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Topic:Veterinary Research
Veterinary research in horses encompasses the study of diseases, health management, and medical treatments specific to equine species. This field investigates various aspects of horse health, including infectious diseases, metabolic disorders, and musculoskeletal conditions. Researchers focus on understanding the pathophysiology of equine ailments, developing diagnostic tools, and evaluating therapeutic interventions. The study of horse health also involves examining preventive measures such as vaccination protocols and nutritional management to promote overall well-being. This page collects peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the diverse areas of veterinary science related to horses, providing insights into disease mechanisms, treatment strategies, and advancements in equine healthcare.
Quantification of penicillin-G and procaine in equine urine and plasma using high-performance liquid chromatography. A rapid and sensitive method for the extraction and quantification of penicillin-G and procaine in horse urine and plasma samples has been successfully developed. The method involves the use of solid-phase extraction (SPE) for penicillin-G, liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) for procaine, and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for the quantification of penicillin-G and procaine. The new method described here has been successfully applied in the pharmacokinetic studies of procaine, penicillin-G and procaine-penicillin-G administrations in the horse.
Equine endothelial cells support productive infection of equine infectious anemia virus. Previous cell infectivity studies have demonstrated that the lentivirus equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) infects tissue macrophages in vivo and in vitro. In addition, some strains of EIAV replicate to high titer in vitro in equine fibroblasts and fibroblast cell lines. Here we report a new cell type, macrovascular endothelial cells, that is infectible with EIAV. We tested the ability of EIAV to infect purified endothelial cells isolated from equine umbilical cords and renal arteries. Infectivity was detected by cell supernatant reverse transcriptase positivity, EIAV antigen positivity wit...
Equilibrium and kinetics of the folding of equine lysozyme studied by circular dichroism spectroscopy. The equilibrium unfolding and the kinetics of unfolding and refolding of equine lysozyme, a Ca2+-binding protein, were studied by means of circular dichroism spectra in the far and near-ultraviolet regions. The transition curves of the guanidine hydrochloride-induced unfolding measured at 230 nm and 292.5 nm, and for the apo and holo forms of the protein have shown that the unfolding is well represented by a three-state mechanism in which the molten globule state is populated as a stable intermediate. The molten globule state of this protein is more stable and more native-like than that of alp...
Inhibition of antigen-induced cutaneous responses of ponies with insect hypersensitivity by the histamine-1 receptor antagonist chlorpheniramine. A whole-body extract of Culicoides impunctatus induced a biphasic increase in oedema formation in ponies with insect hypersensitivity, with maxima after one and eight hours. The Culicoides antigen did not induce similar responses in ponies with no previous history of the disease. In insect-hypersensitive ponies the local administration of chlorpheniramine (12 micrograms) completely inhibited oedema formation in response to histamine (0.04 microgram) and to Culicoides antigen (0.5 microgram) at one hour, and the response to Culicoides antigen at eight hours was inhibited by 63 per cent. Chlorph...
Getah virus infection of Indian horses. An outbreak of disease, characterized by depression, anorexia, fever, limb oedema and lymphocytopenia, occurred on a farm for thoroughbreds in India in 1990. Twenty-six of the 88 horses on the farm were affected, predominantly adults. Signs were present in affected horses for 7-10 days, and the outbreak lasted 21 days. Seven of the 26 affected horses were tested for exposure to Getah virus using paired serum samples, acute and convalescent. Four of the 7 horses seroconverted to Getah virus, and the other three showed a 4-fold or greater rise in titre. The clinical and laboratory findings were ...
Evidence for different 5-HT1B/1D receptors mediating vasoconstriction of equine digital arteries and veins. 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) is a potent vasoconstrictor of equine digital arteries and veins which may play a role in the ischaemic disease, laminitis. The present investigation compared the properties of 5-HT1B/1D receptors in arteries with those in veins using isolated rings of equine digital blood vessels. The 5-HT1B/1D receptor-selective agonists, anpirtoline and sumatriptan were 17.9 and 10 times more potent and produced 4.1 and 5.6 times greater maximum contractions, respectively, in veins when compared to arteries. Other agonists tested were of equal potency and produced the same maximum...
