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Topic:Veterinary Research
Veterinary research in horses encompasses the study of diseases, health management, and medical treatments specific to equine species. This field investigates various aspects of horse health, including infectious diseases, metabolic disorders, and musculoskeletal conditions. Researchers focus on understanding the pathophysiology of equine ailments, developing diagnostic tools, and evaluating therapeutic interventions. The study of horse health also involves examining preventive measures such as vaccination protocols and nutritional management to promote overall well-being. This page collects peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the diverse areas of veterinary science related to horses, providing insights into disease mechanisms, treatment strategies, and advancements in equine healthcare.
Sequential mesenteric arteriography in pony foals during repeated inoculations of Strongylus vulgaris and treatments with ivermectin. Semiselective mesenteric arteriography was performed at regular intervals (inoculation weeks [IW] 0, 11, 18, and 24) in 9 of 10 pony foals raised to be free of parasites. Fifty infective larvae (L3) of Strongylus vulgaris were administered weekly for 4 weeks, then every 2 weeks through the 20th week. Three ponies were given ivermectin (oral paste, 0.2 mg/kg of body weight) treatment at IW 8, 16 and 24. Four ponies were inoculated, but did not receive ivermectin, and a third group of 2 ponies acted as uninoculated controls. Control ponies did not have gross or arteriographic lesions, whereas th...
Anatomy of the laryngeal and adjacent regions as perceived by palpation of clinically normal standing horses. The anatomy of each feature and structure of the laryngeal and adjacent regions, as perceived by palpation, is described for clinically normal standing horses. Visible skin contours produced by some of the superficial structures are also described. Concurrent dissection was performed on fresh cadavers to confirm initial findings. The procedure of systematic palpation in relation to clinical diagnosis and surgical procedure is discussed.
Changes in the metabolic profile of equine muscle from birth through 1 yr of age. The purpose of this study was to investigate metabolic changes in equine muscle from birth to 1 yr of age. Duplicate biopsies from the middle portion of the gluteus medius were obtained from a depth of 2 cm beneath the superficial fascia at 1 day, 7 days, 1 mo, 3 mo, 6 mo, and 1 yr of age in 11 quarter horses and at 1 day, 3 mo, 6 mo, and 1 yr of age in 5 Standardbreds. Muscle enzyme activities determined were citrate synthase, 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase, phosphorylase, and lactate dehydrogenase. Percent fast-twitch, fast-twitch high oxidative, and slow-twitch oxidative fiber types were d...
Pattern of transcription of the genome of equine infectious anemia virus. The pattern of expression of the equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) genome in a persistently infected canine cell line was determined. Five EIAV-specific transcripts (8.2, 5.0, 4.0, 2, and 1.8 kilobases [kb]) were detected by using subgenomic restriction enzyme fragments of EIAV DNA and EIAV-specific oligonucleotides as probes. The 8.2-kb mRNA could be shown to represent viral genomic RNA, whereas the smaller transcripts were generated by splicing events. Evidence was obtained that indicated that each subgenomic RNA species shared a common 5'-splice donor. The 5.0-kb mRNA was found to be ex...
Tracheal obstructions in two horses and a donkey. The clinical signs associated with intramural tracheal obstructions in two horses and a donkey were respiratory distress and coughing, which were aggravated by exercise and excitement. The obstructions were at the level of the thoracic inlet and consisted either of flattening of the cartilage rings in the dorsoventral plane or of cartilage rings having a scroll-like conformation. They appeared to be developmental in origin and to have been present for a considerable time before the onset of clinical signs. Endoscopy and radiography were helpful in the diagnosis of the condition.
Large restriction fragments containing poly-TG are highly polymorphic in a variety of vertebrates. Southern blots of genomic DNA from a variety of species digested by restriction endonucleases having a four-bp specificity, were probed with a bovine genomic clone consisting of seven tandem poly-TG stretches separated by a 29bp linker sequence. Highly variable DNA 'fingerprint' patterns were obtained in chicken, sheep, and horse, moderately variable DNA 'fingerprints' in mouse and man, and a monomorphic pattern in Drosophila. In chicken, horse and man a (TG)10 synthetic oligonucleotide probe gave results identical to those given by the bovine probe. Furthermore, in chicken the DNA fingerprint...
Arterial blood supply to the ileocaecal junction in the horse. The arteries supplying the ileocaecal junctions of 7 horses were injected with latex via the A. ileocolica and dissected macroscopically. The same basic pattern emerged whereby a single papillary artery arising from the R. ilei mesenterialis, supplied all aspects of the ileocaecal papilla. In one instance, the papillary artery arose directly from the ileocolic artery. No collateral arterial supply to the ileocaecal junction was present in any of the specimens dissected.
[Analysis of reproductive parameters in mare herds of the chief and state stud farms at Marbach and Schwaiganger]. The paper analyses different parameters of fertility in mares of different breeds. Totally 2794 cycles of the years 1973 to 1985 have been investigated.
