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Topic:Veterinary Research
Veterinary research in horses encompasses the study of diseases, health management, and medical treatments specific to equine species. This field investigates various aspects of horse health, including infectious diseases, metabolic disorders, and musculoskeletal conditions. Researchers focus on understanding the pathophysiology of equine ailments, developing diagnostic tools, and evaluating therapeutic interventions. The study of horse health also involves examining preventive measures such as vaccination protocols and nutritional management to promote overall well-being. This page collects peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the diverse areas of veterinary science related to horses, providing insights into disease mechanisms, treatment strategies, and advancements in equine healthcare.
Auditory brain stem response testing in anesthetized horses. Auditory brain stem response testing, using insert earphones, was performed in 10 healthy horses given general anesthesia. The procedure involved clicks of alternating polarity delivered at a rate of 25 clicks/s. Wave forms, including five peaks, were commonly identified. Latencies were measured in milliseconds for waves I through V for all intensities. Latencies of all waves decreased as stimulus intensity increased. For waves I through V, a least-squares regression line was determined for each horse, using all responses between 87-dB sound pressure level (SPL) and 136-dB SPL, inclusive. Slop...
Time-related responses of spontaneously breathing, laterally recumbent horses to prolonged anesthesia with halothane. Cardiovascular and respiratory functions were serially evaluated in ten healthy, fasting, spontaneously breathing, laterally recumbent adult horses during five hours of constant 1.06% alveolar halothane (equivalent to 1.2 times the minimum alveolar concentration for horses). Mean carotid arterial pressure was about 25% higher after one hour of constant-dose halothane than after 30 minutes of constant-dose (P less than 0.05), and remained increased throughout the study. Mean carotid arterial pressure peaked after 90 minutes, and was about 30% higher than at 30 minutes. Total peripheral vascular...
The pathogenesis of equine laryngeal hemiplegia–a review. Recent research on the muscular and nervous changes which occur in idiopathic equine laryngeal hemiplegia has indicated that many of the traditional concepts of the aetiology of this disease are erroneous. In light of the new knowledge gained, the various predispositions and possible causes of laryngeal hemiplegia are discussed, and it is suggested that the underlying mechanism of axonal damage in this neuropathy of horses may be related to abnormal energy metabolism in the axon.
The host preferences of Culiseta inornata in southwestern Manitoba. The capillary tube precipitin test was used to determine the host utilization patterns of Culiseta inornata in southwestern Manitoba. Ruminant blood was identified in 83.3% and equine blood in 15.8% of 1,036 positively reacting blood-meals. Human, swine and avian blood accounted for 0.9% of these blood-meals and mixed blood-meals accounted for 1.5% of the total. Culiseta inornata preferentially fed on large mammals, and selection between cattle and horses reflected the relative abundance of these two hosts rather than a specific preference for either one.
Functional genes for cellobiose utilization in natural isolates of Escherichia coli. The genes for utilization of cellobiose are normally cryptic in both laboratory strains and natural isolates of Escherichia coli. A survey of natural isolates of E. coli reveals that functional genes for cellobiose utilization, while rare, are present. The fraction of E. coli that utilized cellobiose ranged from less than 0.01% in human fecal samples to 7% in fecal samples obtained from horses. Samples obtained from sheep, cows, dogs, and pigs contained 0.1 to 0.5% cellobiose-positive E. coli. Neither the previously identified cel genes nor the bgl genes from E. coli K-12 were expressed during...
The pathology of a case of biliary atresia in a foal. The pathological features of biliary atresia in a foal are described. A 4-week-old American Saddler foal was presented for autopsy following an illness characterised by clinical features indicative of hepatic failure. The significant macroscopical lesions occurred in the liver which was extremely enlarged, mottled in appearance and indurated. Bile stasis was evident. Lobular distinction was absent and on sectioning, large bile ducts were absent. A moderate ascites, hydrothorax and hydropericardium and a mild anasarca and intermuscular oedema accompanied the hepatic lesion. The diagnosis of bil...
