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Topic:Veterinary Research
Veterinary research in horses encompasses the study of diseases, health management, and medical treatments specific to equine species. This field investigates various aspects of horse health, including infectious diseases, metabolic disorders, and musculoskeletal conditions. Researchers focus on understanding the pathophysiology of equine ailments, developing diagnostic tools, and evaluating therapeutic interventions. The study of horse health also involves examining preventive measures such as vaccination protocols and nutritional management to promote overall well-being. This page collects peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the diverse areas of veterinary science related to horses, providing insights into disease mechanisms, treatment strategies, and advancements in equine healthcare.
The geometry of the cruciate ligaments in the canine and equine knee joint, a Tchebychev mechanism. The ratio between the length of the anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments and the distance between their femoral and tibial attachments in the canine and equine knee joint reveals that these structures form a Tchebychev mechanism for parallel motion.
Muscle perfusion in the horse. Muscle perfusion was studied in conscious and anaesthetised horses by monitoring the clearance of a locally injected bolus of saline containing radioactive xenon (133Xe). The mean of all the measurements made from the brachiocephalicus and semimembranosus muscles in conscious subjects was 1.29 ml/min/100 g while in anaesthetised subjects it was 0.40 ml/min/100 g. The significance of these results is discussed in relation to the clinical occurrence of post anaesthetic myositis.
Comparison of ELY-2.1 with blood group and ELY-1 markers in the horse. The distribution of ELY-2 was compared to the distribution of blood group factors Aa, Ab, Ac, Ae, Ca, Da, Db, Dc, Dd, De, Df, Dh, Dk, Ka, Pa, Pb, X, Qa, Qc, Ua, and W in 2465 American Standardbred horses and to ELY-1 in 193 American Standardbred horses. The distribution patterns were different in each case. The segregation of ELY-2.1 and factors at the A, C, D, K, P, Q, U and T (W) blood group loci and at the ELA locus indicated that ELY-2.1 is not a product of any of those loci. No segregation data were available for the ELY-1 locus. Family studies indicated that the gene for ELY-2.1 is not s...
[Nucleus motorius medialis in the lumbosacral segment of the spinal cord in horses]. The studies carried out on 2 spinal cords of horses showed that cells of the medial motor nucleus (nucleus motorius medialis) are present in all neuromers of the lumbar and sacral segment of the spinal cord. It lies in the medial part of grey matter of the ventral column, neighbouring laterally and ventrally with cells of the lateral motor nucleus, whereas dorsally with cells of the nucleus of the ventral commissural horn. Along the nucleus numerous constrictions and intervals are found, which are connected with various numbers of nerve cells in particular cross-sections.
Adrenergic receptors in the urethra and prostate of the horse. The presence and types of alpha and beta adrenergic receptors in the urethra and prostate of the horse were studied in vitro using adrenergic agonist and antagonist drugs. The existence of these receptors was shown. This finding was based on the observation that the contractile action was mediated by adrenergic receptors of alpha-1 type, although in the prostate alpha-2 type receptors also participated. Relaxation in both tissues was controlled by receptors of the beta-2 type.
In vitro induction of lymphocyte responsiveness by a Strongylus vulgaris-derived mitogen. Proliferation in vitro of peripheral blood lymphocytes both from horses infected with Strongylus vulgaris and from helminth-free ponies was observed in the presence of extracts of the fourth and fifth stage larvae and adults of S. vulgaris. In addition, S. vulgaris extracts induced transformation in cultures of peripheral blood lymphocytes from sheep and dogs and in mouse spleen cell cultures. Nylon wool non-adherent, T cell enriched fractions of lymphocytes from both mice and horses were stimulated by the S. vulgaris larval mitogen while no proliferation was observed in cultures containing ny...
[Surgical treatment of rectal prolapse in a 1-year-old mare resecting only the mucous membrane]. A mare with rectal prolaps was operated at Vienna University. The prolaps was corrected by mucosal resection only. The remaining vital layers of the corresponding intestinal section were saved. The advantage of a special tissue saving operating technique in the rectal area is seen in avoiding postoperative complications.
Horse haemoglobin phenotyping by agarose gel isoelectric focusing comparison of Thoroughbreds with other Equidae. By using isoelectric focusing in thin agarose slab gels 1049 Thoroughbred, 82 Nooitgedachter, 45 Percheron and 244 horses of other breeds were examined. The numbers of other Equidae tested were 107 donkeys, 50 mules, 4 common zebras (Equus burchelli boehmi) and 8 mountain zebras (Equus zebra hartmannae). Phenotypic data are presented for all tested animals and gene frequencies are calculated for the horses.
Hyaluronic acid concentration in synovial fluid from normal and arthritic joints of horses. A method previously described was used to determine the hyaluronic acid concentration in synovia from normal and arthritic horse joints. The concentration of hyaluronic acid in the synovia from arthritic joints was found to be significantly lower than the concentration in fluid from normal joints.
