investigates various aspects of horse health, including infectious diseases, metabolic disorders, and musculoskeletal conditions. Researchers focus on understanding the pathophysiology of equine ailments, developing diagnostic tools, and evaluating therapeutic interventions. The study of horse health also involves examining preventive measures such as vaccination protocols and nutritional management to promote overall well-being. This page collects peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the diverse areas of veterinary science related to horses, providing insights into disease mechanisms, treatment strategies, and advancements in equine healthcare.
Bahar S, Bolat D, Selcuk ML.Although the cervical spinal cord (CSC) of the horse has particular importance in diseases of CNS, there is very little information about its segmental morphometry. The objective of the present study was to determine the morphometric features of the CSC segments in the horse and possible relationships among the morphometric features. The segmented CSC from five mature animals was used. Length, weight, diameter, and volume measurements of the segments were performed macroscopically. Lengths and diameters of segments were measured histologically, and area and volume measurements were performed u...
Curik I, Druml T, Seltenhammer M, Sundström E, Pielberg GR, Andersson L, Sölkner J.The dominant phenotype of greying with age in horses, caused by a 4.6-kb duplication in intron 6 of STX17, is associated with a high incidence of melanoma and vitiligo-like skin depigmentation. However, the progressive greying and the incidence of melanoma, vitiligo-like depigmentation, and amount of speckling in these horses do not follow a simple inheritance pattern. To understand their inheritance, we analysed the melanoma grade, grey level, vitiligo grade, and speckling grade of 1,119 Grey horses (7,146 measurements) measured in six countries over a 9-year period. We estimated narrow sense...
Zamboulis DE, Senior JM, Clegg PD, Gallagher JA, Carter SD, Milner PI.Purinergic pathways are considered important in pain transmission, and P2X receptors are a key part of this system which has received little attention in the horse. The aim of this study was to identify and characterise the distribution of P2X receptor subtypes in the equine digit and associated vasculature and nervous tissue, including peripheral nerves, dorsal root ganglia and cervical spinal cord, using PCR, Western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry. mRNA signal for most of the tested P2X receptor subunits (P2X1-5, 7) was detected in all sampled equine tissues, whereas P2X6 receptor su...
Seo MS, Park SB, Kim HS, Kang JG, Chae JS, Kang KS.Recent studies have shown that mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are able to differentiate into multi-lineage cells such as adipocytes, chondroblasts, and osteoblasts. Amniotic membrane from whole placenta is a good source of stem cells in humans. This membrane can potentially be used for wound healing and corneal surface reconstruction. Moreover, it can be easily obtained after delivery and is usually discarded as classified waste. In the present study, we successfully isolated and characterized equine amniotic membrane-derived mesenchymal stem cells (eAM-MSCs) that were cultured and maintained i...
Paillot R.Inactivated Parapoxvirus ovis (iPPVO) and Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes) are currently used in equine medicine as immune-modulators for prophylactic treatment or adjunct to conventional therapy in order to improve immune defences, to prevent or treat infectious diseases. Their mode of action relies on a non-antigen specific interaction with the innate and/or adaptive immune responses. iPPVO stimulates and regulates cytokine secretion by leucocytes, while P. acnes acts primarily through the activation of macrophages. This report aims to describe their activity as immune-modulators and to su...
Goodrich LR, Phillips JN, McIlwraith CW, Foti SB, Grieger JC, Gray SJ, Samulski RJ.Osteoarthritis (OA) affects over 40 million people annually. We evaluated interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) gene transfer in an equine model based on IL-1ra protein therapy which inhibits inflammation through blocking IL-1. Using the self-complementary adeno-associated virus (scAAV)IL-1ra equine gene as a starting construct, we optimized the transgene cassette by analyzing promoters (cytomegalovirus (CMV) versus chicken β-actin hybrid (CBh)), coding sequences (optimized versus unoptimized), vector capsid (serotype 2 versus chimeric capsid), and biological activity in vitro. AAV serot...