Surgical repair of tibial tuberosity avulsion fractures in four horses. Four horses, 2 to 17 years old, were treated for unilateral avulsion fractures of the tibial tuberosity. Two horses were treated successfully with tension band wiring or plating in combination with lag screw fixation. One horse was euthanatized because of implant failure during recovery and one was euthanatized on day 11 because a longitudinal fracture of the tibial tuberosity occurred through the plane of the screws used for stabilization.
Infertility of autoimmune origin in a stallion. THE immunogenicity of mammalian sperm has been recognised since the beginning of this century. In 1909, Adler induced autoantibodies in the serum of guinea pigs by injecting them with their own spermatozoa. Nowadays, the concept of
immunologically privileged sites is well understood and any disruption which allows antigenic contact with the immune system may give rise to an immune response. For example, failure
of the blood/testes barrier following infection, trauma or surgery can lead to the production of antisperm antibodies as a result of spermatozoa coming in contact with the immune syst...
Quantitative and qualitative morphology of equine peripheral nerve: teased fibre studies. Single teased fibre studies were made on samples of the lateral palmar nerve from 16 horses of mixed age and size which had no evidence of neuromuscular disease. Significant proportions of abnormal fibres indicative of axonal degeneration/regeneration and demyelination/remyelination were identified. Measurements of internodal length and fibre diameter were made. Internodal length was shown to be related to fibre diameter, changes in this relationship being mainly influenced by the incidence of abnormal fibres rather than by the age of the horse. Information about the incidence of abnormal fibr...
Changes in plasma progesterone concentrations from days 17 to 42 of gestation in mares maintaining or losing pregnancy. Plasma progesterone concentrations were measured in 179 mares bled on alternate days commencing with a positive pregnancy diagnosis on Days 17 to 18 after ovulation and concluding on Days 42 to 45. During this period 17 mares (10 per cent) lost their pregnancies, 11 before Day 25. In 15 mares the timing of the pregnancy loss could be determined with adequate accuracy; in only one did a decline in progesterone precede the loss. Thus pregnancy loss between Days 17 and 42 was rarely caused by a fall in plasma progesterone.
Impedance plethysmography. The technique of impedance plethysmography is described and its application to observation of lung volume changes in the horse at exercise is discussed. The results from horse at rest show that there is a close relationship between rate of lung volume change (flow rate) and the associated impedance changes during both inspiration and expiration. Impedance changes during exercise were related to inspiration and expiration by observation of associated respiratory sounds. Artefacts related to technical difficulties are also indicated.
[The aberrant parasitism of horse botflies (Diptera: Gasterophilidae)]. Alongside with a high intensity of infection of horses with botfly larvae there was observed mass aberrant parasitism of horse botflies in farms of Astrakhan, Guryev and Uralsk Provinces, and in the Kalmyk ASSR in 1980-1981 and 1987. As a result of extremely high aggregation of horse botfly larvae in their usual localization places, Gasterophilus pecorum larvae remained, due to interspecific competition, in nonspecific places (oral cavity, pharynx), adapted to new habitats and normally developed. Their number varied from 260 to 750 specimens. Localization of G. pecorum larvae in the mentioned ...
Use of gonadotropin-releasing hormone for hastening ovulation in transitional mares. Natural GnRH and its analog have potential for hastening ovulation in mares. A study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of a GnRH agonist given either as an injectable or s.c. implant for induction of ovulation in mares. Forty-five seasonally anestrous mares (March) were assigned to one of three groups (n = 15/group): 1) untreated controls; 2) i.m. injection of the GnRH agonist buserelin at 12-h intervals (40 micrograms/injection for 28 d or until ovulation) and 3) GnRH agonist administered as a s.c. implant (approximately 100 micrograms/24 h for 28 d). Six mares per group were bled on d 0...
Upper airway function during maximal exercise in horses with obstructive upper airway lesions. Effect of surgical treatment. Upper airway pressure was measured during maximal exercise in 10 Thoroughbred racehorses with naturally occurring upper airway obstruction. Left laryngeal hemiplegia and arytenoid chondropathy resulted in substantial increases (30-40 cm H2O) in inspiratory upper airway pressure (Pl), whereas complicated aryepiglottic entrapment and subepiglottic cysts produced only modest increases (15 cm H2O) in Pl. Uncomplicated aryepiglottic entrapment and grade IV pharyngeal lymphoid hyperplasia produced only slight increases (3-5 cm H2O). In general, surgical procedures restored airway pressures to within...
An immunohistochemical study of various peptide-containing endocrine cells and neurones at the equine ileocaecal junction. The ileocaecal junctions of 5 horses and 2 donkeys were examined by using antisera to the following peptides: somatostatin, glucagon, gastrin, neurotensin, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), peptide histidine isoleucine (PHI), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), substance P (SP) and neuropeptide Y (NPY). Antisera to somatostatin, neurotensin and NPY demonstrated endocrine cells in the ileal- and caecal parts of the ileocaecal junction, while immunoreactivity for glucagon was demonstrated in endocrine cells of the ileal part only. Nerve cell bodies showing immunoreactivity to SP, VIP, CGR...
