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Animals : an open access journal from MDPI2024; 14(19); 2765; doi: 10.3390/ani14192765

A Meta-Analysis on Quantitative Calcium, Phosphorus and Magnesium Metabolism in Horses and Ponies.

Abstract: The aims of the present meta-analysis were (i) to re-evaluate the factorially calculated Ca, P and Mg requirements to replace endogenous faecal losses, taking new data into account, (ii) to identify potential differences between horses and ponies regarding requirements, apparent digestibility, serum levels and renal excretion of Ca, P and Mg and (iii) to investigate the influence of mineral sources, i.e., "inorganic" sources from added mineral salts and "organic" sources from feed plants. For P, the water solubility of "inorganic" sources was taken into consideration. Data on the aforementioned parameters from 42 studies were plotted against intake, similar to the Lucas test for true digestibility and faecal endogenous losses. Within specific intake ranges, data were compared using -tests and an ANOVA, followed by Holm-Sidak post hoc tests. Ponies had lower endogenous faecal Mg losses than horses. Consequently, apparent Mg digestibility was higher in ponies. Factorial calculations of Mg requirements to replace faecal losses showed that ponies needed approximately half of the current recommended amount, while horses required 1.9 times the amount currently recommended by Kienzle and Burger. The overall mean matched previous recommendations. For Ca, there was no discernible difference between ponies and horses. True Ca digestibility calculated by the Lucas test was higher and endogenous losses were lower when "organic" Ca was fed as opposed to when "inorganic" sources were used. The resulting factorial calculations of the requirements to replace faecal losses were close to current recommendations for "organic" Ca. For "inorganic" sources, however, the new calculations were below the recommended level. For P, there were no discernible differences between horses and ponies. There were also no clear effects of "inorganic" or "organic" P sources. The water solubility of "inorganic" sources was the key factor determining P metabolism. Water-soluble P sources exhibited higher true and apparent digestibility. The intake of these P sources led to hyperphosphatemia and hyperphosphaturia, even at low intakes. In other species, this has been shown to pose a health risk. Therefore, it is recommended to avoid the use of highly water-soluble "inorganic" P sources in horses and ponies. Given the lower digestibility of insoluble P sources, the factorially calculated P requirements for such sources are higher than the current recommendations.
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Publication Date: 2024-09-25 PubMed ID: 39409714PubMed Central: PMC11475699DOI: 10.3390/ani14192765Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research article is an extensive evaluation of the calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), and magnesium (Mg) requirements of horses and ponies, utilizing information from 42 previous studies and exploring the role of different mineral sources and their solubility.

Research Goals and Methodology

  • The primary objective of this research was to re-evaluate the calculated nutritional requirements of Ca, P, and Mg in horses and ponies that are needed to replace endogenous faecal losses.
  • It also aimed to discern potential differences between horses and ponies in terms of their requirements, apparent digestibility, serum levels, and renal excretion of the aforementioned minerals.
  • A further aim was to investigate the impact of mineral sources, i.e., inorganic mineral salts and organic sources from feed plants, especially considering the water solubility for phosphorus.
  • Data were gathered from 42 different studies and plotted against intake, for evaluation. Within specific intake ranges, the data were then compared using t-tests and an ANOVA, followed by Holm-Sidak post hoc tests.

Main Findings

  • Mg requirements were found to be different for horses and ponies. Ponies had lower endogenous faecal Mg losses than horses, leading to higher apparent Mg digestibility. Therefore, ponies required considerably less Mg than is presently recommended, whereas horses needed almost twice the currently recommended amount.
  • For Ca, there were no observed differences between horses and ponies. However, the study did find that organic calcium had higher true digestibility and lower endogenous losses when compared to inorganic sources.
  • The study did not find substantial differences between horses and ponies for P requirements. The water solubility of inorganic sources was a key determinant of P metabolism and highly water-soluble inorganic P led to hyperphosphatemia and hyperphosphaturia, posing a potential health risk. The researchers suggested avoiding the use of highly water-soluble inorganic P sources in horses and ponies.

Conclusions and Recommendations

  • The study reaffirms the importance of utilizing accurate, species-specific nutritional recommendations for horses and ponies, underscoring the need for continuing evaluation of current guidelines as more data becomes available.
  • The research showed that the nature and source of minerals can significantly affect their metabolism in horses and ponies.
  • The study recommended resorting to organic calcium sources and avoiding water-soluble phosphorus, due to associated health risks.

Cite This Article

APA
Maier I, Kienzle E. (2024). A Meta-Analysis on Quantitative Calcium, Phosphorus and Magnesium Metabolism in Horses and Ponies. Animals (Basel), 14(19), 2765. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14192765

Publication

Animals : an open access journal from MDPI
ISSN: 2076-2615
NlmUniqueID: 101635614
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 14
Issue: 19
PII: 2765

Researcher Affiliations

Maier, Isabelle
  • Department of Veterinary Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Schoenleutnerstr. 8, D-85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany.
Kienzle, Ellen
  • Department of Veterinary Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Schoenleutnerstr. 8, D-85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany.

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

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