Rushton JO, Kolodziejek J, Tichy A, Nell B, Nowotny N.A herd of Lipizzaners (n=266) in three locations [Federal stud Piber (Styria), Heldenberg (Lower Austria) and the Spanish Riding School Vienna (Vienna)] were examined for ocular diseases and tested for herpesviruses (HVs) in PBMCs, nasal- and conjunctival swabs. In 167 (62.8%) horses equid herpesvirus-2 (EHV-2) nucleic acid was identified in at least one of the investigated samples, and 136 (51.1%) horses were positive for equid herpesvirus-5 (EHV-5) nucleic acid in at least one of the samples. One hundred and five (39.5%) of the horses mentioned above were identified with EHV-2/EHV-5 double i...
Andoh K, Takasugi M, Mahmoud HY, Hattori S, Terada Y, Noguchi K, Shimoda H, Bannai H, Tsujimura K, Matsumura T, Kondo T, Maeda K.A major immunogenic region of equine herpesvirus (EHV)-1 glycoprotein E (gE) was identified. Firstly, the various fragments of EHV-1 gE were expressed as fusion proteins with glutathione S-transferase (GST) in Escherichia coli and their antigenicities were compared by immunoblot analysis using sera from horses experimentally infected with EHV-1. Thirty-three amino acids of gE (a.a. 169-201) specifically and sensitively reacted with the antibodies induced by EHV-1 but not EHV-4 infection. The corresponding region of EHV-4 gE (a.a. 169-199) did not react with antibodies to EHV-1, indicating that...
Kinnison T, May SA.The Royal Veterinary College's 'Teaching Quality Survey' was completed by 261 recent graduates (six months after graduation) from 2005 to 2011 (26.8 per cent response rate). The results were used to compare veterinarians' background information with current position and career ambition, and to investigate perceptions of curriculum balance. There was a significant difference between males' and females' current positions and career ambitions with comparatively lower percentages of females in farm animal and farm and equine practices. There was also a significant difference between individuals fr...
Schauvliege S, Gasthuys F.Despite the use of balanced anesthesia and fluids, drugs for cardiovascular support are often needed in anesthetized horses. Antimuscarinics can be used to treat bradycardia unrelated to hypertension. Vasopressors can be useful when hypotension is caused by vasodilation and/or when the effect of fluids and inotropes is insufficient. In most cases, however, inotropes, including sympathomimetics, calcium salts, and phosphodiesterase inhibitors, are preferred. Of the β-sympathomimetics, dobutamine remains the agent of choice. Calcium salts are mainly useful in hypocalcemic patients. Phosphodiest...
Easley JT, Freeman DE.To describe successful surgical treatment of bilateral mucocele in an American Miniature horse using a single bone flap to approach right and left paranasal sinuses simultaneously. Methods: Clinical report. Methods: A castrated 6-year-old American Miniature Horse with a bilateral mucocele of the paranasal sinuses. Methods: A single bilateral frontonasal sinus flap was used in a standing procedure to access the left and right conchofrontal sinuses simultaneously to remove the mucous contents and to establish permanent drainage into the nasal cavities. Results: The novel procedure used in this h...
Klewitz J, Krekeler N, Ortgies F, Heberling A, Linke C, Sieme H.To assess pregnancy and live foaling rates after reduction of twin pregnancy via transvaginal ultrasound-guided aspiration (TUA) in mares and evaluate effects of gestational period, localization of conceptuses, fluid aspiration volume, and combination of TUA with embryonic or fetal puncture on these outcomes. Methods: Clinical trial. Methods: 44 mares pregnant with twins (25 to 62 days of gestation). Methods: TUA was performed in all mares and combined with embryonic or fetal puncture in 13. Follow-up ultrasonographic examinations were performed by referring veterinarians. Effects of gestation...
Kümmerle JM, Kummer MR.To describe the arthroscopically accessible anatomy of the tarsal collateral ligaments in the horse. Methods: Descriptive study. Methods: Cadaveric equine hind limbs (n = 24) obtained from horses without tarsal disease. Methods: Two pairs of tarsal joints were used to obtain silicone models of the tarsocrural joint and dissect the tarsal collateral ligaments (CLs). Ten pairs of tarsocrural joints had arthroscopic exploration and the accessible parts of the tarsal CLs were marked with an arthroscopic hook knife. Subsequently, the limbs were dissected and the marked positions were allocated to t...