Evaluation of an interfragmentary compression system for the repair of equine femoral capital physeal fractures. Femoral neck and proximal epiphyseal lengths were measured in 37 femurs from 19 cadaver foals that were 1 day to 12 months old to determine the applicability of a human interfragmentary compression system to equine femoral capital physeal fractures. Because components of the implant system are available only in fixed sizes, its use was possible in foals older than 5 weeks of age, but not in younger foals. The 135 degree angle plate conformed best to the equine femur. Femoral capital physeal fractures were created surgically and repaired with the implant system in three foals. Fracture stabilit...
Scanning electron and light microscopy of the mucosa of the equine ileocaecal junction. The ileocaecal junction mucosal surface morphology of 5 horses and 1 donkey was examined using scanning electron microscopy and light microscopy. Based on differences in surface morphology, the junction could be divided into 4 distinct regions. The distal extremity of the ileum was characterized by the presence of typical finger-like villi followed by a narrow zone displaying short, stubby villi which gradually merged into a 3rd region representing the true transitional zone between the small and large intestine. In this region the villi fused, forming low ridges arranged in circular, semi-cir...
Serum lipids and lipoproteins in equine colic and grass sickness. Serum total lipids, lipoprotein fractions, triglycerides, cholesterol, phospholipids and free fatty acids were measured in horses with acute, subacute and chronic grass sickness (equine dysautonomia) and in colic cases. The values were compared with those of normal grazing and stabled horses. A marked individual variation occurred, but total lipids, triglycerides and free fatty acids were significantly higher than normal in grass sickness and colic cases with cholesterol was significantly higher than normal in grass sickness cases only. Pre-beta lipoprotein was significantly increased in colic...
Arthroscopic approaches and intraarticular anatomy of the equine elbow. Periarticular anatomy and techniques for arthroscopic access to the equine elbow were studied in six joints from cadavers. Caudomedial and craniolateral approaches were evaluated subsequently in 11 anesthetized horses. The caudomedial approach was made between the flexor carpi radialis and flexor carpi ulnaris muscle bellies. Most of the caudal articular surfaces of the humeral condyles, the caudal perimeter of the radius, and the trochlear notch and portions of the anconeal process of the ulna could be identified. The voluminous caudal joint capsule cul-de-sac proximal to the anconeal process...
One way protection between equid herpesvirus 1 and 4 in vivo. Two groups each of six sibling ponies were exposed to sequential infections with equid herpesvirus 1 or 4 (EHV-1 or EHV-4) at four or five month intervals. Two exposures to EHV-4 did not significantly reduce virus shedding or pyrexia when the ponies were subsequently exposed to EHV-1. However, two sequential infections with EHV-1 completely protected against challenge with EHV-4. Virus neutralising antibody in each group did not increase until 21 days after primary exposure and was subtype specific. However, complement fixing antibody rose within seven days after inoculation with EHV-1, and 14...
Effect of age on sensory nerve conduction velocity in the horse. This study aimed to establish a clinically reproducible method of evaluation of sensory nerve conduction in the horse and to provide reference values in a group of normal horses. Age-related changes in the sensory nerve conduction velocity were of particular interest. Sensory nerve conduction was performed in the lateral palmar nerve. The results revealed an increase in velocity over the first year of life and a subsequent decrease in velocity in older horses. The effect of age must be considered if results from horses in which peripheral nerve disease is suspected are to be interpreted correc...
The transovarial transmission of Babesia caballi by Hyalomma truncatum. Babesia caballi, isolated from a horse that originated from South West Africa/Namibia, was transmitted transovarially by adult Hyalomma truncatum. B. caballi proved to be highly infective for adult H. truncatum. Forty-five per cent of ticks feeding on a reacting animal with an extremely low parasitaemia became infected. In spite of a low parasitaemia, the ticks were severely affected by the parasite. Seventy per cent of the infected ticks either died during oviposition or after laying only a few eggs. The features of the infection in horses were: a prepatent period of 10 days, very low parasit...
Pharmacokinetics of tinidazole in the horse. Serum tinidazole concentrations were monitored in five clinically healthy adult horses after intravenous (i.v.) and oral administration of the drug (15 mg/kg and 25 mg/kg, respectively). After i.v. administration, the mean residence time was 7.0 h, the elimination half-life 5.2 h and the body clearance rate 1.6 ml/min/kg. The distribution volume was found to be 660 ml/kg. After oral administration, the mean residence time was 8.5 h, the absorption half-life 1.1 h and the bioavailability essentially 100%. In view of the in-vitro sensitivities of various anaerobic bacteria, a dosage of 10-15 mg/...
