Veterinary research in horses encompasses the study of diseases, health management, and medical treatments specific to equine species. This field investigates various aspects of horse health, including infectious diseases, metabolic disorders, and musculoskeletal conditions. Researchers focus on understanding the pathophysiology of equine ailments, developing diagnostic tools, and evaluating therapeutic interventions. The study of horse health also involves examining preventive measures such as vaccination protocols and nutritional management to promote overall well-being. This page collects peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the diverse areas of veterinary science related to horses, providing insights into disease mechanisms, treatment strategies, and advancements in equine healthcare.
Ross J, Palmer JE, Wilkins PA.To review management of pregnant mares with body wall defects and assess the effect of various management strategies on the outcome of mares and their foals. Methods: Retrospective case series. Methods: 13 mares. Methods: Medical records of eligible mares were reviewed. Signalment, history, admitting complaint, clinical findings, parity, type of body wall defect, concurrent diagnoses, postpartum complications, outcome of fetus, outcome of mare, and type of clinical case management were recorded. Results: 8 mares received conservative management and 5 mares received interventional management. S...
Chowdhary BP, Raudsepp T.The map of the horse genome has undergone unprecedented expansion during the past six years. Beginning from a modest collection of approximately 300 mapped markers scattered on the 31 pairs of autosomes and the X chromosome in 2001, today the horse genome is among the best-mapped in domestic animals. Presently, high-resolution linearly ordered gene maps are available for all autosomes as well as the X and the Y chromosome. The approximately 4350 mapped markers distributed over the approximately 2.68 Gbp long equine genome provide on average 1 marker every 620 kb. Among the most remarkable deve...
Kuhn C, Lucius R, Matthes HF, Meusel G, Reich B, Kalinna BH.Sarcoptic mange (or scabies) is an important skin disease which can affect a variety of species including humans, cattle, goats, sheep, horses, pigs, rabbits, and dogs. Approximately 300 million people are affected worldwide and in lifestock animals the infestation may lead to substantial economic losses caused by depression in growth and feed conversion rates. Diagnosis of Sarcoptes infestation is difficult and only a few serological tests have been developed using whole mite antigen for diagnosis of mange in animals. Here we describe the isolation and characterisation of cDNAs of several imm...
El Garch H, Minke JM, Rehder J, Richard S, Edlund Toulemonde C, Dinic S, Andreoni C, Audonnet JC, Nordgren R, Juillard V.Successful vaccination against West Nile virus (WNV) requires induction of both neutralizing antibodies and cell-mediated immune responses. In this study, we have assessed the ability of a recombinant ALVAC-WNV vaccine (RECOMBITEK WNV) to elicit neutralizing antibodies and virus-specific cell-mediated immune responses in horses. In addition, we examined whether prior exposure to ALVAC-WNV vaccine would inhibit B and cell-mediated immune responses against the transgene product upon subsequent booster immunizations with the same vaccine. The results demonstrated that the recombinant ALVAC-WNV va...
Duarte PC, Morley PS, Traub-Dargatz JL, Creekmore LH.To identify factors associated with development of vesicular stomatitis (VS). Methods: Case-control study. Methods: 138 livestock premises and 118 horses suspected of having VS in Texas, New Mexico, and Colorado. Methods: Premises with >or= 1 animal with clinical signs and laboratory confirmation of infection were classified as case premises. Premises where laboratory confirmation results were negative were control premises. Among equine premises, case and control horses were selected on the basis of premises status. A survey was conducted to identify factors associated with VS for premises an...
Popot MA, Woolfitt AR, Garcia P, Tabet JC.The insulin-like-growth factor (IGF-I) peptide is considered to be the main indirect marker for growth hormone administration (GH) in a horse. Further to a previous investigation on measurement of IGF-I in plasma samples by mass spectrometry, this study focuses on quantitative and qualitative analysis of intact IGF-I in horse plasma. First, protein-transposing software has been developed for IGF-I to facilitate its quantification by HPLC-electrospray-ion-trap mass spectrometry. Second, product-ion scan experiments on IGF-I have been conducted on standard samples, non-fortified equine plasma sa...
