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Topic:Veterinary Research
Veterinary research in horses encompasses the study of diseases, health management, and medical treatments specific to equine species. This field investigates various aspects of horse health, including infectious diseases, metabolic disorders, and musculoskeletal conditions. Researchers focus on understanding the pathophysiology of equine ailments, developing diagnostic tools, and evaluating therapeutic interventions. The study of horse health also involves examining preventive measures such as vaccination protocols and nutritional management to promote overall well-being. This page collects peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the diverse areas of veterinary science related to horses, providing insights into disease mechanisms, treatment strategies, and advancements in equine healthcare.
Thermographic evaluation of horses with podotrochlosis. The distal forelimbs of 10 clinically normal horses with hair clipped on 1 limb were thermographically scanned before and after exercise. The thermal patterns, temperature distribution, and temperature changes after exercise were determined and compared with those of 8 horses with podotrochlosis. Clipping the hair did not cause changes in the thermal patterns, but the clipped limbs were warmer than the unclipped limbs. The temperature of the limbs of horses with podotrochlosis did not increase as much after exercise as did the limbs of normal horses. The failure of skin temperature increase co...
The metabolism of fenclofenac in the horse. 14C-Fenclofenac (2-(2'-4'-dichlorophenoxy)-phenylacetic acid) was administered orally to horses, and urinary metabolites investigated by chromatography. Fenclofenac was rapidly absorbed and eliminated, with a plasma half-life (t1/2) of 2.3 h, with 83.2 and 85.8% of the dose being recovered in the urine in 0-24 h. The major urinary metabolite was the ester glucuronide (58.8, 70.0% dose), and evidence is presented that this metabolite undergoes a structural rearrangement to give beta-glucuronidase-resistant isomers. The other 14C-labelled components in horse urine were unchanged fenclofenac (13....
Cell-mediated immune response to Babesia equi-transformed lymphoblastoid cells in vitro. The capacity of equine peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) to proliferate in the presence of Babesia equi-transformed lymphoblastoid stimulator cells was tested in an autologous as well as in an allogenic one way mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR). It was found that both autologous and allogeneic responder lymphocytes incorporated high amounts of 3H-thymidine. The incorporation of 3H-thymidine was lower in MLR using as stimulator cells lymphocytes from which the cell line had previously been established, than when using parasitized culture cells as stimulator. Proliferation of PBL was achieved onl...
Experimental Streptococcus equi infection in the horse: correlation with in vivo and in vitro immune responses. Fourteen young outbred horses, divided into 2 groups on the basis of 18- or 24-hour skin-test reactions to Streptococcus equi, were inoculated nasopharyngeally with virulent S equi. Animals (n = 6, group I) with evidence of previous exposure to S equi (positive dermal response and existing serum antibodies), with one exception, developed minimal or no signs of disease after inoculation. In contrast, S equi skin-test negative and seronegative horses (n = 8, group II) developed predictable and severe clinical signs of infection after their inoculation, including shedding of the organism from nas...
Structural and functional organization of the suprapatella in two cercopithecines. Gross and microscopic study of Cercopithecus aethiops pygerythrus and Papio cyanocephalus anubis shows that these cercopithecines have a quadriceps tendon the distal portion of which consists mostly of dense collagenous bundles with scattered fine elastic fibres most of which lie in the loose connective tissue planes within and around the tendon and around blood vessels. A distinct fibrovesicular structure, the suprapatella, lies within the tendon of the vastus intermedius above the pony patella. Histologically, this structure is characterised by interwoven bundles of collagenous fibres, among...
Examination of the origin of increased equine serum alkaline phosphatase concentrations. Serum alkaline phosphatase activity was found to be increased in 32.6% of equine samples analyzed at the Ontario Veterinary College over an 18 month period. An attempt was made using sensitivity to L-phenylalanine and heat to identify the origin of increased serum alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes present in 44 clinical cases. No difference in sensitivity to either procedure was observed for serum alkaline phosphatase from groups of foals and horses representing different clinical problems. Alkaline phosphatase of osseous tissue origin appeared to be the major source of activity for each group o...