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone treatment induces follicular growth and ovulation in seasonally anestrous mares. A study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) pulse infusion to stimulate follicular development and induce ovulation in seasonally anestrous standardbred mares. Seventeen mares were selected for use in this experiment, on the basis of a previous normal reproductive history, and were housed under a photoperiod of 8L:16D beginning one week prior to the start of the experiment (second week in January). Mares were infused with 20 micrograms (n = 7) or 2 micrograms (n = 6) GnRH/h, or were subjected to photoperiod treatment only (controls, n = 4). Seru...
Cellular aspects of inflammation. The Ciba-Geigy Prize for Research in Animal Health. The migration of leucocytes to sites of acute and chronic inflammation is an event of central importance to the maintenance of inflammatory processes; extravascular leucocytes are responsible for generating chemical mediators of inflammation and the phagocytosis of particulate matter. They may also be involved in the conversion of acute to chronic inflammatory lesions. Leucocytes are attracted to sites of tissue injury by a range of chemoattractants. This paper describes the development of a method for separating on Percoll gradients purified populations of equine polymorphonuclear and mononuc...
Development of equine models of inflammation. The Ciba-Geigy Prize for Research in Animal Health. Two experimental models of acute non-immune inflammation have been developed to enable studies of the biochemical composition and cellular content of exudates to be undertaken. Both are based on the creation of a mild, reproducible and reversible inflammatory reaction, which is free from uncontrolled incidental factors and which causes minimal distress to the experimental animals. The polyester sponge model involves the insertion of small polyester sponge strips soaked in sterile carrageenan solution into subcutaneous neck pouches and their serial removal. The tissue-cage model is based on the...
Applications of equine models of acute inflammation. The Ciba-Geigy Prize for Research in Animal Health. The development of reproducible models of acute inflammation in which inflammatory heat is easily quantified and from which inflammatory exudate is readily harvested has facilitated studies in the horse of the actions of steroids and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS). Blockade of the synthesis of eicosanoids and suppression of inflammatory heat by clinical dose rates of NSAIDS suggests a causal link between the two events and provides further evidence for a role of these compounds in acute equine inflammation. The tendency for enolic and carboxylic acids NSAIDS to accumulate in in...
Comparison of radioimmunoassay and enzyme-linked immunoassay for the measurement of progestogen in equine plasma and milk. Milk and plasma samples were obtained every 48 hours from eight pony mares for 40 days after foaling. Progestogen concentrations in milk and plasma were measured using an enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA) and compared with radioimmunoassay of the plasma. In general the three assays showed similar trends in progestogen concentration changes but absolute values varied considerably. Difficulty could occur in interpreting the results from single samples taken at times when progestogen concentrations were either rising (ie, after ovulation) or falling. ELISA could be used on plasma obtained by allo...
Hereditary multiple exostosis. A comparative human-equine-epidemiologic study. Hereditary multiple exostosis (HME), a bone tumor first described by Virchow, has been studied over a period of 15 years on a comparative basis. The horse, an excellent biomedical model for this physically deforming multiple bone tumor in man, has been utilized in this study. The etiology, hereditary pattern, potential for malignancy and other aspects of this strange affliction need additional clarification. This in-depth study of 261 individuals from 144 families was compared with that of 55 horses bearing the HME trait, selectively bred and studied over the same period. Important information...
Successful transfer of the embryos of Przewalski’s horses (Equus przewalskii) and Grant’s zebra (E. burchelli) to domestic mares (E. caballus). Blastocysts were collected non-surgically from 2 Przewalski's horse and 2 Grant's zebra mares and transferred extra-specifically to domestic horse and donkey recipients. Nine Przewalski's horse embryos were transferred surgically, and 2 non-surgically, to domestic Welsh-type pony mares. After surgical transfer, 7 (77.8%) pregnancies were established and 4 foals were born. Twelve Grant's zebra embryos were transferred surgically to 5 pony and 7 domestic donkey recipients respectively and 1 non-surgically to a donkey; 3 (60%) zebra-in-horse pregnancies were established and 2 went to term. Only 2...
Synthesis and absorption of cysteine from the hindgut of the horse. The extent to which cysteine synthesised by microbes within the hindgut of the horse is incorporated into plasma cysteine was estimated by an isotopic technique in two horses fed four different diets. The results showed that between 1 per cent and 6 per cent of the plasma cysteine was of microbial origin. It is argued that the maximum contribution of microbial cysteine, and presumably other amino acids of microbial origin, to the plasma pool is 12 per cent of the net supply. These data support the hypothesis that microbial amino acid synthesis within the hindgut of the horse does not significa...
