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Topic:Veterinary Research
Veterinary research in horses encompasses the study of diseases, health management, and medical treatments specific to equine species. This field investigates various aspects of horse health, including infectious diseases, metabolic disorders, and musculoskeletal conditions. Researchers focus on understanding the pathophysiology of equine ailments, developing diagnostic tools, and evaluating therapeutic interventions. The study of horse health also involves examining preventive measures such as vaccination protocols and nutritional management to promote overall well-being. This page collects peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the diverse areas of veterinary science related to horses, providing insights into disease mechanisms, treatment strategies, and advancements in equine healthcare.
Physical mapping of the genomic heterogeneity of isolates of equine herpesvirus 2 (equine cytomegalovirus). The BamHI, EcoRI, and HindIII physical maps of the genomes of 14 isolates of equine herpesvirus 2 (EHV 2) were determined by Southern blot analysis using DNA fragments of a previously mapped EHV 2 strain 86/67. No two isolates had identical maps for all 3 enzymes, the number of differing cleavage sites between pairs of isolates varying from 3 to 21. Overall 75 cleavage sites were mapped, of which 40 were variable. Cleavage sites occurred throughout the genome, including within the terminal repeat regions. Additionally, fragment length polymorphisms, independent of cleavage site loss or gain, w...
[A sex chromosome mosaic in male pseudohermaphroditism in a horse]. In a 7 months old foal with a male pseudohermaphroditism the cytogenetic investigation revealed a XO/XYY-mosaic with a centric fusion of the Y-chromosomes.
[Histochemical changes in skeletal muscles of racehorses susceptible to rhabdomyolysis after exertion. I. Early myopathological changes]. In this communication, the results of an enzyme histochemical study on m. gluteus medius of horses, sensitive to exertional myopathy, during attacks of rhabdomyolysis are presented. The activity and location of about 25 enzymes were examined. In the present report, the early metabolic changes are discussed. Within 6 min after an attack, some large rounded fibres (approximately 2%) were seen, which showed an intense red staining in the haematoxylin and eosin sections. These hypercontracted fibres showed an increase in activity of mitochondrial adenosine triphosphatase, indicating the presence o...
Immunocytochemical localization of carbonic anhydrase isozyme III in equine thymus. Sections of equine thymus were examined for the presence of carbonic anhydrase (CA) isozymes by an immunohistochemical method. Carbonic anhydrase III, a major enzyme of skeletal muscle, was localized in some of the epithelial-reticular cells of the equine thymus. This finding suggests the presence of a new type of cell in the thymic cortex. The concentration of CA-III in the thymus was 17 micrograms/g wet tissue. CA-I and CA-II were not found in equine thymus.
Methylation at the CpG doublet in equine adenovirus genome. Viral DNA obtained from the equine adenovirus propagated in equine transitional cell carcinoma (ETCC) cells and in equine fetal dermis cells were compared by cleaving with isoschizomeric restriction enzymes, HpaII and MspI, and then electrophoresed in 1.4 per cent agarose gels. Differences between the HpaII and MspI cleavage patterns were evident in viral DNA obtained only from the equine adenovirus propagated in ETCC cells, suggesting site specific methylation at CpG sequences.
Comparative microsomal oxidation of febantel and its metabolite fenbendazole in various animal species. A comparison has been made of the in vitro metabolism of febantel (FBT) with that of one of its pharmacologically active metabolites fenbendazole (FBZ) using microsomal preparations from liver of sheep, calf, horse, pig, rat, chicken and trout. The oxidation of FBT to the corresponding sulphoxide appeared to be far more rapid with the exception of the trout, than a similar reaction with FBZ. Indeed FBT was further metabolized in several species by cyclization and further oxidation. This observation could have toxicological significance in view of the greater tetratogenic effects of the metabol...
