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Topic:Veterinary Research
Veterinary research in horses encompasses the study of diseases, health management, and medical treatments specific to equine species. This field investigates various aspects of horse health, including infectious diseases, metabolic disorders, and musculoskeletal conditions. Researchers focus on understanding the pathophysiology of equine ailments, developing diagnostic tools, and evaluating therapeutic interventions. The study of horse health also involves examining preventive measures such as vaccination protocols and nutritional management to promote overall well-being. This page collects peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the diverse areas of veterinary science related to horses, providing insights into disease mechanisms, treatment strategies, and advancements in equine healthcare.
Use of the GnRH analogue, deslorelin acetate, in a slow-release implant to accelerate ovulation in oestrous mares. In two separate controlled clinical trials, the efficacy and safety of 2.2 mg of the GnRH analogue deslorelin, administered subcutaneously as a short-term implant to normally cycling mares in oestrus with a dominant ovarian follicle more than 30 mm in diameter, were evaluated, using a placebo as a negative control. The oestrous cycle of each mare was followed by teasing, palpation per rectum and transrectal ultrasonography. Follicles were monitored every 24 hours by ultrasonography until ovulation occurred. The mares were either mated naturally or inseminated artificially. In trial 1, 174 mare...
Novel di-O-acetylated GM3s from equine erythrocytes, one containing 4,9-di-O-acetyl-N-glycolylneuraminic acid and another containing 4-O-acetyl-N-glycolylneuraminic acid and 6-O-acetyl-D-galactose. A novel GM3 O-acetylated at C-4 and at C-9 of N-glycolylneuraminic acid (4,9-di-O-Ac GM3), together with a second GM3 O-acetylated at O-4 of the neuraminic acid and O-6 of D-galactose (4,6'-di-O-Ac GM3) were isolated from equine erythrocytes as a mixture in approximate 1:1 ratio. These two major species were chromatographically inseparable. Their structures, especially the positions of the acetoxy group(s), were determined by means of 1D- and 2D-1H NMR and fast atom bombardment-MS as well as by gas chromatography-MS of partially O-methylated O-trimethylsilylated monosaccharides derived from th...
Partial cloning of prohibitin cDNA from canine, feline, bovine, equine, and rabbit liver mRNA by RT-PCR. Prohibitin is the protein which has an inhibitory function in cell growth, and its gene is suggested to be one of putative tumor suppressor genes. In this report, we described a partial cloning of prohibitin cDNAs from canine, feline, bovine, equine, and rabbit liver mRNAs by RT-PCR, and their homology analysis. The sequences of these RT-PCR products were compared with each other as well as those reported for human and rat. The homology in this region of prohibitin cDNA was approximately 90%, and the amino acid sequence of each RT-PCR product shared more than 95% identity. Therefore, it is con...
Anatomy of the distal interphalangeal joint of the mature horse: relationships with navicular suspensory ligaments, sensory nerves and neurovascular bundle. The anatomy of the distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint in the adult horse is described in relationship to the suspensory ligaments of the navicular bone, the neurovascular bundle and the sensory nerves to these periarticular regions. Using polymer plastic injections, the synovial cavity of the DIP joint was observed to have a complex relationship to the proximal suspensory or collateral sesamoidean ligament (CSL) of the navicular bone with the cavity forming cranial and caudal compartments around the CSL abaxially. Sensory nerves, as identified by peptide immunocytochemistry and silver/gold chl...
The effect of doxapram-induced hyperventilation on respiratory mechanics in horses. To investigate the influence of increased respiratory frequency on respiratory mechanics in the horse, measurements were made in two groups of seven tracheostomized horses before and after the administration of doxapram. The horses in group I had normal base line values for respiratory mechanics, whereas the horses in group II had significantly lower values of dynamic compliance (Cdyn), higher respiratory resistance (R), and a higher total change in pleural pressure (delta P). The administration of 0.3 mg kg-1 doxapram intravenously resulted in a significant increase in respiratory frequency (...
Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain of normal neonatal foals. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed on the brain of 5 normal, anesthetized, neonatal (age 3-to-6 days) Quarter Horse foals. The objectives of the study were to develop a technique for imaging the brain of neonatal foals, and to ascertain their normal brain anatomy. Intravenous propofol was administered for induction and maintenance of general anesthesia. Using spin echo MR techniques, T1 weighted sagittal and transverse views, and spin density and T2 weighted transverse views were successfully made of each foal. MR images provided excellent visualization of many anatomic structures ...