Whitton RC, Mirams M, Mackie EJ, Anderson GA, Seeman E.Bone remodelling is inhibited by high repetitive loading. However, in subchondral bone of racehorses in training, eroded surface doubled in association with fatigue fracture and there was greater surrounding trabecular bone volume suggesting trabecular modelling unloads the bone focally, allowing damage repair by remodelling. Background: Remodelling replaces damaged bone with new bone but is suppressed during high magnitude repetitive loading when damage is most likely. However, in cortical bone of racehorses, at sites of fatigue fracture, focal porosity, consistent with remodelling, is observ...
Olive J, Vila T, Serraud N.To compare navicular bone marrow lesion (BML) conspicuity in the feet of horses as determined via 2 fat-suppressed MRI techniques, including standard short tau inversion recovery (STIR) and inversion recovery gradient echo (IRGE). Methods: Feet (n = 150) of horses with lameness referable to the distal portion of the digit. Methods: STIR and IRGE sequences were obtained prospectively in all feet with a standing low-field equine MRI system. Presence of a BML was ascertained by identification of a characteristic combination of marrow alterations in T1-weighted, T2*-weighted, T2-weighted, and STIR...
Lancaster LS, Bowker RM, Mauer WA.Density and morphologic features of hoof wall tubules in horses' hooves are described. The sample population consisted of hooves (n=12) from both live and deceased adult horses. Full wall thicknesses of the hoof wall were prepared histologically from sites at the toe, medial quarter and lateral quarter. In defined areas, tubules were counted, and density was calculated across the three histologically defined areas of the stratum externum, stratum medium and stratum internum along with the descriptive morphologic features of the tubules. Morphologically, distinct zones were demarcated by varyin...
Renier AC, Kass PH, Magdesian KG, Madigan JE, Aleman M, Pusterla N.To determine clinical, laboratory analysis, and necropsy findings for equids with oleander toxicosis and to identify factors associated with outcome. Methods: Retrospective case series. Methods: 30 equids. Methods: Medical records of equids with detectable concentrations of oleandrin in serum, plasma, urine, or gastrointestinal fluid samples and equids that had not received cardiac glycoside drugs but had detectable concentrations of digoxin in serum were identified via a medical records database search. Descriptive statistics were calculated for medical history, physical examination, laborato...
Ramos-Vara JA, Frank CB, DuSold D, Miller MA.The immunoreactivity of PNL2, Melan A, and protein gene product (PGP) 9.5 was compared with that of S100 protein in 50 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded equine melanocytic neoplasms. PNL2, PGP 9.5, and S100 protein were detected in all 50 neoplasms; none expressed Melan A. PNL2 was not expressed in 62 nonmelanocytic tumors (equine sarcoids, schwannomas, carcinomas, sarcomas, endocrine tumors, sex-cord stromal tumors, germ cell tumors, and leukocytic tumors) or in normal tissues other than epidermis. In summary, antibody PNL2 is a sensitive marker of equine melanocytic neoplasms and is more spe...
Hampson BA, de Laat MA, Mills PC, Walsh DM, Pollitt CC.It has been proposed that the feral horse foot is a benchmark model for foot health in horses. However, the foot health of feral horses has not been formally investigated. Objective: To investigate the foot health of Australian feral horses and determine if foot health is affected by environmental factors, such as substrate properties and distance travelled. Methods: Twenty adult feral horses from five populations (n = 100) were investigated. Populations were selected on the basis of substrate hardness and the amount of travel typical for the population. Feet were radiographed and photographed...
Barrett EJ, Munsterman AS, Hanson RR.To determine the effect of an abdominal support wrap and transrectal abdominal palpation on intra-abdominal pressures (IAPs) measured directly from the peritoneal space. Methods: Prospective, experimental study. Methods: A university-based equine research facility. Methods: Ten healthy adult horses, 5 males and 5 females. Methods: IAPs were measured through an intraperitoneal cannula zeroed at a height midway between the height of the tuber ishii and point of the shoulder. Triplicate measurements were obtained at rest, during transrectal palpation, after placement of an abdominal support wrap,...