Degradation of annular gap junctions of the equine hoof wall. Annular gap junctions interiorized within cells of the stratum spinosum of the coronary border of the equine hoof were degraded by two methods. Some were autophagocytized and some appeared to fuse with lysosomes to form heterophagosomes. Structural changes of partially degraded annular gap junctions included increased density of the enclosed cytoplasm, formation of filamentous or membrane-like material within the annular gap junction, and disruption of the circular or oval profile of the gap junction. The annular gap junctions are apparently incorporated into the fully keratinized cells of the...
Structures of the dienoic lactones of horse sebum. The C34, C36, and C38 dienoic omega-lactones were isolated from sebum of the horse (Equus caballus) and the double bond positions were determined by stepwise chemical dissection and analysis of the fragments. The structures found could be formed by delta 9-desaturation at the C18-stage of fatty acid biosynthesis followed by a second delta 9-desaturation when the chains reached C24, C26, C28, C30, or C32 and then addition of one to seven 2-carbon units. These findings provide insight into the dimensions and organization of the endoplasmic reticulum in cells of the sebaceous glands.
Experiences in diagnostic and surgical arthroscopy in the horse. This paper reviews the current status of diagnostic and surgical arthroscopy in the horse. Arthroscopy has been used as a diagnostic aid since 1974 and is useful for evaluation of abnormalities in synovial membrane and articular cartilage. Surgical arthroscopy is a more recent advance that has replaced conventional arthrotomy in 90 per cent of the author's cases. Clinical conditions currently being treated using arthroscopic techniques rather than arthrotomy include all chip fractures in the carpus, chip fractures of the first phalanx, chronic proliferative synovitis in the fetlock and osteoch...
Determination of flunixin in equine plasma by reversed-phase liquid chromatography. Flunixin is determined in equine plasma by liquid chromatography on LiChrosorb RP-18 with 70% methanol in phosphate buffer pH 3.1 as the eluent, with detection at 284 nm. Plasma is deproteinized with methanol and the supernatant is then injected directly into the system. With a short pre-column (5 x 3 mm i.d.), which is replaced after 25-40 injections of sample, 420 plasma samples could be analysed on one analytical column. The detection limit in plasma is 0.30 micromol/l (89 ng/ml) and the method can be used in pharmacokinetic studies.
Inhibition of equine S-adenohomocysteine hydrolase by 2′-deoxyadenosine. 2'-Deoxyadenosine and 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosyladenine (ARA) are apparent suicide inhibitors for equine S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase. In initial velocity studies of the synthetic reaction converting adenosine and homocysteine to S-adenosylhomocysteine, adenine, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, and 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosyladenine were found to be competitive inhibitors with Kis of 3.8 microM, 1.1 mM, and 30 microM, respectively. In contrast, linear mixed inhibition was observed for 2'-deoxyadenosine, indicating that 2'-deoxyadenosine must bind in more than one fashion to the enzyme.
Analysis of propionylpromazine and its metabolites in horse urine. The metabolism of propionylpromazine in the horse was studied. Although propionylpromazine is not currently approved or recommended for use in horses, it has been used illegally to alter their performance. Propionylpromazine hydrochloride was administered intramuscularly at clinical and subclinical doses. Three metabolites were detected in urine. The major metabolite was identified as 2-(1-hydroxypropyl) promazine sulfoxide. The detection of this metabolite in routine drug testing has been described.
Survey of resting blood pressure values in clinically normal horses. Resting coccygeal blood pressure values were measured, indirectly, on 296 horses (97 Thoroughbreds, 97 Standardbreds and 102 hacks). Blood pressure was found to vary with the class of horse examined; on average Thoroughbreds had significantly higher values than Standardbreds and hacks, whereas blood pressures of the last two groups were not significantly different. There was no demonstrable effect of sex, height or heart rate on blood pressure, but temperature and age did influence the value recorded. Mean (+/- sd) (n = 296) coccygeal uncorrected values (systolic pressure/diastolic pressure) w...
Culicoides hypersensitivity in the horse: 15 cases in southwestern british columbia. The investigation of a chronic, seasonal dermatitis of horses in southwestern British Columbia is described. Typically the history indicated an insidious onset, followed by a gradual progression in the severity of the signs each year. Lesions appeared during the warmer months of the year and tended to regress during the winter. The clinical signs consisted of areas of pruritus and excoriation, affecting predominantly the ventral midline, mane and tailhead. In all cases corticosteroid therapy relieved the pruritus and allowed the lesions to heal.The salient pathological findings were hyperkerat...