Vilar JM, Rivero MA, Arencibia A, Morales I, Pinedo M.The authors propose a standard protocol of ultrasonographic exploration of the tarsal region in transversal and longitudinal planes, with the aim to spread with an accurate location of the anatomical structures. For this study, 10 adult horses of different races and ages (ranged 5-10 years) were used, with the characteristic of not having suffered any kind of tarsic pathology. The equipment was a real time ultrasound machine with a 7.5 mHz lineal transducer. Some different anatomical structures in this region of the hind-limb such as the tendons, ligaments, muscles and articular components wer...
Parente EJ, Tulleners EP, Southwood LL.The effectiveness and best method to perform a partial arytenoidectomy in racehorses is unclear. This study was performed to evaluate the success of and complications that can occur after a unilateral partial arytenoidectomy with primary mucosal closure in Thoroughbred racehorses. Objective: Partial arytenoidectomy is an effective surgical procedure to return Thoroughbred racehorses, afflicted by arytenoid chondropathy or a failed laryngoplasty, to preoperative levels of performance. Methods: Seventy-six Thoroughbred racehorses admitted to the New Bolton Centre between 1992 and 2006 were asses...
Solinger N, Sonea IM.Tachykinins have profound effects on equine intestinal motility, but the distribution of the neurokinin receptors (NKRs) through which they act is unknown. This study reports the distribution of one of these receptors, the neurokinin-1 receptor (NK1R), in smooth muscle throughout the equine intestinal tract. Objective: To quantify the distribution of the NK1R, based upon mRNA expression, in smooth muscle of different regions of the equine intestinal tract. Methods: Nine regions of the intestinal tract were sampled in 5 mature horses. Total RNA was isolated from smooth muscle and reverse transc...
Archer DC, Pinchbeck GK, French NP, Proudman CJ.Epiploic foramen entrapment (EFE) is one of the most common causes of small intestinal strangulation in the horse. Identification of risk factors would generate hypotheses about causation and may suggest preventive strategies. Objective: Horses exhibiting certain behavioural patterns and those exposed to particular management practices are at increased risk of EFE. Methods: A matched case-control study was conducted on EFE cases admitted to hospitals in the UK, Ireland and USA. Data on 109 cases and 310 control horses were obtained by telephone questionnaire and conditional logistic regression...
Husted L, Sanchez LC, Olsen SN, Baptiste KE, Merritt AM.Stall housing has been suggested as a risk factor for ulcer development in the equine stomach; however, the exact pathogenesis for this has not been established. Objective: To investigate the effect of 3 environmental situations (grass paddock, stall alone or stall with adjacent companion) on pH in the proximal and the ventral stomach. Methods: Six horses with permanently implanted gastric cannulae were used in a randomised, cross-over, block design. Each horse rotated through each of three 24 h environmental situations. Horses remained on their normal diet (grass hay ad libitum and grain b.i....
Matsumura Y, Li J, Ikeguchi M, Kihara H.Acidic buffer conditions are known to stabilize helix-rich states of even those proteins with a predominantly beta-sheet native secondary structure. Here we investigated whether such states also exist under alkaline buffer conditions. The guanidine hydrochloride (GuHCl)-induced unfolding transition and kinetic refolding of equine beta-lactoglobulin (ELG) by GuHCl-jump were investigated at pH 8.7 by far-ultraviolet circular dichroism. We found that an equilibrium intermediate appeared in 45% ethylene glycol (EGOH) buffer with 1.5 M GuHCl. The intermediate is rich in non-native alpha-helix, whic...
Donabédian M, van Weeren PR, Perona G, Fleurance G, Robert C, Léger S, Bergero D, Lepage O, Martin-Rosset W.Diagnosis of osteochondrosis (OC) is based on clinical signs and radiography, but alternative methods for detection at an early stage would be useful. Objective: To determine in the juvenile horse the relationship between serum concentrations of a number of biomarkers that reflect changes in cartilage and bone turnover and age, feeding level, growth, and the occurrence of OC. Methods: Foals were assigned to a high (n = 20) or moderate (n = 19) feeding level group from birth to age 1 year. Bodyweight, withers height and cannon width were measured. Osteoarticular status was assessed radiographic...
