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Topic:Veterinary Research
Veterinary research in horses encompasses the study of diseases, health management, and medical treatments specific to equine species. This field investigates various aspects of horse health, including infectious diseases, metabolic disorders, and musculoskeletal conditions. Researchers focus on understanding the pathophysiology of equine ailments, developing diagnostic tools, and evaluating therapeutic interventions. The study of horse health also involves examining preventive measures such as vaccination protocols and nutritional management to promote overall well-being. This page collects peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the diverse areas of veterinary science related to horses, providing insights into disease mechanisms, treatment strategies, and advancements in equine healthcare.
Predicting ovulation in the mare on the basis of follicular growth and serum oestrone sulphate and progesterone levels. Follicular growth and hormone determinations were used to predict ovulation in the mare. Thirty Finnhorse mares were used for the investigation and 38 oestrous cycles were studied. The mares were examined by rectal palpation and ultrasonography every 6 hours during late oestrus. Daily blood samples were obtained for progesterone and oestrone sulphate determination. The preovulatory follicle grew 3 mm a day up to 2 days before ovulation. The size then remained constant, before diminishing by 2-3 mm during the last 12 hours. The maximal diameter of the follicle was 43 +/- 4 mm. In 89% of the fol...
Clinical and pathological effects of flunixin meglumine administration to neonatal foals. The effects of daily intravenous administration of flunixin meglumine at dosages of 0.55, 1.1, 2.2 and 6.6 mg/kg for five days were examined in neonatal foals. Six two day old foals were used to evaluate the effect of each dosage. Foals were examined every day and blood samples collected on days 1, 3 and 6. All foals were euthanized after six days, necropsied and examined for lesions. The major clinical abnormality was diarrhea, but the incidence was not related to the dosage of flunixin meglumine administered. The foals receiving 6.6 mg/kg of flunixin meglumine had significantly more gastroin...
Effects of intramuscular polysulfated glycosaminoglycan on chemical and physical defects in equine articular cartilage. The effect of intramuscular polysulfated glycosaminoglycan (PSG) on repair of cartilage injury was evaluated in eight horses. In each horse, one middle carpal joint had both a partial-thickness and a full-thickness articular cartilage defect created. In the contralateral middle carpal joint, chemical articular cartilage injury was created by intra-articular injection of 50 mg sodium monoiodoacetate (MIA). Horses were divided into two groups for treatment. Group 1 horses (control) received an intramuscular injection of normal saline every four days for a total of seven injections starting seven...
Equine giant cell tumor of soft tissues. During a routine necropsy examination of a 4-year-old standardbred mare, a well-demarcated dermal mass was seen near the right elbow. Grossly, the mass consisted of multifocal variably sized areas of dark brown, firm material that was separated by thin white septa. Histologically, within the individual compartments, there were numerous multinucleated giant cells, macrophages, and free erythrocytes. A diagnosis of giant cell tumor of soft tissues was made.
The treatment of laminitis in horses. The structural and vascular anatomy of the healthy equine foot is compared with the pathologic changes in the foot of horses with acute and chronic laminitis. The structural and vascular abnormalities present in the foot of horses with laminitis are demonstrated in order to explain the abnormal manner in which their feet grow. The medical, surgical, dietary, and endocrine management of acute and chronic laminitis is discussed. Various forms of hoof trimming beneficial to the reestablishment of normal digital perfusion, normal hoof growth, and normal spatial orientation among the distal phalanx...
Pathways between lymph vessels and sinuses in lymph nodes: a study in horses. The pathways through which lymph flows from terminal afferent lymphatics to the lymph sinuses, and from the sinuses to initial efferent lymphatics, were studied in horse lymph nodes by using Microfil casts and electron microscopy. Terminal afferent lymphatics are continuous with the subcapsular sinus through oval holes, about 3 microns wide, along their length, and through larger openings near their end. Other terminal afferents penetrate into the node within trabeculae and are supported by processes across the lumen. They connect with trabecular and medullary sinuses through oval or round hol...
Fractures of the distal phalanx in the horse. Fractures of the distal phalanx are an important cause of lameness referrable to the foot. Depending on the fracture configuration and articular involvement, conservative or surgical treatment may be required. Fractures of the distal phalanx have been divided into six categories based on fracture configuration. Discussion of clinical features, management, and prognosis for horses with distal phalangeal fractures is presented for each fracture type.
Penetrating wounds, abscesses, gravel, and bruising of the equine foot. Foot-associated lamenesses are common diagnostic challenges for the equine practitioner. This article reviews the commonly occurring penetrating and concussive solar injuries of the equine foot. Diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for the management of these conditions are suggested. With proper treatment, many of these serious injuries will show excellent results.
