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Topic:Veterinary Research
Veterinary research in horses encompasses the study of diseases, health management, and medical treatments specific to equine species. This field investigates various aspects of horse health, including infectious diseases, metabolic disorders, and musculoskeletal conditions. Researchers focus on understanding the pathophysiology of equine ailments, developing diagnostic tools, and evaluating therapeutic interventions. The study of horse health also involves examining preventive measures such as vaccination protocols and nutritional management to promote overall well-being. This page collects peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the diverse areas of veterinary science related to horses, providing insights into disease mechanisms, treatment strategies, and advancements in equine healthcare.
Relationship between paired plasma and serum viscosity and plasma proteins in the horse. The relationship between paired plasma and serum viscosity measurements and plasma proteins, including fibrinogen, were compared in 106 horses with both normal and abnormal serum protein levels. There is a highly significant positive correlation between serum viscosity and total serum proteins and total globulin levels. The difference between plasma and serum viscosity correlated well with clottable fibrinogen concentration. Albumin levels showed a negative correlation with plasma and serum viscosity, globulins and fibrinogen. Simultaneous estimation of serum and plasma viscosity improves the ...
Bone strain in the equine tibia: an in vivo strain gauge analysis. Rosette strain gauges were bonded to the cranial, caudal, and medial surfaces of the tibia in the middiaphyseal region of 6 adult ponies. While the ponies were walking, the cranial side was mainly subjected to tension, and the caudal side, to compression. The compression strain on the caudal side was 1.5 times greater than the tension strain on the cranial side. None of these principal strains was aligned along the long axis of the bone; both deviated laterally from the long axis. On the medial surface, the principal strain deviated caudally about 40 degrees from the long axis. From analysis o...
Spread of equine lungworm (Dictyocaulus arnfieldi) larvae from faeces by Pilobolus fungi. Between 10 and 25% of the Dictyocaulus arnfieldi larvae excreted in faeces from a naturally infected donkey were harvested as infective stages from faecal cultures by means of Pilobolus fungi. The faeces were collected between 24 and 56 hours after drenching the donor animal with Pilobolus spores and kept at 16 +/- 2 degrees C. Most larvae were collected between the 5th and the 8th day of culturing during which period fructification and sporangium discharge also peaked. The sporangia and the adhering larvae were collected in Petri dishes inserted between the faecal mass and a light source. All...
Serum concentration of penicillin in the horse after repeated intramuscular injections of procaine penicillin G alone or in combination with benzathine penicillin and/or phenylbutazone. Twenty-one adult horses were randomly assigned into 7 groups of 3 and were treated for 5 days with procaine penicillin G, benzathine penicillin , or phenylbutazone in various combinations and dosage schedules. Serum concentration of penicillin was measured serially over a 7-day period. The highest mean peak serum concentration was 2.06 micrograms/ml. Comparable peak values were seen 2 to 4 hours after administration of 22,000 IU of procaine penicillin G/kg of body weight given once or twice daily. A minimum serum concentration of 0.25 micrograms/ml was selected as adequate for efficacy against...
Prevalence of Anoplocephala perfoliata and lesions of Draschia megastoma in Thoroughbreds in Kentucky at necropsy. A total of 396 Thoroughbreds (86 males, 293 females, and 17 geldings) in Kentucky, 1 to 30 years of age, were examined at necropsy for presence of Anoplocephala perfoliata (2 female horses were not examined) in the cecum for lesions of Draschia megastoma in the stomach, during the 1-year period of Mar 1, 1982 through Feb 28, 1983. Prevalence of A perfoliata was 53% and of lesions of D megastoma was 63%. All lesions of D megastoma were partially or entirely in the glandular region of the stomach. Distances of the midpoint of these lesions from the margo plicatus varied from 0 to 290 mm. The cen...
Computer processing of transaortic valve blood pressures in the horse using the first derivative of the left ventricular pressure trace. A method is described of processing transaortic valve pressures in the horse using the first derivative of the left ventricular pressure to define the beginning and end of each systolic complex. To determine the beginning of each systole three definitions of left ventricular end diastolic pressure (LVEDP), based on a 100, 150 or 200 mmHg/sec rate of left ventricular diastolic pressure rise, were evaluated. These definitions were also evaluated for their ability to determine isovolumic contraction time (ICT) and pulse interval. The best of these, LVEDP 150, was defined as the last point in dias...
Serum levels of testosterone precursors, testosterone and estradiol in 10 animal species. Blood levels of testosterone precursors, i.e. pregnenolone, progesterone, 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone, androstendione, DHEA, and delta 5-androstendiol as well as testosterone and estradiol are measured in 10 animals each of 10 different species. The determination is done by radioimmunoassay with steroidspecific antibodies. Precursors of the delta 5-pathway (DHEA, androstendiol) are low in the red deer, dog, cat, rat and guinea pig. Precursors of the delta 4-pathway (progesterone, 17-hydroxprogesterone, androstendione) are lower in the bull, boar, ram, stallion and rabbit thus indicating a pre...