Guest DJ, Smith MR, Allen WR.Autologous mesenchymal progenitor cells (MPCs) purified from bone marrow aspirates are being used in the treatment of superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT) injuries in the horse with promising results. In this study the fate of autologous and allogeneic MPCs following injection into the SDFT was monitored by stable transfection of MPCs with green fluorescent protein (GFP). Small lesions were created manually in one forelimb SDFT of 2 horses and injected with autologous MPCs, allogeneic MPCs or bone marrow supernatant alone. Post mortem examinations performed after 10 or 34 days revealed GFP...
Crowe CA, Ravenhill PJ, Hepburn RJ, Shepherd CH.Historically, artificial insemination (AI) using frozen semen has been perceived to have poorer success rates and be more labour intensive than using chilled semen. A retrospective study was therefore conducted to compare the conception rate achieved by AI between chilled and frozen semen, using fixed time insemination protocols over 2 breeding seasons. Objective: Artificial insemination using chilled semen produces a higher conception rate than that achieved with frozen semen. Methods: Mares (n = 251) were inseminated with either chilled (n = 112) or frozen (n = 139) semen in the 2006 and 200...
Back W, van der Lugt JJ, Nikkels PG, van den Belt AJ, van der Kolk JH, Stout TA.An extreme form of abnormal development, dwarfism, is common in man and some animals, but has not been officially reported in horses. Within the Friesian horse breed, congenital dwarfism has been recognised for many years, but no detailed report exists on its phenotype. The most salient feature of the dwarf syndrome is the physeal growth retardation in both limbs and ribs. Affected animals have approximately 25% shorter fore- and hindlimbs and approximately 50% reduced bodyweight. Postnatal growth is still possible in these animals, albeit at a slower rate: the head and back grow faster than t...
Ritruechai P, Weller R, Wakeling JM.The longissimus dorsi is the largest muscle in the equine back and plays an important role in locomotor ability and performance in the horse. In vivo studies suggest that the mechanical function varies between different muscle segments, in part determined by anatomy. It is possible therefore that variations in function reflect variations in the anatomy of the longissimus dorsi along its length. Objective: To identify if there are regional variations in muscle architecture of the longissimus dorsi. Methods: Computed tomography scans were obtained from 8 cadaver backs to identify the cross-secti...
Dickey EJ, McKenzie HC, Brown KA, de Solis CN.Continuous-rate infusions (CRI) of lidocaine are often used for prolonged duration but, to date, only limited time/concentration relationships administered as a short term (24 h) CRI have been reported. Objective: To determine the time/concentration profile of lidocaine and its active metabolites glycinexylidide (GX) and monoethylglycinexylidide (MEGX) during a 96 h lidocaine infusion. Methods: Lidocaine was administered to 8 mature healthy horses as a continuous rate infusion (0.05 mg/kg bwt/min) for 96 h. Blood concentrations of lidocaine, GX and MEGX were determined using high performance l...
Getachew AM, Innocent GT, Trawford AF, Feseha G, Reid SJ, Love S.A cross-sectional coprological survey in the regions of Ada, Akaki, Bereh and Boset, and a retrospective postmortem investigation were conducted to study the epidemiology of Parascaris equorum in donkeys and horses in Ethiopia. Faecal samples from 803 working donkeys and 402 horses were collected, and the numbers of worms recovered from 112 donkeys examined postmortem between 1995 and 2004 were analysed. There was a high prevalence of infection and faecal egg output of P equorum in both donkeys and horses, and the severity of the infection in donkeys was increased irrespective of their age. Th...
Schumacher J, Brink P, Easley J, Pollock P.To describe surgical techniques used for correction of congenital nasal deviation (wry nose) in horses (wry nose) and to report outcome. Methods: Retrospective study. Methods: Horses (n=4), 5-17 months old with wry nose. Methods: Nasal deviation was corrected by transecting the premaxillae/maxillae and nasal bones at their site of maximum curvature and realigning and stabilizing the bones in a more normal alignment using internal fixation. The nasal septum was removed during the same anesthetic period. Results: For each horse, physical appearance was improved and respiratory stridor eliminated...
Leeming G, Smith KC, Bestbier ME, Barrelet A, Kipar A.We report 4 cases of equine rhinosporidiosis in the United Kingdom. These cases provide evidence of spread of infectious agents from rhinosporidiosis-endemic areas to nonendemic areas by increased international movement of livestock. Surveillance should continue for this infective agent of potential relevance for numerous species, including humans.
