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Topic:Veterinary Science
Veterinary science and horses encompass the study and application of medical, surgical, and therapeutic practices to maintain and improve the health and welfare of equines. This field addresses a wide range of topics, including disease prevention, diagnosis, and treatment, as well as nutrition, reproduction, and behavior. Research in veterinary science for horses often involves understanding the pathophysiology of equine-specific diseases, developing advanced diagnostic techniques, and improving treatment protocols. This page gathers peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore various aspects of veterinary science related to horses, providing insights into the latest advancements and methodologies in equine healthcare.
The effect of strenuous exercise on mRNA concentrations of interleukin-12, interferon-gamma and interleukin-4 in equine pulmonary and peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The effect of strenuous exercise on the mRNA concentrations of interleukin-12p35 subunit (IL-12p35), interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and interleukin-4 (IL-4) in equine pulmonary and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) was investigated. We hypothesized that strenuous exercise would suppress the expression of IL-12p35, IFN-gamma and augment the expression of IL-4. Eleven horses were randomly divided into two groups, a stall-confined control group (n=5) and an exercise-conditioned treatment group (n=6). Bronchoalveolar and PBMCs were obtained from horses in the treatment group prior to the co...
The mobile bag technique as a method for determining the degradation of four botanically diverse fibrous feedstuffs in the small intestine and total digestive tract of ponies. An in sacco mobile bag technique was used to determine the rate and extent of disappearance of unmolassed sugar-beet pulp, soyabean hulls, hay cubes and an oat hull-naked oats mixture (67:33, w/w) in the foregut and total digestive tract of ponies. Ponies were administered naso-gastrically polyester mesh bags containing 350 mg feed, in a Latin square design. Bags were collected at the ileo-caecal junction (small intestine bag, SIB) and in the faeces (faecal bag, FB) and their residues analysed for proximate constituents and NSP composition and content. DM disappearances from individual bags we...
The influence of ageing and exercise on tendon growth and degeneration–hypotheses for the initiation and prevention of strain-induced tendinopathies. Strain-induced tendinopathy is a common injury in both human and equine athletes, with increasing incidence associated with greater involvement in sport and an increasingly aged population. This paper reviews our studies on the abundant non-collagenous protein, cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP), in equine tendons. Its variation between tendon type and site, age and exercise has provided an insight into how age and exercise influence tendon growth and maturation. Tendons can be broadly divided into two types, reflecting their different matrix composition and function: the energy-storin...
In vivo effect of epidermal growth factor, interleukin-1beta, and interleukin-1RA on equine preovulatory follicles. Paracrine factors have significant effects during folliculogenesis. Because of various morphological features, the mare is a convenient model to study in vivo the effects of factors involved in periovulatory events. In the present work, epidermal growth factor (EGF; experiment 1, n = 49 mares) and interleukin-1beta and interleukin-1RA (IL-1beta and IL-1RA, respectively; experiment 2, n = 80 mares) were injected intrafollicularly to evaluate the influence of these factors on in vivo maturation of equine preovulatory follicles. A transvaginal ultrasound-guided injection was performed when the di...
Seasonal serum concentrations of melatonin in cycling and noncycling mares. To determine whether secretory patterns of melatonin change throughout the seasons in mares, blood samples were drawn byvenipuncture from nine mares at noon and midnight for five successive days at monthly intervals from August through July at the University of Missouri in Columbia, MO. In addition, during September, December, March, and June, blood samples were drawn from indwelling catheters at 2-h intervals for 48 or 72 h. Mares were predominantly Quarter Horses weighing approximately 450 kg and ranged from 3 to 12 yr of age. Mares were housed in outdoor paddocks with three-sided run-in she...
Dopaminergic and opioidergic regulation of gonadotropin and prolactin release in stallions. In the non-breeding season, LH release is reduced via dopaminergic systems in the ram. On the other hand, our previous studies demonstrated an opioidergic inhibition of LH release in stallions outside the breeding season. Thus, in the present study we investigated the dopaminergic regulation of LH and prolactin secretion in stallions, considering interactions between dopamine and opioids. To achieve this, stallions (n=8) were treated with the dopamine antagonist sulpiride (0.6 mg/kg), the opioid antagonist naloxone (0.5 mg/kg), sulpiride plus naloxone or saline in December, March and June. Two...