Effect of active immunization against estrogen on gonadotropin response to testosterone propionate treatment in ovariectomized pony mares. An experiment was conducted to determine whether partial neutralization of estrogens via active immunization alters testosterone propionate (TP)-induced increases in FSH secretion after GnRH administration in ovariectomized pony mares. Twenty mares were used in a 2 X 2 factorial arrangement of treatments (n = 5/group). Factor 1 was long-term active immunization against either bovine serum albumin (BSA) or estrone-17-oxime-BSA. Factor 2 was 11-d administration of either vehicle (vegetable oil) or TP (175 micrograms/kg BW). Plasma concentrations of FSH were not affected (P greater than .1) by ei...
[Individual glycoside therapy using serum concentration determination in heart insufficiency of horses]. 23 horses and one donkey with congestive heart failure are treated with a standardized methyldigoxin dose (0.0032 mg/kg of body weight). The therapy is controlled by the serum concentration of the cardiac glycoside. 4 horses have a higher and 13 horses a lower serum concentration as necessary for therapeutic approach. The influence of additional diseases and medications is demonstrated. Finally a rule for the evaluation of the individual therapeutic glycoside-dose is given.
Effect of freeze-drying on measurements of pH in biopsy samples of the middle gluteal muscle of the horse: comparison of muscle pH to the pyruvate and lactate content. Muscle biopsies taken after exercise, in comparison to those at rest, contain increased amounts of blood and this is a particular problem in studies of the horse. The inclusion of blood in muscle will introduce an upward bias in values of pH measured in muscle homogenates. In an attempt to control this, muscle biopsy samples of the middle gluteal from Thoroughbred horses were freeze-dried and dissected free of blood before determination of pH. Following exercise, muscle pH measured after freeze-drying was similar to that measured in homogenates prepared from frozen samples. In contrast, freeze...
Narcotic analgesics, their detection and pain measurement in the horse: a review. Narcotic analgesics produce pharmacological effects by interacting with specific opiate receptors. At least five major types of opiate receptors have been recognised. These include mu (morphine) and kappa (ethylketazocine) receptor types. Narcotic analgesics which interact with mu receptors produce locomotor and autonomic stimulation at doses that produce little or no analgesia. Therefore, use of these drugs as analgesics in equine medicine has not been very satisfactory. Theoretical considerations suggested that the role of kappa agonists in equine analgesia be investigated. Using a pure kapp...
Effects of distention and neostigmine on jejunal vascular resistance, oxygen uptake, and intraluminal pressure changes in ponies. The influence of distention (high baseline intraluminal pressure) and neostigmine methylsulfate on intestinal vascular resistance, oxygen uptake, and intraluminal pressure changes (rhythmic contractions) was studied in terminal jejunal segments, which were perfused at a constant rate, in 16 anesthetized ponies. When baseline intraluminal pressure was increased to 10 mm of Hg, the intestinal vascular resistance and amplitude of rhythmic contractions were increased. Neostigmine induced cyclic increases in amplitude of rhythmic contractions whether intraluminal pressure was 0 or 10 mm of Hg. Neos...
[Age-related changes in the intervertebral disks of the cervical vertebrae of the horse]. The cervical vertebral column of 103 horses of different age (42 weeks old fetus to 23 years) were examined with respect to age-related changes of the intervertebral disks. On gross examination the cervical intervertebral disks in the horse miss a pulpy nucleus but consist of a fibrocartilaginous tissue only, which is in contrast to literature. Age-related degenerative lesions as disintegration of connective tissue fibers leading to partial or complete loss of connection between the disks were found. In the more severe cases a yellow discoloration of the separated disks could be seen. Incidenc...
[The radiologic image of the normal equine tarsus]. Normal radiographs of hocks were analyzed for 270 horses (3 views for each hock). They were mainly from young and sound horses. For such animals, the mean number of abnormalities found was 2 to 4.5 for each picture. The mean dimension of certain tarsal bones was measured; geldings had greater bones than mares. An increase of reactions at the origin of the M. interosseus was seen with the age. It was possible to demonstrate that Medichrome films increase the number of discrete abnormalities to be found; this is of particular value for purchase examinations of young horses. The direction of the ...