Hahn CN, Handel I, Green SL, Bronsvoort MB, Mayhew IG.Cervical vertebral malformation is one of the most common causes of ataxia in horses. The most important factor in the diagnosis of cervical vertebral malformation is the identification of cervical vertebral canal stenosis, but published data for minimum sagittal diameter ratios in adult horses are only available for C4-C7 intravertebral sites. Intra- and intervertebral sagittal diameter ratios at C2-C7 were evaluated in 26 ataxic horses, for which a complete clinical and neuropathological evaluation was undertaken. Eight of these horses were diagnosed with cervical vertebral malformation. In ...
Kwok WH, Leung DK, Leung GN, Tang FP, Wan TS, Wong CH, Wong JK.In September 2005, our laboratory detected the presence of 4-androstene-3,17-dione and androsterone in a standard steroid screen of a post-race gelding urine sample received from an overseas authority. All other urine samples from the same batch tested negative. Subsequent gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) confirmatory analyses, however, repeatedly failed to detect any amount of 4-androstene-3,17-dione and androsterone in the suspicious sample. On the other hand, identical results were obtained when the initial GC/MS screening method was repeated on the suspicious sample as well as ...
Franco RM, Ousey JC, Cash RS, Rossdale PD, Silver M.An electronic sphygmomanometer which functions on oscillometric principles, was used to measure arterial blood pressure in foals. Its accuracy was assessed by comparison with results obtained by direct measurement in anaesthetised pony foals, aged 34 to 64 days. Correlations between data obtained by the two methods were highly significant but the sphygmomanometric readings were consistently lower than those obtained by direct measurement. An equation was derived from the pooled values for mean, systolic and diastolic pressure measurements. This was used as a correction factor when the oscillom...
Heath TJ, Perkins NR.The pathways through which lymph flows from terminal afferent lymphatics to the lymph sinuses, and from the sinuses to initial efferent lymphatics, were studied in horse lymph nodes by using Microfil casts and electron microscopy. Terminal afferent lymphatics are continuous with the subcapsular sinus through oval holes, about 3 microns wide, along their length, and through larger openings near their end. Other terminal afferents penetrate into the node within trabeculae and are supported by processes across the lumen. They connect with trabecular and medullary sinuses through oval or round hol...
Nicoletti PL, Mahler JR, Scarratt WK.Horses at a veterinary teaching hospital and a slaughterhouse were surveyed for antibodies to Brucella abortus, B canis and Actinobacillus equuli. Four of the 141 hospitalised horses and none of the 73 slaughtered horses had titres of 1:100 or greater to B abortus. Six horses of both populations reacted to the card test. One was culture positive. A card test using B canis antigen was positive in 38 per cent of the sera from hospitalised horses and all of the slaughtered horses. Twenty (27.4 per cent) of the latter group had high tires in a tube agglutination test. High titres could not be redu...
Yamaguchi M, Miyazawa Y, Sekine T.Myosin was prepared from smooth muscle of horse esophagus in good yield
(about 15 ° mg/Ioo g tissue) and was designated myosin S. Its properties were compared
with those of myosin A from skeletal muscle.
The ratio of the absorption of myosin S at 280 nm to that at 26o nm was about
1.8, and the amount of contaminating phosphorus was only o.91 g/io 5 g of myosin S,
indicating that the latter is free of nucleic acid. The purity of this protein was examined
by ultracentrifugation, gel filtration in the presence of 0.5 M KC1 and 6 M urea and
chromatography on DEAE-cellulose columns. These e...
Knight PK, Evans DL.To describe the clinical abnormalities found on post-race examination of poorly performing Standardbreds. Methods: The results of 541 post-race veterinary examinations on Standardbreds were analysed. The horses were selected for examination by the stipendiary stewards on the basis of poor performance from a population of approximately 20,000 runners which competed at Harold Park Paceway, Sydney. Results: Clinical abnormalities were detected on post-race examination in 264 of the 541 poorly performing horses. Some horses displayed more than one abnormality. Twenty three individual abnormalities...