Genetic linkage in the horse. II. Distribution of male recombination estimates and the influence of age, breed and sex on recombination frequency. In the present study an extensive amount of data, comprising more than 30,000 offspring in total, was analyzed to evaluate the influence of age and sex on the recombination frequency in the K-PGD segment of the equine linkage group (LG) I and the influence of age, breed and sex on recombination in the Al-Es segment of LG II. A highly significant sex difference is reported for both segments. Male and female recombination values in the K-PGD segment were estimated at 25.8 +/- 0.8 and 33.3 +/- 2.5%, respectively. Similarly, recombination was less frequent in the male (36.6 +/- 0.7%) than in the f...
The plasma protease inhibitor system (Pi) of Standardbred horses. The plasma protease inhibitor system (Pi) of Standardbred horses was studied by thin-layer, high-voltage, acid polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (pH 4.6) followed by protein staining and staining for trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibition. In addition to the eight Thoroughbred alleles (PiF, G, I, L, N, S1, S2, U), another 10 alleles, designated PiH, J, K, O, P, Q, R, V, X, Z, were postulated to account for the 98 Pi types which were observed in Standardbreds. Detailed inhibitory spectra of the 'new' alleles were determined and further exceptions to the Pi1, Pi2 classification of Juneja et al. (1...
Cadmium and selenium levels in kidneys from Danish horses. The content of cadmium and selenium in horse kidneys from Jutland , Denmark, in relation to age, local geographical variation and possible relationship between the two elements has been investigated. During the winter of 1982-1983 kidneys from 50 horses were sampled and analysed for cadmium and selenium. The cadmium content of the horse kidneys was recorded in connection with the age of the horses. The cadmium level increases until the animal has reached approximately 7 years of age. At this age the cadmium concentration levels off. A significant regional difference was shown. The cadmium cont...
[Origin of the FSH + LH double activity of equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG/PMSG)]. The LH and FSH activities of equine choriogonadotropin (eCG) have been compared in several species with those of the highly purified homologous pituitary gonadotropins. The molar FSH/LH activity ratio of eCG determined by RRA is 0.20 in the pig, 0.25 in the rat and 0 in the horse. These data demonstrate the LH monospecificity of eCG in its own species as it is the case for hCG. We have also shown that equine LH exhibited a FSH-activity similar to that of eCG in the pig and in the rat but not in the horse. In the female rat, the binding activity to FSH receptors and the in vitro FSH activity of...
The elimination of equine strongyles and hematological and pathological consequences following larvicidal doses of thiabendazole. Twelve horses were divided into three groups and given various doses of a mixed species strongyle inoculum, representing light, moderate, and heavy infections. Three weeks after the larval inoculations, three animals from each group were given larvicidal doses of thiabendazole (TBZ) (440 mg kg-1 on two consecutive days); one animal from each group served as a non-medicated control. Treatment was repeated three weeks later. One treated animal from each group was designated for long-term study; others were necropsied to study adult and larval parasite loads. Six of the twelve animals with strong...
Cervical vertebral interbody fusion in the horse: a comparative study of bovine xenografts and autografts supported by stainless steel baskets. A modified form of the Cloward technique for anterior cervical fusion in human beings was used in the application of different grafts for evaluation of their effectiveness in stabilizing equine cervical vertebrae. Results of bovine xenograft implants in 8 horses were compared with results of stainless steel baskets (SSB) packed with cancellous autogenous bone in 8 horses. Graft material was incorporated in all cases. Evidence of graft rejection was not present. Both forms of implants decreased the mobility of the intervertebral space in which they were implanted. A fibrous connective tissue un...
Lymphocyte alloantigens of the horse. III. ELY-2.1: a lymphocyte alloantigen not coded for by the MHC. A new polymorphic locus of the horse which has several unusual properties is described. The suggested name for the locus is ELY-2. The gene product of one allele at this locus, designated ELY-2.1, has been identified with antisera raised as a result of pregnancy. Antibody to ELY-2.1 was first detected on day 55 after conception in the serum of a mare in first pregnancy. This early onset of antibody is similar to that seen for antibody to ELA antigens, and suggests that the source of the antigenic stimulus may be the tissue of the equine endometrial cups. The antisera identifying ELY-2.1 are cy...
Detection of equine infectious anemia virus in horse leukocyte cultures derived from horses in various stages of equine infectious anemia viral infection. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) antigen-positive and agar-gel immunodiffusion test (AGID)-negative horses do not have infective equine infectious anemia (EIA) virus. The ELISA testing of horse leukocyte culture (HLC) supernatants did detect EIA virus in a HLC that was infected with the Wyoming strain of EIA virus and in HLC derived from horses in febrile, acute, or subacute stages of EIA infection. In supernatants of HLC derived from chronic and inapparent carrier horses, EIA virus was not detected with ELISA. Direct fluorescent antibody tests detected EIA virus in HLC infected w...