Khan A, Khan MS, Avais M, Ijaz M, Ali MM, Abbas T.The prevalence of Balantidium coli among donkeys in Lahore and adjoining areas was surveyed and a trial conducted to determine the efficacy of two antiprotozoal drugs: secnidazole (Dysen Forte) and Kalonji (Nigella sativa). Four-hundred donkeys were examined, and 73 (18.3%) were found positive for Balantidium coli. A slight decrease in PCV and an increase in Hb values of infected donkeys were found after antiprotozoal treatment. Secnidazole was 89.5% effective for the treatment of equine balantidiasis compared to 40.0% for Nigella sativa. This is the first report of balantidiasis in equines fr...
Petersen JL, Mickelson JR, Cothran EG, Andersson LS, Axelsson J, Bailey E, Bannasch D, Binns MM, Borges AS, Brama P, da Câmara Machado A, Distl O....Horses were domesticated from the Eurasian steppes 5,000-6,000 years ago. Since then, the use of horses for transportation, warfare, and agriculture, as well as selection for desired traits and fitness, has resulted in diverse populations distributed across the world, many of which have become or are in the process of becoming formally organized into closed, breeding populations (breeds). This report describes the use of a genome-wide set of autosomal SNPs and 814 horses from 36 breeds to provide the first detailed description of equine breed diversity. F(ST) calculations, parsimony, and dista...
Zerpa H, Crawford C, Knight GE, Fordham AF, Janska SE, Peppiatt-Wildman CM, Elliott J, Burnstock G, Wildman SS.The functional distribution of ATP-activated P2 receptors is well characterized for many blood vessels, but not in the equine digital vasculature, which is a superficial vascular bed that displays thermoregulatory functions and has been implicated in ischemia-reperfusion injuries of the hoof. Isolated equine digital arteries (EDA) and veins (EDV) were submitted to isometric tension studies, whereby electric field stimulation (EFS) and concentration-response curves to exogenously applied agonists were constructed under low tone conditions. Additionally, immunofluorescent localization of P2X and...
Klaus C, Hörügel U, Hoffmann B, Beer M.During a routine examination of 130 horse sera from 13 herds in Thuringia one TBEV antibody positive serum - with a very high titre - could be detected. The horse had been bought from a holding in Bavaria, and was reported to have clinical signs that may have been caused by a TBEV infection. To identify the source of the suspected TBEV infection, ticks from the surroundings of the barn in Thuringia as well as horse sera and ticks from two herds in Bavaria were examined. In the holding in Bavaria, where the horse was kept before, two out of ten horse sera were found to be TBEV antibody positive...
Cafarchia C, Figueredo LA, Otranto D.Among diseases of horses caused by fungi (=mycoses), dermatophytosis, cryptococcosis and aspergillosis are of particular concern, due their worldwide diffusion and, for some of them, zoonotic potential. Conversely, other mycoses such as subcutaneous (i.e., pythiosis and mycetoma) or deep mycoses (i.e., blastomycosis and coccidioidomycosis) are rare, and/or limited to restricted geographical areas. Generally, subcutaneous and deep mycoses are chronic and progressive diseases; clinical signs include extensive, painful lesions (not pathognomonic), which resemble to other microbial infections. In ...
Burton AJ, Giguère S, Sturgill TL, Berghaus LJ, Slovis NM, Whitman JL, Levering C, Kuskie KR, Cohen ND.Macrolide and rifampin resistance developed on a horse breeding farm after widespread use was instituted for treatment of subclinical pulmonary lesions in foals. Resistance occurred in 6 (24%) of 25 pretreatment and 8 (62%) of 13 (62%) posttreatment isolates from affected foals. Drug-resistant isolates formed 2 distinct genotypic clusters.
Rubin CT, Seeherman H, Qin YX, Gross TS.Distributions of normal strain, shear strain, and strain energy density (SED) were determined across the midshaft of the third metacarpal (MCIII, or cannon bone) of 3 adult thoroughbred horses as a function of speed and gait. A complete characterization of the mechanical demands of the bone made through the stride and from mild through the extremes of locomotion was possible by using three 3-element rosette strain gauges bonded at the diaphyseal midshaft of the MCIII and evaluating the strain output with beam theory and finite element analysis. Mean ± sd values of normal strain, shear strain,...