Natural protease inhibitors: qualitative and quantitative assay by fibrinogen-agarose electrophoresis. An electrophoretic procedure for the qualitative and quantitative assay of protein protease inhibitors is reported. This assay is particularly suited for investigations of crude biological materials when specific antisera are not available. The supporting medium consists of agarose into which denatured fibrinogen is incorporated as the substrate for proteases. The processing then is divided into two steps: (1) electrophoretic resolution of the inhibitor containing material and (2) detection of the inhibitor bands through their protease inhibiting activity. The inhibitor position is thus made v...
[Immunodiagnosis of gasterophilosis]. Research into the immunological diagnosis of gasterophilosis. So far there have been no reliable methods of diagnosing equine gasterophilosis intra vitam. Horses from the G.D.R. and the M.P.R. spontaneously infected with Gasterophilus spp. were tested for antibodies by the immunotechniques of counterimmunoelectrophoresis after Pesendorfer, passive haemagglutination and the intradermal test using antigen made from larvae of all 6 Gasterophilus spp. present in the palaearctis. All 3 techniques produced positive results. The intradermal injection produced an immediate reaction. A correlation betw...
Dermal collagen degradation and phagocytosis. Occurrence in a horse with hyperextensible fragile skin. A 2-year-old female horse had large areas of hyperextensible, fragile skin that were interspersed with areas of normal skin. Affected skin tore easily and contained reduced amounts of dermal collagen. Collagen fibers were fragmented and disorganized, and in trichrome-stained sections, many fibers had abnormal red-stained centers. Electron microscopy showed that many collagen fibers had discrete foci of degradation in which the fibrils were fragmented, loosely packed, and widely separated by granular material. Collagen fibril fragments were present in secondary lysosomes in dermal fibroblasts, ...
Ultrastructural comparison of Oncovirinae (type C), Spumavirinae, and Lentivirinae: three subfamilies of Retroviridae found in farm animals. The successive steps of maturation of seven retroviruses from five species of farm animals and one retrovirus from a mouse were compared in cell cultures. The viruses included three type C oncoviruses, one spumavirus, and three lentiviruses. Although members of the 3 subfamilies shared some gross morphologic features such as budding on plasma membranes, core, and surface projections, differences were noted in the ultrastructural detail of these features. Type C oncoviruses did not show any structural differentiation in identifiable form in the cytoplasm as opposed to characteristic features ob...
Isolation, partial identification and quantitative determination of four guaiphenesin glucuronides in plasma and urine of the horse by high-performance liquid chromatography. The isolation, partial identification and quantitative determination of four guaiphenesin glucuronides in plasma and urine of the horse is described. The identity of the glucuronides was checked by UV and fluorescence spectrophotometry, by NMR spectrometry and by mass spectrometry after permethylation. The applicability of the procedure to pharmacokinetic studies is demonstrated.
Cecal impaction in the horse. During a 3-year period, cecal impaction was diagnosed in 21 horses (mean age, 8 years) at exploratory celiotomy or necropsy. In 7 horses, typhlotomy was used to remove the impaction; 2 horses treated by fluid injection of the impaction did not survive. The 12 other horses had cecal rupture. Surgical correction was not possible in those horses because of inaccessibility of the rupture site. Postmortem examination of the rupture sites did not reveal a cause other than cecal impaction. The duration of clinical signs before rupture ranged from 4 to 96 hours.
Hemodynamics before and after conversion of atrial fibrillation to normal sinus rhythm in horses. Hemodynamic measurements were obtained from 17 horses with atrial fibrillation or flutter. Eight horses had atrial fibrillation of unknown duration. In 7 horses, atrial fibrillation developed during anesthesia. Atrial flutter developed during recovery from anesthesia in 2 horses. Hemodynamic measurements were considered normal in 7 of 8 conscious horses with atrial fibrillation. Cardiac output was decreased and pulmonary arterial blood pressure and right atrial pressure were increased in 1 conscious horse which had signs of congestive heart failure. Arterial blood pressure decreased in 5 of 7 ...
Trials of an inactivated equid herpesvirus 1 vaccine: challenge with a subtype 1 virus. Vaccinated yearlings , two-year-old and in-foal pony mares with appropriate controls were exposed to aerosols of a subtype 1 virus one to two months after two or three vaccinations; all became infected. No obvious differences in the febrile responses, clinical signs and subsequent abortions were found between vaccinated and control mares. All vaccinated yearlings and two-year-old ponies developed a febrile respiratory disease but this was less severe than that suffered by the controls and the amounts and duration of virus shedding were reduced.