Treadmill for equine locomotion analysis. A treadmill for equine locomotion analysis is described and its potential considered for locomotive research and clinical investigation. The treadmill comprised an endless belt driven by a hydraulic motor at various speeds up to 14 m/sec and the direction of belt movement was reversible. The carrying side of the belt ran over a steel-concrete table which acted as a flat support. The belt itself consisted of a steel base on to which was glued a rubber belt and the surface was covered with a layer of coir matting which permitted some forward sliding of the landing hooves simulating the condition...
Alterations in the equine herpesvirus 1 genome after in vitro and in vivo virus passage. The effect of in vitro and in vivo serial virus passage on the genetic stability of equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) was investigated by restriction endonuclease analysis of the viral DNA. DNAs of EHV-1 isolates at different passage levels in cultured cells or in Syrian hamsters were compared by electrophoresis of the DNA cleavage fragments produced by restriction endonuclease digestion. No changes were observed in the restriction profile of the DNAs of EHV-1 strains after 100 sequential passages in cultured equine cells. However, serial passage of the virus in hamsters or in cells of non-equine o...
Guidelines for the future of equine locomotion research. This paper describes the major areas that require investigation in equine locomotion and outlines a plan for such research in both the Thoroughbred and Standardbred. Fifteen topics for future investigation have been selected and given an order of priority. These topics deal with characteristics of normal locomotion, factors which influence locomotion, the epidemiology and economics of lameness and the clinical identification of lameness.
Kinematics of the equine thoracolumbar spine. At least three types of movement take place in the joint complexes of the equine thoracolumbar spine: dorsoventral flexion and extension, axial rotation and lateral bending. Using the standard right-handed Cartesian coordinate system, these movements may be defined as rotation about the x, y and z axes respectively. Except in cases of intervertebral fusion, all three types of movement occur in each joint complex of the equine back. The greatest amount of dorsoventral movement takes place at the lumbosacral and the first thoracic intervertebral joints. The greatest amount of axial rotation and ...
Fixation and orientation of the early equine conceptus. Fixation and orientation of the conceptus within the uterine lumen of 40 barren mares were examined by ultrasound daily on days 11-21 and at three-day intervals thereafter until day 48. The growth curve of the in situ conceptus had a distinct plateau between days 17-24, as determined by measurements of the width and area of conceptuses on the ultrasound images. The vesicle expanded at an average daily rate of 3-4 mm before the plateau and 2-3 mm after the plateau. Dramatic changes occurred in the shape of conceptus. The predominant shapes were approximately as follows: days 11-16, spherical; d...
Mobility of the early equine conceptus. Movement of the conceptus within the uterine lumen of barren mares was studied by daily ultrasound examinations on days 11-20 and by rectal palpation on days 15-48 (Experiment 1) and by ultrasound examinations 3 or 4 times per day at 2-4 hour intervals on days 11-16 (Experiment 2). In addition, broodfarm records were analyzed to compare side of ovulation with side of embryo attachment (Experiment 3). The vesicle was found in opposite uterine horns for 43% of the successive, daily, ultrasound examinations on days 11 and 12, 12 and 13, 13 and 14, and 14 and 15; 24% of the successive examinations...
Use of procainamide gels in the purification of human and horse serum cholinesterases. Two large-scale methods based primarily on the use of procainamide-Sepharose gels were developed for the purification of horse and human serum non-specific cholinesterases. With method I, the procainamide-Sepharose 4B gel was used in the first step to handle large volumes of serum. With method II, the procainamide-Sepharose 4B gel was used in the final step to obtain pure enzyme. Although both methods gave electrophoretically pure cholinesterase preparations in good yields, they were significantly more efficient at purifying the horse enzyme than the human enzyme. To study this problem, the re...
The equine spleen: an electron microscopic analysis. The capacity of the equine spleen to store and rapidly release as much as half the circulating blood volume after adrenergic stimulation depends upon the size of the spleen, its muscular capsule, and the distinctive structure of its red pulp. The unit, or lobule, of red pulp is a cylinder of pulp spaces organized in a reticular meshwork, supplied by a peripheral ring of arterial capillaries, and drained by a central venule. Reticular cells, which make up the meshwork of the pulp, contain an extraordinarily large complement of microfilaments and intermediate filaments and are richly innervated ...