Brosnahan MM, Damiani A, van de Walle G, Erb H, Perkins GA, Osterrieder N.Available vaccines fail to induce lasting and protective immunity to equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) associated diseases. RNA interference is a novel approach showing promise for therapeutic use in outbreak situations. This study examined the effect of small interfering RNA (siRNA) on clinical signs as well as the presence of live virus and viral DNA in nasal secretions and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in horses experimentally infected with EHV-1. siRNA targeting two EHV-1 genes (glycoprotein B and the origin binding protein) was administered 12h before and 12h after intranasal infe...
DiPietro JA, Lock TF, Todd KS, Reuter VE.Twenty ponies less than 18 months of age and infected with Parascaris equorum were treated with either 0.2 mg of ivermectin/kg of body weight (n = 10) or a placebo (n = 10; controls). Five control and 5 ivermectin-treated ponies were euthanatized 14 and 35 days after treatment, respectively. At necropsy, the small intestinal contents, lungs, and liver were examined for larvae and/or adult P equorum. Significantly (P less than 0.02) higher mean total numbers of P equorum were found in the small intestinal contents of the controls on day 14 (51) and on day 35 (21) than in the ivermectin-treated ...
Pauwels FE, McClure SR, Amin V, Van Sickle D, Evans RB.To measure changes in the modulus of elasticity (E) and describe histologic findings after extracorporeal shock wave therapy and radial pressure wave therapy on equine cortical bone specimens. Methods: 16 bone specimens from the proximodorsal cortex of an equine third metacarpal or metatarsal bone. Methods: Baseline E was determined by the density (p) and unidirectional ultrasound transmission velocity (C) of each specimen according to the equation E = pC2. Eight specimens were treated with 500 pulses of 0.15 mJ/mm2 of extracorporeal shock wave therapy, and 8 specimens were treated with 500 pu...
Lyons ET, Tolliver SC.The prevalence of patent Strongyloides westeri infections was determined by examination for eggs in fecal samples collected from 513 Thoroughbred (TB) foals between February 25 and June 3, 2014. The study was conducted with 244 colts and 269 fillies from 11 well-managed farms in Central Kentucky. Foals ranged from 17 to 117 days of age and had never been dewormed. The mean prevalence of patent S. westeri infection was 30% (156/513 foals). This prevalence was substantially greater than historical reports from the same sampling area during the late 1990s and early 2000s. It is hypothesized that ...
Roth P, Stanley J, Chamoun-Emanuelli A, Whitfield-Cargile C, Coleman M.To compare the inflammatory response of murine macrophages exposed to the enteric microbiome of obese horses versus nonobese horses. Methods: Fecal samples from 12 obese horses (body condition score ≥ 7/9) and 12 nonobese horses (body condition score 4 to 5/9) with similar dietary management. Methods: Fecal supernatant was prepared from frozen fecal samples. RAW 264.7 macrophage cells were exposed to the fecal extract. Inflammatory cytokine (interleukin-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α, and interleukin-6) gene expression was quantified via real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR assay,...
Perrocheau M, Boutreux V, Chadi S, Mata X, Decaunes P, Raudsepp T, Durkin K, Incarnato D, Iannuzzi L, Lear TL, Hirota K, Hasegawa T, Zhu B, de Jong P....A medium-density map of the horse genome (Equus caballus) was constructed using genes evenly distributed over the human genome. Three hundred and twenty-three exonic primer pairs were used to screen the INRA and the CHORI-241 equine BAC libraries by polymerase chain reaction and by filter hybridization respectively. Two hundred and thirty-seven BACs containing equine gene orthologues, confirmed by sequencing, were isolated. The BACs were localized to horse chromosomes by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH). Overall, 165 genes were assigned to the equine genomic map by radiation hybrid (RH...
Mifune H, Suzuki S, Noda Y, Mohri S, Mochizuki K.In the pig, cattle and horse, the right and left atria and ventricles were examined by immunohistochemistry, and the right atrial and auricular cardiocytes were studied by transmission electron microscopy. Moreover, ANP-granules in the cardiocytes were analyzed by ultrastructural morphometry. Immunohistochemically, the most intensely ANP-reacted cardiocytes were localized in the right auricle, particularly more prominent in the pig and cattle than in the horse. Ultrastructurally, ANP-granules were located principally in the perinuclear region associated with the Golgi apparatus and throughout ...