Prevalence and characteristics of foal rejection in Arabian mares. Separate surveys of Thoroughbred, Paint, and Arabian mare owners revealed a higher than expected rate of foal rejection in Arabian mares. A behavioural history form was submitted by owners of foal rejecting and nonrejecting Arabian mares, and maternal behaviour and management practices compared. Four generation pedigrees of rejecting and nonrejecting Arabian mares were also examined. Foal rejecting mares were more likely to avoid, threaten, squeal at, chase, bite, and kick their foals post partum than nonrejecting mares. Nonrejecting mares were more likely to lick, nicker and defend their foal...
Clinical assessment of gas exchange in mature horses. There are limited methods of assessing pulmonary function in horses at rest. We developed clinical techniques to measure gas exchange efficiency in horses and evaluated 3 groups of horses that were 1) asymptomatic based on auscultation with rebreathing, transtracheal aspirate cytology, and thoracic radiographs (n = 6), 2) asymptomatic at rest but symptomatic with rebreathing (n = 11) and 3) symptomatic at rest (n = 9). Blood samples were obtained from the transverse facial artery and jugular vein. Maximal end-tidal CO2 tension (PETCO2) was measured by an infrared capnograph through a facemask....
Cytology of 100 samples of abdominal fluid from 100 horses with abdominal disease. A total of 100 samples of abdominal fluid (AF) from 100 horses with abdominal disease were evaluated by cytology. Cytology results were subsequently correlated with the final outcome of the disease. The horses were classified into 4 groups: Group I, horses that were treated with conventional (nonsurgical) therapy and recovered; Group II, horses that had surgery and survived; Group III, horses that had surgery but died; and Group IV, horses that were subjected to euthanasia prior to surgery. Statistical analysis showed that both nucleated cell count and total neutrophils were significantly high...
Dextran-70 inhibits equine platelet aggregation induced by PAF but not by other agonists. Dextrans of mean molecular weight 70 kDa (dextran-70) have had clinical use as anti-thrombotics in man. A major part of the anti-thrombotic action is mediated via inhibition of platelet function. Greatorex (1975, 1977) treated thromboembolic colic in horses with infusions of dextran-70 and reported a 90% recovery rate, but this treatment is nonetheless rarely used. We have used an in vitro method to examine the effect of dextran-70 on equine platelet suspensions, in the hope that understanding the mechanism of action of dextran-70 might lead to the development of alternative therapeutic agents...
An objective method for evaluating the flexibility of the back of standing horses. The spinal movements in maximum arching, dipping and left and right lateral flexion were measured in 10 horses without signs of back pain. A system for motion analysis (Expert Vision System) was used to identify the position of the markers placed on the head, the spinous processes of T5, T10, T16, L3, and on 2 of the sacral spines. By definition, the maximum of the spinal movement was set when the T16 marker reached its maximum deviation from the start position. The difference between start position and maximum position was presented as per cent of the horse's height at the withers. At T16 the...
Bone scintigraphy in the diagnosis of sacroiliac injury in twelve horses. Nuclear bone scintigraphy was used to diagnose sacroiliac injury in 12 horses presented for nonspecific rear limb lameness. The most common history was decreased performance and/or a mild chronic rear limb lameness which could not be localised by routine lameness examination. The scintigraphic patterns of the 12 affected horses were compared to 5 normal horses and 10 horses with lameness not related to the pelvic region. Subjective and quantitative evaluation of the bone scans clearly separated the 12 affected horses from the 5 normal horses and the 10 horses with lameness from causes other th...
Equine TIMP-1 and TIMP-2: identification, activity and cellular sources. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are the main enzymes involved in connective tissue turnover. Regulation of MMPs is achieved by controlling production, activation of the pro-enzymes together with the presence of inhibitors, such as, tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPS). The presence of TIMPs in equine synovial fluid was assessed by the ability of the fluid to inhibit equine MMP-9 activity using a gelatin degradation ELISA. The cellular source of the TIMPs was determined using culture supernatants of resident articular cells (chondrocytes and synovial fibroblasts) and invading inflam...