Effect of (auto)phosphorylation on the kinetic behavior of the Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II from horse brain. After extraction and purification, the kinetic behavior of the Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaM kinase II) from horse brain was investigated as a function of ATP and a synthetic substrate, syntide-2. Both phospho- and dephospho- forms of the enzyme obey a bi-bi random mechanism. The K(M)s for ATP (K(M,ATP)) and syntide-2 (K(M,syntide-2)) were determined as equal to 80 and 30 microM, respectively. However, the maximum reaction yield is decreased by 50% when the enzyme is (auto)phosphorylated. In addition, this phosphorylated form of the enzyme leads to the formation of a total...
Appearance of nitrite reducing activity of cytochrome c upon heat denaturation. The appearance of NO2- reducing activity of cytochrome c (Cyt c) upon heat denaturation was investigated with equine heart Cyt c. Denatured equine heart Cyt c (dCyt c), which was treated at 100 degrees C for 30 min, had NO2- reducing activity in the presence of dithionite and methylviologen in an aqueous solution under anaerobic conditions. In contrast, hemoglobin and myoglobin had no such activity under the same conditions. Using spectroscopic methods, we found that the appearance of this activity in the Cyt c was due to the following intramolecular changes: unfolding of the peptide chain, ex...
[Copper and zinc in animal feed for the adult horses in Switzerland]. The copper and zinc contents of 25 rations for adult horses were evaluated. The total amount of copper and zinc daily ingested was obtained by adding the amount of each element contained and added of the commercial feed to the amount contained in ingested hay and oats. The total amount of copper and zinc ingested daily was compared with the official recommendations for the maintenance of an adult horse of 550 kg. The results show that a traditional ration oats/hay does not contain a sufficient amount of copper and zinc in order to cover their respective requirements. Furthermore, many rations ...
Vesicular stomatitis. Vesicular stomatitis is an infrequent yet important vesicular disease of cattle, horses, and swine. Periodic outbreaks of this disease in the United States have caused economic losses in cattle herds because of decreased production, movement restrictions, and trade embargoes. Vesicular stomatitis causes clinical signs indistinguishable from those of foot-and-mouth disease. It is of utmost importance that appropriate samples are collected from clinical cases of vesicular disease in cattle and swine so a rapid laboratory diagnosis can be made.
Stable isotope (13C, 15N and 34S) analysis of the hair of modern humans and their domestic animals. Relationships between dietary status and recent migration were examined by delta(13)C, delta(15)N and delta(34)S analysis of hair samples from 43 modern humans living in a rural community in SW England. The isotopic content of 38 'local' hair samples was compared with that of five recently arrived individuals (from Canada, Chile, Germany and the USA). Hair samples from domestic animals (i.e. mainly cats, dogs, cows and horses) were analysed to examine the difference in delta(13)C, delta(15)N and delta(34)S values between herbivores and carnivores. Generally, modern human hair data from the tri...
Comparative mapping in equids: the asine X chromosome is rearranged compared to horse and Hartmann’s mountain zebra. The X chromosomes of the extant equids, in general, share morphology and banding pattern similarities. However, the donkey X is, in part, an exception because of significantly different centromeric index and variant banding patterns in the pericentromeric region. To verify the underlying molecular basis of this difference, twelve equine BAC clones were FISH mapped to donkey (EAS) and Hartmann's mountain zebra (EZH) metaphase spreads. Loci from the terminal region of Xp and distal to terminal regions of the Xq showed the same order and relative position in all three species, implying cross-spec...
Effects of initial handling and training on autonomic nervous function in young Thoroughbreds. To determine the effects of initial handling and training on autonomic nervous functions in young Thoroughbreds. Methods: 63 healthy Thoroughbreds. Methods: All horses were trained to be handled and initially ridden in September of the yearling year and then trained until the following April by conventional training regimens. To obtain the heart rate (HR), electrocardiograms were recorded in the stable before initial handling and training and following 7 months of training; variations in HR were then evaluated from the power spectrum in terms of the low frequency (LF; 0.01 to 0.07 Hz) power an...