Dyson S, Murray R, Branch M, Harding E.Sacroiliac (SI) joint disease is difficult to diagnose definitively on clinical grounds. Objective: Lameness not attributable to SI joint pain may result in asymmetrical uptake of radiopharmaceutical in the tubera sacrale and SI joints; and that horses with clinical signs suggestive of sacroiliac joint disease would have differences in the ratios of radiopharmaceutical uptake between the fifth lumbar vertebra (L5) and either the tubera sacrale or SI joints compared with normal horses. Objective: To determine whether differences in radiopharmaceutical activity could identify individuals with pr...
Wichert B, Nater S, Wittenbrink MM, Wolf P, Meyer K, Wanner M.In 46 horse farms all over Switzerland, the hygienic quality of the roughage (including silages) was investigated. Therefore, a macroscopic examination as well as the microbial counts (bacteria, yeasts and moulds) was carried out. Further, the contents of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and the contamination with deoxynivalenol (DON) were determined. In all roughages, the dry matter (DM) content was measured and in silages additionally the pH was measured. Predominantly, the straw showed a lower hygienic quality than hay and silages. The LPS contents were significantly higher in straw than those in ...
Hellander Edman A, Ström L, Ekesten B.Compare CXL treatment with medical treatment alone in horses with stromal, ulcerative keratitis. Methods: 24 horses (24 eyes) with stromal, ulcerative keratitis were included. Methods: 12 horses were initially treated with CXL, and 12 horses were given conventional medical treatment. Topical medical treatment was added to horses in the CXL group if necessary. Parameters including cytology, microbial growth, time to fluorescein negativity, and time to inhibition of stromal melting were evaluated. Results: After the first day of treatments, a decrease in inflammatory signs and pain from the eye ...
Mungall BA, Pollitt CC.Cultured equine lamellar hoof explants secrete the pro-enzymes matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2, 72 kDa) and MMP-2 (92 kDa). Untreated explants remained intact when tested on a calibrated force transducer, but when treated with an MMP activator, developed "in-vitro laminitis", separating at the dermal-epidermal junction. Explants treated with the bacterial protease thermolysin separated dose-dependently; this was accompanied by activation of both MMP-2 and -9. Thermolysin-mediated MP activation did not occur in a cell-free system and was not inhibited by the addition of the MMP inhibitor and ...
Pippi NL, Lumb WV.An equine model, subjected to three kinds of pain (superficial, deep, and visceral) was used to test effects of analgesic drugs. Two groups of ponies were used. In the first group of six ponies, six drugs (fentanyl, meperidine, methadone, oxymorphone, pentazocine, and xylazine) were given according to a Latin square experimental design, and tests were made at 30-minute intervals for 4 hours. Mean values (control) for the three kinds of pain were obtained before and after the tests and were compared with the mean values (drugs) obtained over 2- and 4-hour intervals (four and eight measurements ...
Kalpokas I, Mattos RC, Cavestany D, MartÃnez MN, Perdigón F, Meikle A.The effect of side of corpus luteum on uterine gene expression and protein localization of estrogen receptor α (ERα) and progesterone receptor (PR) in healthy cyclic and pregnant mares 13 days after ovulation (day 0) was investigated. Transcervical biopsies were performed to collect endometrium ipsilateral and contralateral regarding the side of corpus luteum on day 13 post-ovulation in cyclic (n = 6) and pregnant (n = 6) mares. Blood samples were collected daily from day 0 until the day of biopsy for 17β-estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P4) determinations. Receptor expression was d...
Bourges-Abella N, Raymond-Letron I, Diquelou A, Guillot E, Regnier A, Trumel C.To describe the cells observed in conjunctival brush cytology (CBC) from normal horses and compare these findings with conjunctival structural histology so as to understand which cells are recovered from CBC. Methods: This study was divided into three parts. (1) Conjunctival brush smears were collected from 20 healthy horses on both eyes and a differential count on 300 cells was carried out on May Grünwald-Giemsa (MGG) smears. (2) A similar protocol was used for whole eyes from five horses obtained rapidly after death from a slaughterhouse. The eyes were then assessed for conjunctival histolo...