Stress fractures of the vertebral lamina and pelvis in Thoroughbred racehorses. Thirty-six Thoroughbred racehorses that died at California racetracks between October 1993 and July 1994 were evaluated for stress fractures in the caudal portion of the thoracic and lumbosacral regions of the spine and the pelvis. The lumbosacral spine and pelvis were collected, debrided of soft tissues and examined visually for the presence of an incomplete fracture line and focal periosteal proliferation, characteristic of a stress fracture. Sixty-one per cent of specimens had evidence of stress fracture in the caudal portion of the thoracic and lumbosacral regions of the spine and the pelv...
[Prevalence of infections caused by Salmonella spp. in cattle and horses at the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of the University of Montreal]. Bacteriologic detection of Salmonella spp. from feces of animals admitted to Veterinary Teaching Hospital of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montréal, in Saint-Hyacinthe was carried out during a 1-year period to estimate the prevalence of bovine and equine salmonellosis. Prevalence at the time of hospitalization was quite low: 1.4% in cattle and 1.7% in horses. Incidence was 15.1 cases/100 animal/year in cattle and 38.7 cases/100 animal/year in horses. Serotype typhimurium was the most prevalent in both species. In cattle, cases were evenly distributed over the year. In hors...
A primary male autosomal linkage map of the horse genome. A primary male autosomal linkage map of the domestic horse (Equus caballus) has been developed by segregation analysis of 140 genetic markers within eight half-sib families. The family material comprised four Standardbred trotters and four Icelandic horses, with a total of 263 offspring. The marker set included 121 microsatellite markers, eight protein polymorphisms, five RFLPs, three blood group polymorphisms, two PCR-RFLPs, and one single strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP). One hundred markers were arranged into 25 linkage groups, 22 of which could be assigned physically to 18 different...
Recovery from sevoflurane anesthesia in horses: comparison to isoflurane and effect of postmedication with xylazine. To compare recovery from sevoflurane or isoflurane anesthesia in horses. Methods: Prospective, randomized cross-over design. Methods: Nine Arabian horses (3 mares, 3 geldings, and 3 stallions) weighing 318 to 409 kg, 4 to 20 years old. Methods: Horses were anesthetized on three occasions with xylazine (1.1 mg/kg), Diazepam (0.03 mg/kg intravenously [i.v.]), and ketamine (2.2 mg/kg i.v.). After intubation, they were maintained with isoflurane or sevoflurane for 90 minutes. On a third occasion, horses were maintained with sevoflurane and given xylazine (0.1 mg/kg i.v.) when the vaporizer was tur...
[Differentiation of domestic horse and Przewalskis horse using various DNA sequences]. The electrophoretic mobility of seven erythrocyte enzymes and spectra of fragments amplified by RAPD-PCR with primers UBC-85 and UBC-126 were comparatively analyzed in domestic horse and Przewalski's horse. All tested genetic markers were classified into two groups differing in their involvement in differentiation of the two closely related horse species. Markers from different groups differed neither in their type (a polymorphic protein or an amplification product) nor in their biochemical role (for enzymes).
Gasterophilus intestinalis infections in horses in Belgium. Over a period of one year, from December 1995 to November 1996, larvae of Gasterophilus intestinalis were found in 193 horse stomachs (58%) of 330 that were examined in two Belgian slaughter houses. When August is excluded, 62% of the stomachs had bot larvae. No other Gasterophilus species were identified. The monthly prevalence ranged from 9% in August to 75% in November and December. The mean intensity of bot larvae varied from 8 in August to 29 in March, and the majority of the horses (67%) harboured less than 50 larvae. Prevalences and intensities were not affected by age, but mares were m...