Stabilization of protein by replacement of a fluctuating loop: structural analysis of a chimera of bovine alpha-lactalbumin and equine lysozyme. Equine lysozyme is a calcium-binding lysozyme and an evolutional intermediate between non-calcium binding c-type lysozyme and alpha-lactalbumin. We constructed a chimeric protein by substituting the fluctuating loop of bovine alpha-lactalbumin with the D-helix of equine lysozyme. The substitution affects the protection factors not only in the fluctuating loop but also in the antiparallel beta-sheet, the A- and B-helices, and the loop between the B-helix and the beta-sheet. Amide protons in these regions of the chimera are more protected from exchange than are those of bovine alpha-lactalbumin....
Progesterone induces acrosome reaction in stallion spermatozoa via a protein tyrosine kinase dependent pathway. Progesterone (P(4)) is a physiological inducer of the acrosome reaction (AR) in stallion spermatozoa. However, the capacitation-dependent changes that enable progesterone binding, and the nature of the signaling cascade that is triggered by progesterone and results in induction of the AR, are poorly understood. The aim of the current study was, therefore, to investigate the protein kinase dependent signaling cascades involved in progesterone-mediated induction of the AR in stallion spermatozoa. In addition, we aimed to determine whether bicarbonate, an inducer of sperm capacitation, acted via ...
Effects of weight carrying, exercise and a myo-anabolic supplement on growth and muscle. Weight training is commonly used by human athletes to increase strength and fitness. This study was performed to examine the effect of weight-carrying and nutritional supplementation on muscle development and growth in young horses. This study examined the effect of weight-carrying and nutritional supplementation on muscle development and growth. Seventeen horses were divided into 3 groups: controls exercised in a free-flow exerciser, a weight group that performed the same exercise, carrying progressively increasing weight up to 45 kg, and a weight-supplement group, that also received a myo-an...
Metabolic responses to submaximal field exercise tests and relationships with racing performance in pacing Standardbreds. This study was undertaken to invesigate the application of submaximal field tests in assessment of performance. A submaximal field exercise test consisting of 2 bouts of pacing for 1600 m, with 5 min rest or walking between runs was performed on Standardbred racehorses at 2 training centres (A and B). Performance indices were compiled for each horse: number of race starts, number of race wins, number of race placings (1, 2 or 3), and lifetime earnings. Regression analysis was conducted to describe the relationship between plasma lactate concentrations and speed for tests one, 2 and pooled resu...
Effects of trotting speed on muscle activity and kinematics in saddlehorses. A thorough knowledge of the horse's back and limb movements at different speeds is important in the design of training programmes and the prevention of speed-related injuries. The objective of this study was to investigate changes in muscle activity and kinematics of the trot with increased speed. To evaluate these effects, 4 Saddlehorses were recorded while trotting on a horizontal treadmill at speeds ranging from 3.5-6.0 m/s. The 3-D trajectories of skin markers on the left side of the horse and the dorsal midline of the trunk were established. Electrical activity was obtained simultaneously...
Jumping characteristics of naïve foals: lead changes and description of temporal and linear parameters. The selection of foals as future showjumpers remains a subjective process based on qualitative parameters; and hence, frequently suffers from disparity in the criteria used by experts in the field. A detailed biomechanical description of foals while jumping would be most helpful in providing a better basis for the accurate assessment of their future athletic ability. The Qualisys Pro Reflex system was used to capture 3-dimensional kinematics of 41 Dutch Warmblood foals age 6 months free jumping a vertical fence, preceded by a cross pole fence. The left lead was the most preferred lead for both...
Speed associated with plasma pH, oxygen content, total protein and urea in an 80 km race. To test the hypothesis that endurance performance may be related quantitatively to changes in blood, we measured selected blood variables then determined their reference ranges and associations with speed during an 80 km race. The plan had 46 horses in a 2 x 2 factorial design testing a potassium-free electrolyte mix and a vitamin supplement. Blood samples were collected before the race, at 21, 37, 56 and 80 km, and 20 min after finishing, for assay of haematocrit, plasma pH, pO2, pCO2, [Na+], [K+], [Ca++], [Mg++], [Cl-], lactate, glucose, urea, cortisol, alpha-tocopherol, ascorbate, creatine ...