Morphologic and biochemical changes in cartilage of foals treated with dexamethasone. Epiphyseal and articular cartilages were examined in pony foals treated with intramuscular injections of either 0.5 mg dexamethasone per 100 kg bodyweight daily for 3, 8 or 11 months, or 5.0 mg per 100 kg for 11 months, and in horse foals treated with 5.0 mg per 100 kg for 20 weeks. The proximal femoral growth plates exhibited increased spatial separation between chondrocyte columns, narrowed zones of disorganized columnar and hypertrophic cartilage, abnormal penetration of hypertrophic cartilage by metaphyseal capillaries, retained cartilage in the spongiosa, distal terminal plate formation, ...
A study on the possible role of chymotrypsin in the aetiology of equine chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The chymotrypsin activity of seven batches of Micropolyspora faeni and of five batches of Aspergillus fumigatus culture extracts, prepared for inhalation challenge in horses, was assayed and was found to range between 0.29 and 1.45 units/mg protein and 0.02 and 0.20 units/mg protein respectively. Horses affected with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) were challenged with two batches of each antigen which had different chymotrypsin activities and no significant correlations were found between the degree of response to challenge and the chymotrypsin activity of the antigens. Inhalatio...
Trimethoprim-sulfadiazine in the horse: serum, synovial, peritoneal, and urine concentrations after single-dose intravenous administration. Six healthy adult mares were given a single IV injection of trimethoprim (TMP)-sulfadiazine (SDZ) at a dosage rate of 2.5 mg of TMP/kg of body weight and 12.5 mg of SDZ/kg. Serum, synovial, peritoneal, and urine TMP-SDZ concentrations were measured serially over a 48-hour period. The highest measured mean concentrations of TMP and SDZ were found in the first (0.5 hour) sample of serum, synovial fluid, and peritoneal fluid. The mean peak concentrations of TMP and SDZ averaged 4.37 micrograms/ml and 21.81 micrograms/ml for serum, 2.95 micrograms/ml and 15.31 micrograms/ml for synovial fluid, and...
Caecal rupture in parturient mares. The pathology of 4 cases of caecal rupture in foaling mares is described. One of these animals died suddenly, probably when rupture occurred, and 3 survived for 5 to 8 h and died from acute peritonitis.
The pathogenesis of this type of injury is discussed and it is suggested that rupture may arise from the pressure of a foetal hind foot against the caecum when distended by local tympany.
An energetic basis of equine performance. Although different physiological and behavioural attributes are needed for various types of equine competition, successful racing depends primarily on the animal's metabolic ability to convert chemical energy to mechanical energy--the function of muscle. Components of these energetic processes include the rate, efficiency and interaction of aerobic and anaerobic metabolism in muscle and the supply and utilisation of fuel. In anaerobic work like racing, fatigue processes may be largely regarded as a function of an intramuscular fuel (phosphogen) depletion, despite the fact that substrates are s...
A review of research on equine locomotion and biomechanics. A review of the literature about equine locomotion and biomechanics is presented to summarise available knowledge and provide perspective to current and proposed research programmes. It is evident that much past research has failed to provide sufficient information on basic principles of these two disciplines and that information is now required before progress can be made on more applied research topics. However, useful contributions have been made in gait typology, analysis of racetrack surface and design and limb kinetics, kinematics and coordination.
Echocardiographic features of aortic valve endocarditis in a dog, a cow, and a horse. A horse, a cow, and a dog with aortic valve vegetative endocarditis were studied by M-mode echocardiography. Echocardiographic abnormalities of the aortic valve, mitral valve, and left ventricle were observed. These features were identical to those reported in human beings with aortic valve endocarditis. Abnormalities associated with aortic valve endocarditis included irregular thickening of the valve, multiple linear echoes in the aortic root, diastolic prolapse of the aortic vegetation, and diastolic fluttering of a torn aortic valve. Some of these features were found in each animal. The con...