Douglas RH.The number of successful embryo recoveries was 56.0% in experimental mares with no history of breeding problems but in barren mares only 34.3% of embryo recovery attempts were successful. When a recovery attempt was successful, the incidence of twin embryos was 10.7% in experimental mares and 16.7% in barren mares. Maintenance of embryos in vitro for greater than 6 h before non-surgical transfer significantly reduced pregnancy rates compared to maintenance for less than 3 h. The pregnancy rate in recipients at 100 days after ovulation was lower (P less than 0.05) than those at 24 and 30 days a...
Thompson DL, Godke RA, Squires EL.Twelve mares fed altrenogest for 14 d were used to study the effects of a single injection of testosterone propionate on concentrations of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) during diestrus, and to relate the normal and perturbed patterns of FSH secretion to subsequent estrous characteristics and fertility. Seven of 12 mares received testosterone propionate at 200 micrograms/kg of body weight on d 5 of progestogen feeding. Mares were teased and blood samples were drawn daily; all mares were artificially inseminated at the first estrus after progestogen treatment. Testosterone propionate treatm...
Trachsel DS, Tejada MA, Groesfjeld Christensen V, Pedersen PJ, Kanters JK, Buhl R, Calloe K, Klaerke DA.The long QT syndrome (LQTS) is a channelopathy that can lead to severe arrhythmia and sudden cardiac death. Pharmacologically induced LQTS is caused by interaction between drugs and potassium channels, especially the K 11.1 channel. Due to such interactions, numerous drugs have been withdrawn from the market or are administered with precautions in human medicine. However, some compounds, such as trimethoprim-sulfonamide combinations are still widely used in veterinarian medicine. Therefore, we investigate the effect of trimethoprim-sulfadiazine (TMS), trimethoprim, sulfadiazine, and detomidine...
Wesson JA, Miller KF, Ginther OJ.Plasma FSH and LH response to a synthetic GnRH analog was measured in adult ovariectomized pony mares (OVX) and in pony foals (<70 days of age) during late spring (May-June). FSH and LH responded in a similar fashion (200% increase) in the OVX mare, which is different from other reports for intact mares. There was a greater mean response to a comparable dose of GnRH in the prepubertal foal for both FSH (500%) and LH (900%) than in the OVX mare. There was a positive correlation between age and the maximum FSH response to GnRH in male and female foals. The LH response was positively correlate...
Teixeira WF, Felippelli G, Cruz BC, Maciel WG, Fávero FC, Gomes LV, Buzzulini C, Prando L, Bichuette MA, Lopes WD, Oliveira GP, Costa AJ.With the aim of studying the endoparasite fauna of horses from the Formiga city, located in center-west region of the state of Minas Gerais, 25 animals that were naturally infected with helminths were evaluated. By means of parasitological necropsies, different endoparasites were found. The subfamily Cyathostominae presented the highest incidence, followed by Trichostrongylus axei, Oxyuris equi, Triodontophorus serratus, Strongyloides westeri, Strongylus edentatus, Habronema muscae, Parascaris equorum, Probstmayria vivipara, Strongylus vulgaris, Gasterophilus nasalis, Anoplocephala magna and A...
Mansmann RA.Little has been written about the use of antibiotics in the horse. This article is based on personal experiences related to equine clinical medicine and literature review and certainly does not represent all the possible therapeutic regimens that can he employed in the horse. There are two concepts that this article will emphasize. First and most importantly, when an infective process is suspected in a patient, cul-tures and sensitivities are the most important determinations to be made prior to antibiotic therapy. Whether in the treatment of a single case or in the treatment of a herd problem...
Glade MJ, Krook L, Schryver HF, Hintz HF.Pony foals were injected intramuscularly with 0, 0.5, or 5.0 mg dexamethasone per 100 kg body weight daily for up to 11 months. True absorption of dietary calcium was inhibited by treatment at 18 days (57% versus 14% of intake; P less than .01) and 10 months (72% versus 55% versus 43%: P less than .01), but not at 2 or 7 months, and was independent of age and treatment related decreases in intestinal calcium binding protein activities. Uninary excretion of calcium was increased by treatment through 7 months but decreased at 10 months. Treatment for 18 days resulted in total calcium excretions ...