Amantadine in man and horse–can we learn from each other? The research examines the impact of administering amantadine to horses and humans to combat influenza A, speculating on potential benefits of dual-field research between human and animal health. The study […]
In vitro cultivation of Babesia equi: detection of carrier animals and isolation of parasites. By means of an in vitro culture technique, 75 samples of horse blood were examined for Babesia equi, a causative agent of equine piroplasmosis. At the time of culture initiation, 15 samples were microscopically positive for B. equi, and this was subsequently confirmed by culture diagnosis. Sixty samples showed no parasites in Giemsa-stained thin blood smears. However, after the culturing process, parasites were found in blood smears of 36 of these samples. The sensitivity of the in vitro culture method was such that 2.5 microliters (1/40 of the usual volume used for the above-mentioned samples...
Prevalence of fetal maldispositions in equine referral hospital dystocias. A retrospective investigation was performed to determine the population characteristics of horses presented for dystocia at 2 equine referral hospitals and the types of fetal maldispositions among these horses. The study population consisted of a similar number of Thoroughbreds (25%), Standardbreds (24%) and draft horses (22%). Most of the current literature pertaining to equine obstetrics is based on a predominately draft horse population (63%). The latter population appeared to have more transverse presentations (P = 0.06), possibly because of the higher number of draft mares. In our study, ...
Genetic markers in standardbred trotters susceptible to the rhabdomyolysis syndrome. The equine rhabdomyolysis syndrome (RHA) is believed to be multifactorial in origin; and could be caused by an interaction between genetic and environmental factors. In order to analyse its genetic background an association study was undertaken. Two sample groups of Standardbreds (Stb) which had suffered from RHA were compared to the total population of Swedish Standardbred trotters using recorded polymorphic genetic markers. The results showed that gene frequencies for several markers in the RHA groups differed significantly from those estimated for the total population. A rhabdomyolysis risk...
Sensory epithelium of the vomeronasal organ express TrkA-like and epidermal growth factor receptor in adulthood. An immunohistochemical study in the horse. The medial wall of the vomeronasal organ (VNO) is lined with a sensory epithelium that is closely related to the olfactory epithelium, which is developed from the olfactory placode. It undergoes continuous replacement during its life span. In other sensory epithelia, cell proliferation is under the control of some trophic factors. Whether these proteins are involved in the continuous turnover of the VNO epithelium is unknown. This study approaches this topic by analyzing the occurrence of signal-transducing receptor proteins for neurotrophins (Trk proteins) and epidermal growth factor (EGFr). ...
Pregnancies from imipramine and xylazine-induced ex copula ejaculation in a disabled stallion. Breeding or semen collection was attempted using: natural cover, manual stimulation, artificial vagina, pharmacologic induction of ejaculation, and electroejaculation. Sperm cells were recovered from the ductus deferens and epididymides post mortem. Only semen collected ex copula by imipramine and xylazine treatment resulted in conceptions (4/5). This is the first report of pregnancies in horses from ex copula semen collection.
[Observations of the development of the equine distal interphalangeal joint cavity concerning the pelvic limb of fetuses, fillies and adult horses]. Ten horses, younger than 1 year, were used to investigate the articulatio interphalangea distalis of the pelvic limb. The expansion of the dorsal recess was compared to those of adult horses. The recessus dorsalis always formed a shape like the letter 'm' or like a triangle with oblique angles. Consequently the great proximo-distal expansion on the medial side of the dorsal recess very probably has nothing to do with the age of horses.
Biochemical changes in the equine capsule following prostaglandin-induced pregnancy failure. The equine embryonic capsule, an acellular covering that envelops the conceptus during the second and third weeks of pregnancy, is composed of mucin-like glycoproteins. Its structure is consistent with a dual role during early pregnancy: protection of the conceptus, and communication between the embryo and the mother. Loss of sialic acid from the capsular glycoproteins at day 16 correlates with the time of "fixation," or loss of conceptus mobility throughout the uterine horns. This study investigated how the structure of the capsule is linked to the maintenance of pregnancy. Six pregnancies, c...
Nitric oxide production by equine articular cells in vitro. Recent research in several species has suggested nitric oxide (NO) as a mediator of articular cartilage damage and an inhibitor of cartilage matrix neosynthesis. This study investigated NO production by cultured equine articular chondrocytes in response to 2 arthritogenic molecules, namely lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta), and compared NO production by cultured equine synoviocytes stimulated with LPS. Synoviocytes exhibited a low basal level of NO synthesis (measured as nitrite, a NO metabolite) that was neither significantly increased nor decreased by exposure to LP...
Comparison of collagen fibril populations in the superficial digital flexor tendons of exercised and nonexercised thoroughbreds. This study was undertaken to test the hypothesis that collagen fibrils, the submicroscopic units of strength in tendon, would hypertrophy in response to a specific defined training programme. Fibril diameters were measured in central and peripheral regions of superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT) samples from five 18-month-old horses which underwent a subsequent 18 month training programme and 6 age- and sex-matched controls. Central region fibrils from the trained horses had a mass-average diameter (MAD) of 105.3 nm, which was significantly lower (P < 0.01) than that of 131.7 nm for the...