Experimental trichinellosis in horses: biological and parasitological evaluation. Three groups of three horses each were, respectively, infected with 5000, 20,000 and 50,000 larvae of Trichinella spiralis. The strain used was isolated from a human biopsy during horsemeat-related outbreaks of trichinellosis in France. Transient muscular disorders were only observed in two of the horses infected with 50,000 larvae but none of the horses had fever. A significant increase in blood eosinophils was noticed in 5 horses. Serum LDH, aldolase and CPK peaked at the fifth week post-infection. Specific IgG assayed by indirect immunofluorescence and ELISA, appeared 2-5 weeks post-infecti...
Overriding vertebral spinous processes in the extinct horse, Equus occidentalis. Lumbar and thoracic vertebrae of the extinct horse, Equus occidentalis, were examined for gross and radiographic evidence of overriding spinous processes. Of 2,661 vertebrae examined, 580 had intact spinous processes. Thirty-six intact spinous processes, which appeared grossly similar to overriding spinous processes in the modern domestic horse, E caballus caballus, were radiographed. Of these 36 vertebrae, 2 had radiographic signs compatible with a radiographic diagnosis of overriding spinous processes, ie, radiographically observed lysis and/or sclerosis. Seemingly, weight bearing or other s...
Semen selenium content and sperm mitochondrial volume in human and some animal species. Selenium (Se) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) were determined from the seminal plasma samples and spermatozoa of human and four different animal species. The human sperm Se concentration was 1.8 +/- 0.8 micrograms/g dry weight, which was about half of that in the bull. Abnormal sperm morphology and motility correlated with low sperm Se content. The volume of sperm mitochondrial sheath in human, bull and stallion was measured using transmission electron microscopy. In these species the sperm Se content was highly correlated with the volume of mitochondria. Among the five species studied, th...
Congenital malignant melanoma in two foals. Two cases of congenital malignant melanomas in horses are described in this report. In each case, wide surgical excision of the mass was performed; no recurrence or metastasis was detected after a minimum of 15 months' follow-up. Melanomas are among the most common neoplasms of horses, but they typically develop in gray horses greater than 6 years old.
Small intestinal strangulation caused by Meckel’s diverticulum in a horse. Necropsy of a 12-year-old Quarter Horse mare revealed a blind-end segment of intestine originating from the antimesenteric border of the ileum. The blind-end segment had looped around and strangulated the ileum and 3.5 m of the jejunum.
A new Papulaspora species from the infected eye of a horse: Papulaspora equi sp. nov. An unusual fungus, probably traumatically introduced into the eye of a horse while grazing, was studied on various mycological media. Upon examination of colonies the organism produced bulbils and clearly exhibited the characteristics of a new species of Papulaspora, P. equi Shadomy & Dixon.
Antibody isotype responses in the serum and respiratory tract to primary and secondary infections with equine influenza virus (H3N8). Serum antibody (IgGab, IgM and IgA) responses to primary and secondary infection with influenza A/equine/Newmarket/79 (H3N8) by nebulised aerosol were compared with local (nasopharyngeal and tracheal) antibody responses in ponies. Circulating IgGab antibody was of long duration after primary infection, whereas IgM responses were short-lived after both primary and secondary infections. The antigenic stimulation of secondary infection with equine influenza was sufficient to induce elevations of serum IgM and IgA in the presence of high levels of circulating IgGab. These results support the poten...
Distribution of histological lesions in the equine endometrium. The distribution of histopathological lesions in the equine endometrium was examined to investigate the representativeness of a single biopsy specimen in terms of the whole endometrium. Five sections from each of 110 uteri obtained from slaughtered mares were evaluated microscopically and classified according to a four-category grading system used for endometrial biopsies. Depending on the extent of agreement between the categories of the homologous sections, the uteri were considered to show either good agreement (81 uteri; 73.6 per cent), moderate agreement (26 uteri; 23.6 per cent) or poor ...
Predictive utility of pre-partum temperature changes in the mare. Rectal temperature was recorded from 22 mares at 0700, 1500 and 2300 h daily for seven days pre-partum and one day post partum. A circadian variation in rectal temperature was present with the lowest temperature recorded at 0700 h. Because of this, the mares were divided into three groups based on time of parturition; those foaling between 0700 and 1500 h (n = 2); between 1500 and 2300 h (n = 13); and between 2300 and 0700 h (n = 7). On the day prior to delivery (Day -1) the circadian pattern was absent because the nocturnal increase did not occur. A significant decrease in temperature was rec...