Molín J, Asín J, Vitoria A, Sanz A, Gimeno M, Romero A, Sánchez J, Pinczowski P, Vázquez FJ, Rodellar C, Luján L.A 1-month-old Purebred Spanish Horse (PSH) foal presented with progressive hepatic failure culminating in death. Hepatic lesions were consistent with congenital hepatic fibrosis (CHF). Genetic studies in the PKHD1 gene in the affected foal revealed that it was heterozygous for the 2 previously described single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) linked to CHF in Swiss Franches-Montagnes (SFM) horses. In addition, 2 novel mutations were detected, the foal being homozygous for one of them and heterozygous for the other. Genetic studies in a healthy PSH population ( n = 35) showed a 3-fold higher gen...
Lindinger MI, Anderson SC.We describe a safety assessment of an oral supplement designed to nutritionally support the gastrointestinal system of horses. The supplement comprised a mixture of essential (l-threonine) and conditionally essential (l-glutamine) amino acids, polar lipids, oat bran rich in beta glucans and yeast extract. Young (1-2years) horses of both sexes were allocated to control (n=7) and treatment groups (n=7) and studied for 9weeks. Horses in the treatment group received the supplement daily for 8weeks. After 8weeks of supplementation, horses were studied for one additional week. Outcome measures inclu...
Herbig LE, Köhler L, Eule JC.The aim was to describe the use of the DUB®-SkinScanner v3.9 (taberna pro medicum GmbH, Lueneburg, Germany) for the examination of the equine cornea. Methods: Using the DUB®-SkinScanner v3.9 various pathological corneal conditions were pictured in the A- and B-mode at a frequency of 22 and/or 50 MHz in nine eyes of eight horses. Scans were obtained from standing horses or from horses under general anesthesia non-related to image acquisition. Results: The examination allowed real time imaging and measurement of the equine cornea in vivo. Compared to slit-lamp biomicroscopy additional informa...
Tiwari M, Sodhi M, Verma P, Vivek P, Kataria RS, Niranjan SK, Bharti VK, Masharing N, Gujar G, Chanda D, Mukesh M.The identification of appropriate references genes is an integral component of any gene expression-based study for getting accuracy and reliability in data interpretation. In this study, we evaluated the expression stability of 10 candidate reference genes (GAPDH, RPL4, EEF1A1, RPS9, HPRT1, UXT, RPS23, B2M, RPS15, ACTB) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of livestock species that are adapted to high altitude hypoxia conditions of Leh-Ladakh. A total of 37 PBMCs samples from six native livestock species of Leh-Ladakh region such as Ladakhi cattle, Ladakhi yak, Ladakhi donkey, Chanthangi goat...
Spriet M, McKnight A.Three isolated equine limbs were imaged with a low-field magnetic resonance system with a vertical magnetic field. Each limb was scanned in multiple positions with mild variation of the angle between the magnetic field and the long axis of the limb. When the long axis of the limb was not perpendicular to the magnetic field, a linear hyperintense signal was present at the palmar aspect of one of the deep digital flexor tendon lobes, at the level of the navicular bone and collateral sesamoidean ligaments, in proton density and T1-weighted pulse sequences. With increased angulation of the limb, t...
Coombs SL, Webbon PM.The rate of movement up the mucociliary escalator of Technetium99m tagged to macroaggregated albumin was measured in 7 normal horses and 8 with respiratory disease. The activity at 2 sites in the neck, separated by 12-15 cm, was measured using a hand held scintillation counter and rate meter. In normal horses the Technetium complex moved as a bolus up the neck with a mean rate of 1.58 cm/min. In the horses with respiratory disease the Technetium complex was less likely to move as a discrete bolus and in three horses it was not possible to measure the transport rate. The remainder had a mean tr...
Wnuk M, Bugno M, Slota E.Recently, molecular techniques have become an indispensable tools for cytogenetic research. Especially, development of in situ techniques made possible detection at the chromosomal level, genes as well as repetitive sequences like telomeres or the DNA component of telomeres. One of these methods is primed in situ DNA synthesis (PRINS) using an oligonucleotide primer complementary to the specific DNA sequence. In this report we described application of PRINS technique with telomere human commercial kit to telomere sequences identification. This commercial kit may be use to visualization of inte...