Oxidative energy metabolism in equine tendon cells. Hypoxia has been suggested as a possible cause of tissue degeneration and subsequent rupture in equine tendons. To determine whether low oxygen tension is likely to be detrimental to tendon cell function, experiments were designed to investigate oxidative energy metabolism in freshly isolated and cultured equine tendon cells. Freshly isolated tenocytes and cultured fibroblasts possessed activities of the mitochondrial enzyme citrate synthase similar to those of other mammalian cells, with well defined oxidative metabolism. D-[6(-14)C]-glucose oxidation was measurable in both freshly isolated a...
Nested polymerase chain reaction for detection of Ehrlichia risticii genomic DNA in infected horses. A nested polymerase chain reaction was developed for amplifying a 529-bp segment of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene of Ehrlichia risticii from equine buffy coat cells. Confirmation of identity of the amplified bands was accomplished by Southern hybridization and DNA sequencing. The study indicated a detection limit of > 10 copies of the target gene, and specificity for E. risticii as based on a panel of test rickettsiae. Ticks (Ixodes pacificus) collected in an area of northern California enzootic for equine monocytic ehrlichiosis were found to be negative for E. risticii DNA.
Adrenoceptor-mediated regulation of the contractility in horse penile resistance arteries. The receptors mediating the contractions to both exogenously applied noradrenaline and electrical field stimulation (EFS) were characterized in horse isolated penile resistance arteries. The alpha 1-adrenoceptor-selective antagonist, prazosin, caused competitive rightward shifts of the contractile concentration-response curves (CRC) to phenylephrine. The alpha 2-antagonist, rauwolscine, also displaced to the right the CRC to the alpha 2-adrenoceptor-selective agonist, BHT 920. EFS (0.3 ms, 20-second trains) caused tetrodotoxin-sensitive frequency-dependent contractions which were enhanced in t...
Intrinsic atrioventricular conductive function in horses with a second degree atrioventricular block. The atrioventricular (AV) conductive functions were investigated before and after the pharmacological autonomic nervous blockade (PAB) through the electrophysiological study on six horses (AV block group) in which the dropped beats occurred more frequently (over 200 beats/24 hr) and on five horses (control group) in which the dropped beats occurred sporadically (under 200 beats/24 hr) or in which the arrhythmias were not recognized at all on the long-term electrocardiogram. As a result, AV conductivity, conduction time and refractoriness in the AV block group were lower, longer and higher, res...
Failure to establish chronic infection of the reproductive tract of the male horse with a South African asinine strain of equine arteritis virus (EAV). Eight sexually mature horse stallions were inoculated intranasally with a South African asinine strain of EAV, a strain that was isolated from the semen of a donkey carrier. All horses developed fever, with maximum rectal temperatures of 38.9-39.9 degrees C recorded 3-6 d post challenge. Six horses showed very mild clinical signs of equine viral arteritis and two were asymptomatic. The virus was recovered from the nasopharynxes of six horses 2-7 d after inoculation, and from buffy-coat samples of all horses, 2-11 d after inoculation. Seroconversion to EAV was detected on days 8 and 10 and peak...
Effects of alfentanil on the equine electroencephalogram during anaesthesia with halothane in oxygen. Opioids have variable effects on the minimum alveolar concentration of inhaled anaesthetics in the horse. During halothane anaesthesia at an end-tidal halothane concentration between 0.75 and 0.85 percent, the electroencephalogram (EEG) frequency power spectrum and the auditory evoked potential were recorded continuously in eight ponies during an infusion of approximately 40 micrograms kg-1 alfentanil over five minutes, and for a further 55 minutes. The spectral edge and median frequency of the EEG and the mid-latency of the auditory evoked potential at the time of maximum change of these vari...
Preliminary investigations of pain and analgesia assessment in horses administered phenylbutazone or placebo after arthroscopic surgery. Twenty-five horses undergoing arthroscopic surgery were studied to develop a scheme for assessing pain in horses while investigating the effects of phenylbutazone (PBZ) analgesia. Fifteen of the 25 horses received PBZ 4 mg/kg intravenously (IV) before surgery and 2 mg/kg (IV) every 12 hours thereafter until 60 hours; the remaining 10 (placebo group) were given a corresponding volume of saline. In both groups, venous blood samples were collected for catecholamine, beta-endorphin, and cortisol assays before premedication and up to 72 hours after surgery. Postoperative pain was evaluated by measu...