Congenital vascular tumours in the skin of horses. Congenital vascular tumours in the skin of the legs of two horses showed histological features at biopsy which were consistent with capillary haemangioma but, at necropsy, one tumour had invaded the superficial digital flexor tendon and was therefore classified as a haemangiosarcoma.
Complement-induced equine neutrophil adhesiveness and aggregation. Equine neutrophils (PMN) were isolated from citrated normal blood by density gradient separation on Ficoll-Hypaque to greater than 96% purity and 98% viability and an average of 3.78 x 10(7) PMN/ml. The agonist C5a des Arg was used in serial dilutions of whole zymosan-activated equine plasma (ZAP) or was partially purified from ZAP by column chromatography. Purified equine PMN exhibited rapid aggregation following incubation with C5a des Arg which was further dependent on the availability of divalent cations, especially Mg++. The microfilament disruptive agent cytochalasin B (5 micrograms/50 m...
Antimicrobial susceptibility of microorganisms isolated from equine orthopedic patients. Positive cultures were obtained from 60 equine orthopedic cases during a 12 year period (1974-1985). These cases consisted of 34 long or cuboidal bone fractures, 13 arthrotomy/arthroscopy procedures for removal or internal fixation of a fracture, 7 proximal splint bone fractures, and 6 facial or mandibular fractures. Excluding the 13 arthrotomies, only 10 (21%) of the 47 were open fractures. Multiple organisms were isolated from 36 cases (20 long or cuboidal bone fractures, 7 splint bone fractures, 5 mandibular fractures, and 4 intra-articular fractures). Of the 142 isolates, 35 (24%) were mem...
Multivariate statistical analysis of stride-timing measurements of nonfatigued racing Thoroughbreds. Standard univariate and bivariate statistical methods and two multivariate methods, stepwise regression and factor analyses, were used to analyze 17 stride-timing measurements of 22 racing Thoroughbreds filmed at the beginning of races. All horses were in a right-lead transverse gallop. Data were extracted from frame-by-frame analysis of 16-mm film taken with a high-speed camera. The mean stride duration was 0.405 s and the mean stride frequency was 2.47 strides/s. Stride duration had a higher correlation to the suspension-phase duration (r = 0.864) than to stride-stance-phase duration (r = 0....
Evaluation of ivermectin paste in the treatment of ponies for Parascaris equorum infections. Twenty ponies less than 18 months of age and infected with Parascaris equorum were treated with either 0.2 mg of ivermectin/kg of body weight (n = 10) or a placebo (n = 10; controls). Five control and 5 ivermectin-treated ponies were euthanatized 14 and 35 days after treatment, respectively. At necropsy, the small intestinal contents, lungs, and liver were examined for larvae and/or adult P equorum. Significantly (P less than 0.02) higher mean total numbers of P equorum were found in the small intestinal contents of the controls on day 14 (51) and on day 35 (21) than in the ivermectin-treated ...
Cardiovascular effects of intravenous sodium penicillin, sodium cefazolin, and sodium citrate in awake and anesthetized horses. Sodium penicillin, sodium cefazolin, and sodium citrate were administered to six adult horses on separate occasions, when awake and during anesthesia. The order of administration was randomized and studies were separated by a minimum of 7 days. Arterial blood pressure decreased significantly (less than 0.05) from control 5 minutes after intravenous (IV) sodium penicillin in awake and anesthetized horses. Systolic arterial blood pressure remained significantly (less than 0.05) decreased 10 minutes after IV sodium penicillin in anesthetized horses. Sodium cefazolin and sodium citrate did not sig...
Pharmacokinetics and serum concentrations of cephapirin in neonatal foals. Six healthy foals, from 4 to 6 days of age, were given a single IM injection of sodium cephapirin (250 mg/ml) at a rate of 20 mg/kg of body weight. Serum concentrations of cephapirin were measured serially over an 8-hour period. The mean peak serum concentration was 21.2 micrograms/ml at 10 minutes. The overall elimination rate constant was 1.06/hr and the elimination half-life was 0.70 hour. The apparent volume of distribution at steady state was 1.06 L/kg and plasma clearance was 1,105 ml/hr/kg.