The cost of transport in an extended trot. We hypothesised that trotters during an extended trot have lower energetic costs of locomotion (CT) than horses not bred for this behaviour. VO2 was measured as a function of speed in 7 Arabian horses (3 trained to extend their trotting speeds) and in 2 horses, of similar mass, bred to trot (Hackney). Both oxygen consumption and CT increased with speed and there was, contrary to our hypothesis, no difference between breeds. In Arabians at 6.5 m/s, CT had increased 25% above the CT at 5.0 m/s (normal transition speed). For Hackneys at 6.8 m/s, the CT was almost 35% higher. Stride frequencies in...
Influence of draw reins on ground reaction forces at the trot. According to riding texts, draw reins are supposed to support increased collection. This has not been measured objectively. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine whether a horse ridden with draw reins would relatively increase weightbearing of the hindquarters while worked with the draw reins compared to a normal rein. Ground reaction forces were measured in 8 horses at the slow trot over a force plate in 3 different experimental set-ups: 1) riding with only a draw rein (DR); 2) riding with the combination of a normal and a draw rein (NR-DR) and 3) riding with a normal rein (...
Plasma lactate and uric acid responses to racing in pacing Standardbreds and relationships with performance. Relationships between racing performance and plasma lactate and uric acid concentrations after racing were investigated in pacing Standardbred racehorses. The study was undertaken in order to better understand factors that limit racing performance. Twenty horses were tested after races of 1760 m and 28 horses after races over 2160 m. Blood samples were taken 30-60 min before and 8 and 30 min after a race. There were no significant differences between the race distances for prerace and 8 min postrace plasma lactates. Significant low correlations were obtained for plasma lactate concentration 8 ...
Effect of trotting speed, load and incline on hindlimb stance-phase kinematics. The objective was to understand how the stance-phase kinematics of the hindlimb of trotting horses change with speed under 3 conditions (level, loaded and incline), to compare our results with the predictions of the spring-mass model and to help focus our future studies of muscle function. Video recordings were made of 5 Arabian horses trotting on a treadmill. Five consecutive strides were digitised and averaged for each trial. The angle-time diagrams were qualitatively similar to those reported previously. As speed increases, the range of motion of the hindlimb increases, as predicted by the ...
Hindlimb net joint energies during swing phase as a function of trotting velocity. Net joint powers and energies have been described in walking horses during the swing phase of the stride in the fore- and hindlimb (Clayton et al. 2001). During trotting, swing phase net joint powers have been described in the forelimb but not in the hindlimb. The effects of velocity on power profiles and energy patterns are important in relation to locomotor energetics. The objective of this study was to evaluate velocity-dependent changes in hindlimb net energy profiles of the swing phase during trotting. Inverse dynamic analysis was used to calculate net joint energies at the hindlimb joint...
A lactate-guided conditioning programme to improve endurance performance. Blood lactate measurements are used widely in horses to assess athletic performance, but there are few published data on using lactate as a guide for endurance improvement. The velocity at which blood lactate concentration ([LA]) of 4 mmol/l is reached (v4) is widely used to determine fitness. In an earlier study of v4, exercise at low intensities for longer duration was more effective at improving endurance than shorter, higher intensities. However, the prescription was unchanged during the study (6 weeks). We hypothesised that, to produce greater improvement in v4 in the same time frame, it ...
Modelling the oxygen cost of transport in competitions over ground of variable slope. This study provides an objective method for estimating the oxygen consumption of horses while running on variable slopes so that realistic comparisons may be made of the locomotory transport cost involved in 3-day events, particularly the Speed and Endurance Test, at sites of differing terrain. A knowledge of the work profile over a particular course would enable competitors to plan speed and interval times appropriately along its length. We have developed a semi-empirical, but mechanistically based, model to calculate the oxygen cost of transport [COTpath in ml O2/kg/m path] for running on th...
Induction of heat shock protein 72 mRNA in skeletal muscle by exercise and training. In response to stress, cells synthesise heat shock proteins (HSP) to maintain protein homeostasis. To study whether exercise and training induce expression of HSP72 in the middle gluteal muscle, 10 Finnhorses performed a submaximal 60 min exercise test on a treadmill. Test A was performed after 3 months of training, and the other two tests 2 (B) and 5 (C) weeks later. Blood samples were taken during and after the tests, and biopsy samples before, immediately after and 23 h after each test. HSP72 mRNA was analysed using a digoxigenin-labelled probe. Blood lactate concentration in the 3 tests va...