Sequence of the high-activity equine erythrocyte carbonic anhydrase: N-terminal polymorphism (acetyl-Ser/acetyl-Thr) and homologies to similar mammalian isozymes. The amino acid sequence of the high-activity equine erythrocyte carbonic anhydrase (CA-II) has been determined. Two different N-termini are noted, the C1 form having an N-acetyl-serine and the C2 form an N-acetyl-threonine. The sequence of the equine enzyme is most homologous to the human CA-II isozyme, with 224 of the 259 residues being identical.
Plaque assay of equine influenza virus. ESK cells, a stable cell line derived from a swine embryo kidney, were found to be a good medium for plaque formation of the Prague and Miami strains of equine influenza virus. Factors influencing the plaque formation were investigated and a plaque assay for these viruses was worked out. The method is not only simple enough for routine use, but also is as sensitive as the egg inoculation method. The method was readily adapted for a neutralization test.
Alpha 2-macroglobulin from horse plasma. Purification, properties and interaction with certain serine proteinases. alpha 2-macroglobulin was isolated by polyethylene glycol precipitation, gel filtration on Sephacryl S-300 and DE-52 cellulose chromatography, with 20% yield. The preparation obtained was homogenous as tested by biochemical and immunological criteria. Its molecular mass was estimated at 800,000, comprising of four identical subunits. The isoelectric point of our preparation was 4.8 and two molecules of serine proteinases per 1 molecule of inhibitor were bound.
Study of an outbreak of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Venezuela. The role of domestic animals. During an outbreak of cutaneous leishmaniasis in a locality (Las Rosas, Cojedes State, Venezuela) previously non-endemic, 12.9% of humans, 7% of dogs and 21.4% of donkeys (Equus asinus) had lesions with parasites. The agent in the three hosts was identified as Leishmania braziliensis, subspecies braziliensis at least in man and donkey. The probable vector was Lutzomyia panamensis. No infection was found in a small sample of wild mammals examined. The outbreak was apparently linked with the importation of donkeys with ulcers, from endemic areas. The authors call attention to the fact that not o...
Impedance monitoring of equine intestinal motility. Myoelectrical and myomechanical activities of the distal portion of the jejunum and pelvic flexure were studied in 7 ponies, using permanently implanted monopolar and bipolar stainless steel electrodes. Dental acrylic embedded recording electrodes were surgically sutured to the serosal surface of the distal portion of the jejunum and pelvic flexure. Myoelectrically, regular spike bursts and irregular spike bursts were observed in the jejunum. Short spike bursts and long spike bursts were recorded and associated with spike potentials, using impedance recording techniques. Electrical and mechani...
Effects of halothane anesthesia on equine liver function. Effects of halothane anesthesia were investigated in ponies prepared surgically with chronic external biliary fistulas (T tubes) to determine the effects on liver function and biliary excretion during 2 hours of anesthesia. Four studies were performed on 2 ponies, 2 to 6 months after surgery with the enterohepatic circulation held intact between studies. Intravenous bile acid infusion was used to maintain steady-state bile flow, bilirubin, and bile acid excretion during each study. Compared with the immediate 2-hour preanesthesia values (base line), halothane caused a 138% increase in bilirubi...
Intrauterine movement of the early conceptus in barren and postpartum mares. The equine embryonic vesicle has been shown to be highly mobile prior to day 15, moving from one horn to the other many times per day. In Experiment 1, intrauterine mobility patterns of the vesicle were compared between barren and postpartum mares on days 12, 13, or 14, using an ultrasound instrument. Location of the vesicle (left horn, right horn, body) was determined every five minutes during six two-hour trials in each group. Averaged over all trials, the vesicle moved from one horn to the other 1.1 times per two-hour trial. There were no significant differences between barren and postpartu...
Pain perception and alleviation in animals. In the last 2 decades there have been substantial advances in our knowledge of the scientific basis of the mechanisms of pain. Nociceptors or pain receptors are widespread in the skin and tissues of animals; chemical mediation of nociceptor excitation may provide a key for understanding the peripheral phenomena related to pain. The expression of pain in animals involves multiple ascending and descending branches, as well as specialized pain-signaling mechanisms in the spinal cord. The importance of these different pathways varies with species and circumstances. Endogenous neural systems in the...
Benzimidazole resistance of equine strongyles: critical tests of several classes of compounds against population B strongyles from 1977 to 1981. From 1977 to 1981, critical tests were conducted on 10 horses naturally infected with population B strongyles. Drugs tested were: oxibendazole (OBZ), 10 mg/kg of body weight (n = 1); albendazole, 10 mg/kg (n = 1); a mixture of thiabendazole (TBZ), 44 mg/kg and trichlorfon, 40 mg/kg (n = 1); a mixture of TBZ at 44 mg/kg with piperazine (PPZ) at 55 mg of base/kg (n = 1); febantel (FBT), 6 mg/kg (n = 3), 12 mg/kg (n = 1), or 24 mg/kg (n = 1); and pyrantel (PRT) pamoate, 6.6 mg of base/kg (n = 1). Large strongyles, Strongylus vulgaris (9 horses) and S edentatus (5 horses), were effectively removed...