[Anesthesia of horses in the standing position]. Painful interventions can be performed on horse in standing position by means of sedative analgesia, also called standing-position anaesthesia. Combinations of anaesthetics are quite often used, in that context, for the purpose of producing analgetic effects stronger and more reliable than those that would be obtainable from one anaesthetic alone. The following combinations were comparatively tested for their analgetic and sedative effects and their effects upon the organism: Chloralhydrate with Ursonarkon (oxazolidone), Chloralhydrate with Rompun (xylazine), Chloralhydrate with morphine hydro...
Vascular anatomy of the descending colon of the horse. The blood supply to the descending colon of the horse was studied by gross dissection and methyl methacrylate corrosion casts. The arterial supply is derived from the left colic artery and cranial rectal artery with the left colic artery supplying approximately the proximal three fourths. Each artery gives off four to eight arcuate arteries that form a series of anastomosing arcades. The arcade pattern continues to form a marginal artery that parallels the long axis of the colon. Small branches from the marginal artery anastomose with adjacent branches to form a secondary arcade. The secondary...
Influences of season and artificial photoperiod on stallions: pituitary and testicular responses to exogenous GnRH. Effects of season and photoperiod on the anterior pituitary gland and testes were studied by responses to exogenous GnRH. Stallions were assigned to one of three treatments: 1) control, exposed to natural day length; 2) S-L, 8 h of light and 16 h dark (8:16) for 20 wk beginning July 16, 1982 then 16:8 from December 2, 1982 until March 5, 1984; or 3) S-S, 8:16 from July 16, 1982 until March 5, 1984. Approximately every 8 wk, stallions were administered GnRH (2 micrograms/kg BW) and blood was sampled at 20-min intervals for 2 h before and 8 h after GnRH administration. Concentrations of LH, FSH ...
Age-related changes in the fibre composition of equine peripheral nerve. Transverse sections of the lateral palmar nerve from a group of horses free from neuromuscular disease were assessed quantitatively, with emphasis on differences in the fibre population related to age. Morphometric analysis of the population of myelinated and unmyelinated fibres was performed. Changes were identified, there being a loss of larger myelinated fibres in older horses. The relationship of myelin thickness to axon diameter and the unmyelinated fibre population did not alter with age. The lateral palmar nerve is suitable for biopsy and electrophysiological study in the horse, but age...
Single-dose pharmacokinetics of detomidine in the horse and cow. The pharmacokinetics of detomidine, a novel analgesic sedative, was studied in the major target species after high (80 micrograms/kg) i.v. and i.m. doses. In addition, drug residues in some organs were determined. Concentrations were measured using a sensitive, detomidine-specific radio-immunoassay method. Rapid absorption following i.m. dosing occurred. Absorption half-lives were 0.15 h (horse) and 0.08 h (cattle). The mean peak concentration in the horse (51.3 ng/ml) was achieved in 0.5 h and in the cow (65.8 ng/ml) in 0.26 h. The areas under the concentration curve after i.m. dosing were 66...
Induction of equine postanesthetic myositis after halothane-induced hypotension. Wick catheters were used to measure intracompartmental pressures of the extensor carpi radialis muscles and long heads of the triceps brachii muscles of 7 horses maintained under halothane anesthesia during controlled ventilation. Horses were positioned in left lateral recumbency on a water bed for 4 hours. Using a crossover design, 6 of the 7 horses were subjected to normotensive and hypotensive anesthesia on separate occasions. Hypotension was achieved by increasing the inspired halothane concentration. Hematologic and biochemical measurements were determined at designated intervals before, ...
ELISA detection of fentanyl in horse urine and plasma. The prototype of a commercial ELISA test kit designed for fentanyl determination in human urine has been evaluated for screening fentanyl in horse urine and plasma. The measurement of fentanyl after intravenous (2 mg) and intramuscular (0.25 mg) administration in undiluted plasma was not reproducible while accurate quantification of fentanyl in urine greatly depends on the composition of the horse urine. The ELISA assay, however, is simple and could be successfully used for quantitative measurements in diluted urine and for rapid qualitative screening for fentanyl in large numbers of urine sam...
Gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT). Gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT), developed in 1984, was the result of further studies on in vitro fertilization (IVF). Since that time many nurses have worked in settings near in vitro fertilization centers and, therefore, have a basic understanding of the technology. An overview is given of the GIFT procedure to prepare nurses to advise and refer couples who may qualify for GIFT and to highlight the shift in the fertility program nurse coordinator's functions toward the positions of administrator and consultant.