Analysis of equine cisterna magna cerebrospinal fluid for the presence of some monoamine neurotransmitters and transmitter metabolites. Small volumes (0.05 ml) of cisterna magna cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from 23 neurologically normal horses were analysed for the monoamine neurotransmitters dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, serotonin and their metabolites using high pressure liquid chromatography and electrochemical detection. Two metabolites, homovanillic acid (HVA) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) were present in all CSF samples. The deaminated and methylated metabolite of dopamine, HVA, was present at a mean concentration of 42.33 +/- 3.14 ng/ml of CSF. The deaminated metabolite of serotonin, 5-HIAA, was present ...
Equine lymphocyte antigens and reproduction in the Standardbred mare. Equine lymphocyte antigen (ELA) gene frequencies were estimated for pacing and trotting Standardbred mares residing on a breeding farm in central Ohio. The ELA gene frequencies for Ohio Standardbreds did not differ significantly from the ELA gene frequencies of Kentucky Standardbreds, determined by Bailey (1983). No significant differences were found in the distribution of ELA class I antigens in horses with lower overall fertility or a history of abortion on the investigated breeding farm. Likewise, no significant association was observed when the ELA types of both the mare and the stallion t...
An aerogenic Pasteurella-like organism isolated from horses. Thirteen strains of a gram-negative, fermentative bacterium that produced gas from glucose were isolated from horses with a variety of clinical conditions. The morphological and biochemical characteristics of this bacterium are similar to those described for the family Pasteurellaceae. These strains appear to constitute a new taxon within the genus Pasteurella; however, the final taxonomic position of this group depends upon more detailed genetic studies. Case histories indicate that this bacterium may be a primary respiratory pathogen and may play a secondary role in various other disease con...
Pharmacological characterization of mare uterus motility with special reference to calcium antagonists and beta-2-adrenergic stimulants. 1. Uterine motility was studied in vitro in the myometrial tissue obtained from pregnant and non-pregnant mares. 2. The spontaneous contractions of the preparations were not modified by tetrodotoxin, by anticholinergics, antiadrenergics, histamine H1 and H2 blockers, antiserotoninergic and opioid antagonists; but disappeared in Ca2+ and Na+ free medium. 3. beta 2-adrenergic stimulants like salbutamol and hexoprenaline and the calcium channel blockers nifedipine and verapamil were effective inhibitors of the amplitude of phasic contractions (ID50S for salbutamol and nifedipine were 7.7 nM and 1...
Left ventricular function and haemodynamics in ponies during exercise and recovery. Myocardial and haemodynamic responses to strenuous treadmill exercise were monitored with chronically implanted instrumentation in seven physically untrained ponies. In two other ponies, haemodynamics were monitored using a conventional catheter technique. During exercise (mean +/- sem heart rate = 203 +/- 3 beats/min), left ventricular peak systolic ahd end-diastolic blood pressure significantly increased from 125 +/- 2 to 208 +/- 6 mmHg and from 29 +/- 1 to 58 +/- 3 mmHg, respectively (P less than 0.05). Peak positive first derivative of left ventricular pressure (dP/dt) was also increased s...
The determination of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs by GC-MS-MS in equine urine. Results are given for a more sensitive screening procedure for non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs using GC-MS-MS. By monitoring a selected characteristic reaction for each drug very low detection limits are reached even in a difficult biological matrix such as equine urine. Detection down to 5 ng ml-1 for ibuprofen, ibufenac, alclofenac, fenoprofen, ketoprofen, naproxen and diclofenac is possible in contrast to the 0.5 microgram ml-1 limit for normal GC-MS detection. Examples are given of real positive cases for diclofenac and ibuprofen.
Equine herpes virus 1 (EHV-1) in liver, spleen, and lung as demonstrated by immunohistology and electron microscopy. Ten aborted foals, diagnosed as infected with Equine Herpes Virus 1 (EHV-1) on histopathological criteria, were examined for the presence of EHV-1 using immunohistology as the investigative instrument. The primary reagent was an antiserum specific for viral envelope glycoproteins. Immunohistology localised EHV-1 to areas of liver necrosis and to the cytoplasm of infected Kupffer cells and hepatocytes. Cytoplasmic immunolabelling was also prominent in reticular cells of the red pulp of the spleen and in intact and degenerated bronchiolar epithelium. Cytoplasmic immunolabelling was seen in morph...