Passive transfer, rate of decay, and protein specificity of antibodies against equine arteritis virus in horses from a Standardbred herd with high seroprevalence. To determine rate of decay of passively acquired antibodies in Standardbred foals on a farm with a high seroprevalence to equine arteritis virus (EAV) and to determine whether vertical or horizontal transmission of the virus was responsible for infection on the farm. Methods: Repeated-measures study. Methods: 46 Standardbred horses (15 brood mares and their foals, 5 stallions, and 11 young horses). Methods: Serum samples obtained from horses on the farm were evaluated by serum neutralization and western immunoblot analysis to detect EAV-specific antibodies. The half-life of passively acquired ...
Pathophysiology of acquired dental diseases of the horse. Periodontitis, infundibular necrosis, and periapical infection are dental diseases commonly affecting adult horses. Routine dental examinations and care may help to prevent these diseases. Further investigation of the treatment of horses with these diseases using local antimicrobial therapy, restorative dentistry, and endodontic therapy is needed. An understanding of the pathogenesis of these diseases aids in diagnosis and treatment. Gingival hyperplasia and odontogenic tumors are uncommon but should remain in a list of differential diagnoses when examining a horse with pertinent clinical sign...
Dental embryology, anatomy, development, and aging. Equine practitioners should be knowledgeable of dental anatomy and development to enhance their skill of age estimation of horses. The permanent teeth of horses are continually undergoing changes in shape and appearance. These changes may be used to suggest a reasonable age range for a horse.
Traumatic dental disease and soft tissue injuries of the oral cavity. Trauma to the oral cavity can result in an array of injuries affecting teeth, bone, and soft tissue. A thorough examination of the oral cavity is often facilitated by employing a full-mouth speculum after the horse has been tranquilized. Identification of broken, loose, or split teeth; fractures of the premaxilla or mandible; and avulsion or laceration of soft tissue structures such as the lips or tongue is usually straightforward. Treatment options vary depending on the structure involved; however, appropriate treatment generally results in a functional and cosmetically acceptable end result....
Dental surgery in horses. Dental surgery is most often directed at removal of diseased or injured teeth by the least invasive method possible. Some procedures available can preserve traumatized or infected teeth. Complications of dental surgery are well documented and often encountered by veterinary surgeons. Principles of debridement, curettage, lavage and ventral drainage combined with appropriate medicinal management can reduce complications and lead to successful outcome after dental surgery.
Controlled-release products for the control of the estrus cycle in cattle, sheep, goats, deer, pigs, and horses. This paper describes the estrus cycles of a number of livestock breeds and reviews the controlled-release drug delivery systems that are currently available for the purpose of controlled breeding. The bovine estrus cycle is reviewed in detail, and the estrus cycles of other species are described in a manner that highlights similarities and differences between species. Pertinent formulation and pharmacokinetic information about current drug delivery systems is presented and discussed, and recent advances in this area are also described.
Anti-inflammatory effects of topically applied dimethyl sulfoxide gel on endotoxin-induced synovitis in horses. To evaluate the effect of topically applied dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced synovitis in the mid-carpal joint. Methods: 6 sound, healthy, adult horses (12 carpi). Methods: In a double-blinded, crossover, paired study with a 1-week washout period, mid-carpal joints were allocated to group 1 (DMSO, n = 6) or group 2 (control, n = 6). Each joint was injected with 1.3 ml (0.0125 ng/dl) of LPS to induce synovitis. For group-1 joints, DMSO gel (15 g; 90%) was applied after injection of LPS and at 12-hour intervals for 60 hours. Joints of group 2 received LPS, but not DMS...
Experimental infection of the human granulocytic ehrlichiosis agent in horses. Human blood collected from two patients from Westchester County, New York with human granulocytic ehrlichia (HGE) infection was inoculated into two ponies. Inoculated ponies developed clinical signs similar to a previous report (Madigan et al., 1995). Histopathological changes involved follicular hyperplasia of lymphoid tissues. HGE DNA was detected by PCR in muscle, fascia, peritoneum, and adrenal gland after the ponies produced a high level of antibodies to HGE. We suggest that HGE may reside in poorly vascularized connective tissues, where the antibodies may have some difficulties to penetr...