Rourke KM, Kohn CW, Levine AL, Rosol TJ, Toribio RE.Calcium has important physiological functions, and disorders of calcium homeostasis are frequent in horses. We have made important progress understanding equine calcium homeostasis; however, limited information on equine calcitonin (CT) is available, in part because of the lack of validated CT assays. To determine the CT response to high ionized calcium (Ca(2+)) concentrations in healthy horses, we induced hypercalcemia in 10 healthy horses using a calcium gluconate 23% solution (5mg/kg; 120 mL/500 kg horse) infused over 4 min. Four horses were infused with 120 mL of 0.9% NaCl and used as cont...
Faramarzi B, Lee D, May K, Dong F.There is a need for evidence-based scientific research to address the question of the effectiveness of acupuncture in improving clinical signs of laminitis in horses. The objective of this study was to compare lameness levels before and after 2 acupuncture treatments in horses with chronic laminitis. Twelve adult horses with chronic laminitis received 2 acupuncture treatments 1 week apart. The points were treated using dry needling, hemo-acupuncture, and aqua-acupuncture. Lameness level was objectively evaluated using an inertial sensor-based lameness evaluation system (Lameness Locator), as w...
Su X, Morris DD, Crowe NA, Moore JN, Fischer KJ, McGraw RA.We describe the production and purification of recombinant equine tumor necrosis factor alpha (rETNF alpha), generation and characterization of murine monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) and rabbit polyclonal antibodies (Pabs) against ETNF alpha, and development of a sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Genomic-derived DNA sequences encoding mature ETNF alpha were reconstructed by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis and were cloned into the vector pFLAG-1 for expression in Escherichia coli. rETNF alpha was purified by anti-FLAG immunoaffinity c...
Paine SW, Bright J, Scarth JP, Hincks PR, Pearce CM, Hannan C, Machnik M, Hillyer L.In equine and racing practice, detomidine and butorphanol are commonly used in combination for their sedative properties. The aim of the study was to produce detection times to better inform European veterinary surgeons, so that both drugs can be used appropriately under regulatory rules. Three independent groups of 7, 8 and 6 horses, respectively, were given either a single intravenous administration of butorphanol (100 µg/kg), a single intravenous administration of detomidine (10 µg/kg) or a combination of both at 25 (butorphanol) and 10 (detomidine) µg/kg. Plasma and urine concentratio...
Elliott J.Rings of equine digital vein examined under conditions of isometric tension recording constricted to alpha-adrenoceptor agonists with an order of potency of 5-bromo-6-[2-imidazolin-2-yl-amino]-quinoxaline bitartrate (UK 14304) = noradrenaline > 6-Allyl-2-amino-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-4H-thiazolo-(4,5-d) azepine (BHT-920) > phenylephrine > dopamine > methoxamine. The maximum force generated was greatest for the non-selective agonist noradrenaline and lowest for the alpha2-selective agonist BHT-920 with the other agonists between these two extremes. Selective inactivation of alpha1-adreno...
Yasine A, Ashenafi H, Geldhof P, Van Brantegem L, Vercauteren G, Bekana M, Tola A, Van Soom A, Duchateau L, Goddeeris B, Govaere J.Dourine, a venereal transmitted trypanosomosis caused by Trypanosoma equiperdum, has different clinical signs related to the reproductive and nervous system. Pathologic tissue changes associated with the disease are poorly described. The present study describes the histopathological lesions in naturally T. equiperdum-infected horses in the chronical stage of dourine. Results: Four chronically dourine diseased horses underwent a post-mortem examination. They were Woo test negative, but CATT/T. evansi positive, had a low packed cell volume (PCV) and exhibited obvious clinical signs of dourine. P...
Seahorn TL, Cornick JL, Cohen ND.The medical records of 75 horses with duodenitis-proximal jejunitis (DPJ) were reviewed. Ages, physical parameters, laboratory values, and treatment data were compared between horses surviving DPJ and horses not surviving DPJ (Table 1). Fifty of 75 horses (66.6%) survived. Sixty-six horses (88.0%) were managed with medical treatment alone and nine horses (12.0%) were managed with medical treatment plus surgical intervention. Using a logistic regression model, the association of each of the 19 physical and laboratory parameters with death was evaluated retrospectively in the 75 horses. Three pa...