Webb AI, Coons TJ, Koterba AM, Kosch PC.New developments in therapy for foals in respiratory distress are discussed. Therapy is based on preservation of the foal's life by maintenance of a patent airway, resuscitation with fluids and warmth, provision of humidified oxygen to raise the fractional concentration of inspired oxygen sufficient to avoid hypoxia and provision of ventilatory support when hypercapnia becomes critical. Ventilatory support described includes assisted and controlled ventilation, positive end expiratory pressure, continuous positive airway pressure and intermittent mandatory ventilation. The aims of these techni...
Doonan GR, Brown CM, Mullaney TP, Brooks DB, Ulmanis EG, Slanker MR.Several hundred Michigan horses were accidentally exposed to varying levels of monensin. Severity of effects was proportional to the level of feed contamination; sudden death resulted on at least two premises. Acute signs of cardiovascular impairment occurred on one premises having received feed containing over 200 grams of monensin per tonne. Gross and histological postmortem lesions consisted of acute myocardial necrosis. Although only circumstantially confirmed, investigations led to the suspicion that the source of poisoning was a ration formulation error in a feedmill in southwestern Onta...
Mason DK, Watkins KL, Luk CM.An outbreak of respiratory disease among thoroughbred horses in training in Hong Kong was caused by equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) subtype 1 (abortion strain). Two of the horses affected by EHV-1 were serially blood sampled over a period of several weeks and their haematological values measured. There was an increase in monocyte count in the first few days which steadily decreased in one horse, but the other had a second monocyte peak after a period of exercise, thus demonstrating the importance of not working animals in the early stages of the disease.
Smith MR, Wright IM.Although fractures of the proximal phalanx are one of the most common long bone fractures of Thoroughbred horses in training, limited details on variations in morphology and radiological progression have been published. Objective: To describe in detail the configuration of parasagittal fractures of the proximal phalanx in a group of Thoroughbred racehorses, to report fracture distribution within this group of horses and to document radiological progression of fracture healing in cases treated by internal fixation. Methods: Restrospective case series. Methods: Case records and radiographs of Th...
Hurd HS, McCluskey BJ, Mumford EL.To identify management factors affecting the risk of animals developing vesicular stomatitis (VS). Methods: Case-control study. Methods: Horses, cattle, and sheep with suspected vesicular stomatitis on 395 premises in Colorado, New Mexico, Utah, and Arizona. Methods: Data were collected during the VS outbreak of 1997. Diagnosticians interviewed livestock owners and completed a supplemental questionnaire. Cases were defined as those premises that had a completed questionnaire and had > or = 1 animal positive for VS. Control premises were all premises investigated that had a completed questionna...
Sams RA.This article is intended to give the reader an understanding of the mathematic and conceptual framework underlying equine pharmacology. The methods by which the veterinary practitioner determines drug concentrations, disposition, and bioavailability are discussed.
Zabek T, Golonka P, Fornal A, Semik E.Genetic polymorphism of IHH gene were investigated in Angloarabian, Polish Coldblood and Polish Halfbred horses with the inclusion of a group of Polish Halfbreds affected by osteochondrosis. IHH is a good candidate gene for association study of developmental disorders mainly affecting skeleton development. DNA sequence spanning IHH gene annotated in the horse genome and its putative promoter were investigated using SANGER sequencing. Analysis of genetic variability at polymorphic sites in the IHH gene body and the promoter region confirmed genetic differences between warmblood and coldblood ho...
Moran G, Folch H, Henriquez C, Ortloff A, Barria M.Reaginic antibodies (IgE and some IgG subclasses) and mast cells play important roles in the induction of type I immediate hypersensitivity reactions. These antibodies bind through their Fc fragment to high affinity receptors (FcεRI) present in the membrane of mast cells and basophils. The cross-linking of the receptor initiates a coordinated sequence of biochemical and morphological events that results in exocytosis of secretory granules containing pre-formed inflammatory mediators, secretion of newly formed lipid mediators, and secretion of cytokines. Previously, several studies have invest...
McDonnell SM.This article includes a brief description of the reproductive patterns and specific behaviors comprising courtship and copulation in equids. The author then focuses on breeding behavior of the domestic stallion. Descriptions of normal breeding behavior under a variety of domestic management systems, comments on sexual behavior of donkeys and exotic equids, and the most common types and treatments of sexual behavior dysfunction are included.