Comparison of transtracheal aspirate and bronchoalveolar lavage cytology in 50 horses with chronic lung disease. Comparisons were made between transtracheal aspirate (TTA) and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cytology obtained from 50 horses with chronic lung disease and from 10 control horses. There was no significant correlation between the TTA cytology and the BAL cytology, suggesting that the cell population in the trachea is not representative of the cell population in the lower airways. In control horses the range of differential cell counts obtained from TTA fluid was remarkably large, whereas the variability in cell populations observed in BAL fluid was smaller. In the principal horses the total and ...
Surgical treatment of sand colic. Results in 40 horses. A retrospective study of 40 horses that underwent surgical treatment for sand colic was performed. Three horses were euthanatized and one died during surgery. Of the 36 horses that recovered from anesthesia, five died before discharge from the hospital and seven died after discharge. Twenty-four horses survived at least 12 months. Sand impaction of the right dorsal colon was present in 26 horses. In addition to sand impaction, 10 horses also had colonic displacement or volvulus.
Contraception in mares heteroimmunized with pig zonae pellucidae. Ten fertile feral mares and 6 domestic horses (4 fertile mares, 1 infertile mare, 1 gelding) were immunized with heat-solubilized pig zonae pellucidae by 4 injections equivalent to 2000 or 5000 zonae each at 2-4-week intervals and a booster injection of 20,000 zonae 6-10 months after the last of the initial inoculations. The immune response was reflected by high antibody levels as measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using immobilized pig zona antigen. In-vivo inhibition of fertility occurred in 12 (86%) of the 14 fertile mares studied and persisted for a minimum of 7 month...
The continuum of events leading to maternal recognition of pregnancy in mares. Endometria from pregnant mares are able to produce PGF in vitro, but when co-incubated with conceptus membranes the amount and rate of PGF production is considerably reduced. To estimate the molecular weight of conceptus factors that inhibited PGF production, Day-14 conceptus membranes were placed inside bags constructed of dialysis tubing and co-incubated with endometria from Day-14 pregnant mares. PGF production was significantly reduced when membranes were in bags with molecular weight exclusion limits of 12,000, 6000, and 3500, but not of 1000, suggesting that conceptus PGF-inhibitory fact...
Work of breathing in exercising ponies. This paper attempts to evaluate the changes in the mechanical work of breathing induced by the increase of ventilation in ponies exercising on a treadmill. Airflow, tidal volume (VT) and oesophageal pressure were simultaneously recorded in eight ponies (four to six years old and weighing 258 +/- 11 kg) before, during and after standardised exercise. Respiratory frequency, VT and minute volume (Ve) for each phase of the experimental protocol were calculated from the collected data. The pressure-volume diagrams were traced and the work per cycle (Wrm) was estimated by measuring the area enclosed...
Abdominal auscultation in the detection of experimentally induced gastrointestinal sand accumulation. A blind study was designed to determine if abdominal auscultation is an effective method for detecting the presence of intestinal sand. Fifteen horses divided into two groups were used in the study. There were seven horses in Group 1 and eight horses in Group 2. All horses were auscultated and determined to be free of sand sounds before initiation of Trial 1. Group 1 horses were given 4.2 g/kg body weight of sand via nasogastric tube using carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) as a suspending agent at 9.0 ml/kg body weight. Group 2 horses were given CMC only. Horses remained in the same group through a...
Lipid and apolipoprotein distribution as a function of density in equine plasma lipoprotein. 1. Equine lipoproteins were isolated from plasma by density gradient ultracentrifugation and apolipoprotein composition determined by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. 2. VLDL and IDL were present at low concentration (0.2 mg/ml). Two apoB components of Mr corresponding to human apoB-100 and one apoB-48-like component were represented in VLDL fraction. 3. LDL-1 and LDL-2 subfractions have displayed an almost equal concentration (0.4 mg/ml). Two apoB-100-like components were the major apolipoproteins in each fraction. Small amounts of apoB-48-like component were detectable in LDL-1 and LD...