Richardson JD, Lane JG, Waldron KR.It is widely accepted that the age of a horse can be determined from an examination of its teeth, but there is no evidence that the accuracy of the systems of ageing used has been validated. A dental record was made of 80 horses of known age. There was a good correlation between the actual and apparent age of the horses up to five years, but older horses showed much greater variability and accuracy declined markedly after 11 years of age. The disappearance of the 'cup', but not the 'mark', proved to be one of the more reliable features. The average age at which the dental star appeared was one...
Kwirant LADA, De La Corte FD, Cantarelli C, Cargnelutti JF, Martins M, Cabral MW, Maciel N, Rubin MIB.Equine platelet-rich plasma (PRP) has been used in horses to repair bone, articular and tendinous lesions, laminitis, and even endometritis. However, platelets have a very limited lifespan, which makes it difficult to prepare and use PRP, except in loco. With the aim to produce PRP with higher platelet viability for clinical purposes, the effects of the cryoprotectants dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and trehalose were evaluated on cooled (4°C) and cryopreserved (-196°C) equine PRP. The protocols of cooling and cryopreservation were performed independently, comparing the following treatments: fres...
Khan A, Khan MS, Avais M, Ijaz M, Ali MM, Abbas T.The prevalence of Balantidium coli among donkeys in Lahore and adjoining areas was surveyed and a trial conducted to determine the efficacy of two antiprotozoal drugs: secnidazole (Dysen Forte) and Kalonji (Nigella sativa). Four-hundred donkeys were examined, and 73 (18.3%) were found positive for Balantidium coli. A slight decrease in PCV and an increase in Hb values of infected donkeys were found after antiprotozoal treatment. Secnidazole was 89.5% effective for the treatment of equine balantidiasis compared to 40.0% for Nigella sativa. This is the first report of balantidiasis in equines fr...
Decloedt A, de Clercq D, van der Vekens N, Verheyen T, Ven S, van Loon G.Shortening of atrial fibrillation cycle length (AFCL) is a marker of atrial electrical remodelling due to atrial fibrillation (AF). Objective: To investigate the effect of administration of detomidine on AFCL measured invasively from an intra-atrial electrogram (AFCLEGM) and noninvasively by tissue Doppler imaging (AFCLTDI). We hypothesised that detomidine would have no effect on AFCL but would improve the ease of TDI measurements and facilitate noninvasive AFCL determination. Methods: Prospective clinical study. Methods: Measurements were performed before and after i.v. administration of 7.5â...
Nieto-Olmedo P, MartÃn-Cano FE, Gaitskell-Phillips G, Ortiz-RodrÃguez JM, Peña FJ, Ortega-Ferrusola C.In order to determine whether differences in uterine blood flow between pregnant and non-pregnant mares can be used to predict the presence of the equine embryo prior to flushing in an embryo transfer program, power Doppler ultrasonography was used on a total of 52 mares on days 7 or 8 post-ovulation. Computer analysis of Doppler images was subsequently performed using ImageJ v1.48 software. Vascular perfusion of the endometrium was analyzed using spot meter techniques, measuring mean pixel intensity and area of blood flow. Mares with positive flushings presented a higher uterine blood flow ar...
Magdesian KG, Fielding CL, Rhodes DM, Ruby RE.To evaluate selected hemodynamic, blood gas, and biochemical responses to mild to moderate acute blood loss in standing, awake horses. Methods: Prospective study. Methods: 7 healthy mares. Methods: Each horse was restrained in standing stocks, and its head was maintained in a neutral position; sedatives and tranquilizers were not administered. During a 1-hour period, blood was collected into collection bags by use of a suction pump. The rate of blood collection was approximately 16 mL/kg/h (7.3 mL/lb/h). Thirty minutes after blood collection, the blood was readministered at the same rate. Cent...
Ebrahimi M, Adinehbeigi K, Hamidinejat H, Tabandeh MR.The major agent of equine piroplasmosis (EP), Theileria equi, contributes to significant losses in the equine industry. This study was designed to evaluate T. equi infection among horses from West Azerbaijan by microscopy and molecular approaches. One hundred and twenty six blood samples were collected from the jugular vein and placed in sterile tubes containing EDTA; these tubes were either used immediately for blood smears or stored at –20°C for later examination by PCR. T. equi was detected in 3.2% and 27.7% of the animals examined using light microscopy and PCR methods, respectively. Th...
