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PeerJ2016; 4; e2164; doi: 10.7717/peerj.2164

A preliminary case study of the effect of shoe-wearing on the biomechanics of a horse’s foot.

Abstract: Horse racing is a multi-billion-dollar industry that has raised welfare concerns due to injured and euthanized animals. Whilst the cause of musculoskeletal injuries that lead to horse morbidity and mortality is multifactorial, pre-existing pathologies, increased speeds and substrate of the racecourse are likely contributors to foot disease. Horse hooves have the ability to naturally deform during locomotion and dissipate locomotor stresses, yet farriery approaches are utilised to increase performance and protect hooves from wear. Previous studies have assessed the effect of different shoe designs on locomotor performance; however, no biomechanical study has hitherto measured the effect of horseshoes on the stresses of the foot skeleton in vivo. This preliminary study introduces a novel methodology combining three-dimensional data from biplanar radiography with inverse dynamics methods and finite element analysis (FEA) to evaluate the effect of a stainless steel shoe on the function of a Thoroughbred horse's forefoot during walking. Our preliminary results suggest that the stainless steel shoe shifts craniocaudal, mediolateral and vertical GRFs at mid-stance. We document a similar pattern of flexion-extension in the PIP (pastern) and DIP (coffin) joints between the unshod and shod conditions, with slight variation in rotation angles throughout the stance phase. For both conditions, the PIP and DIP joints begin in a flexed posture and extend over the entire stance phase. At mid-stance, small differences in joint angle are observed in the PIP joint, with the shod condition being more extended than the unshod horse, whereas the DIP joint is extended more in the unshod than the shod condition. We also document that the DIP joint extends more than the PIP after mid-stance and until the end of the stance in both conditions. Our FEA analysis, conducted solely on the bones, shows increased von Mises and Maximum principal stresses on the forefoot phalanges in the shod condition at mid-stance, consistent with the tentative conclusion that a steel shoe might increase mechanical loading. However, because of our limited sample size none of these apparent differences have been tested for statistical significance. Our preliminary study illustrates how the shoe may influence the dynamics and mechanics of a Thoroughbred horse's forefoot during slow walking, but more research is needed to quantify the effect of the shoe on the equine forefoot during the whole stance phase, at faster speeds/gaits and with more individuals as well as with a similar focus on the hind feet. We anticipate that our preliminary analysis using advanced methodological approaches will pave the way for new directions in research on the form/function relationship of the equine foot, with the ultimate goal to minimise foot injuries and improve animal health and welfare.
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Publication Date: 2016-07-14 PubMed ID: 27478694PubMed Central: PMC4950542DOI: 10.7717/peerj.2164Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This study presents a new method that combines three-dimensional data from biplanar radiography with inverse dynamics methods and finite element analysis to assess the effects of a stainless steel horse shoe on the biomechanics of a Thoroughbred horse’s foot. Although preliminary, the results suggest that shoeing may cause shifts in the horse’s foot and increase mechanical loading, potentially affecting long-term health and welfare of the horse.

Introduction and Background

  • The research addresses the welfare concerns in the horse racing industry where many horses suffer from musculoskeletal injuries leading to morbidity and mortality.
  • While various factors contribute to these injuries, this study explores whether the use of horseshoes exacerbates these problems or not.
  • Unlike past studies that chiefly dealt with the shoes’ impact on performance, this work extends to biomechanical effects on the foot skeleton using a novel methodology.

Methodology

  • The study introduces a novel method which combines three-dimensional data from biplanar radiography with inverse dynamics methods and finite element analysis (FEA).
  • This methodology allows for an in-depth understanding of the impact of a stainless steel shoe on a Thoroughbred horse’s forefoot during locomotion.
  • The biomechanics analyses focus on the changes in stance and joint angles in both shod and unshod conditions.

Preliminary Results

  • The findings suggest that the stainless steel shoe alters craniocaudal, mediolateral and vertical ground reaction forces (GRFs) during mid-stance.
  • A similar pattern of flexion-extension with minor variation in the PIP (pastern) and DIP (coffin) joints is observed across the two conditions.
  • Small differences in joint angles were noted under the two conditions. With shoes, the PIP joint was more extended than it was for the unshod horse and consequently DIP joint extended more in unshod condition.
  • A shift in the DIP joint towards a greater extension in both conditions is recorded after the mid-stance phase.

Finite Element Analysis (FEA)

  • The FEA, conducted solely on the bones, shows an increase in the von Mises and Maximum principal stresses on the forefoot phalanges when the horse was wearing the shoe, implying increased mechanical loading on the foot.
  • The researchers clarify that due to the limited sample size, the differences observed haven’t been tested for statistical significance – an aspect to address in future research.

Conclusions and Future Research

  • This study highlights how the horse shoe may influence the dynamics and mechanics of a Thoroughbred horse’s foot, even during slow locomotion.
  • Future research needs to consider a larger sample, higher speeds/gaits, and a more comprehensive analysis spanning the whole stance phase. This will help in quantifying the effects of the shoe on the horse’s health and welfare.
  • The ultimate goal of such research is to minimize injuries and improve animal health and welfare in the horse racing industry.

Cite This Article

APA
Panagiotopoulou O, Rankin JW, Gatesy SM, Hutchinson JR. (2016). A preliminary case study of the effect of shoe-wearing on the biomechanics of a horse’s foot. PeerJ, 4, e2164. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2164

Publication

PeerJ
ISSN: 2167-8359
NlmUniqueID: 101603425
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 4
Pages: e2164

Researcher Affiliations

Panagiotopoulou, Olga
  • Structure & Motion Laboratory, Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom; Moving Morphology & Functional Mechanics Laboratory, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
Rankin, Jeffery W
  • Structure & Motion Laboratory, Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College , Hatfield , Hertfordshire , United Kingdom.
Gatesy, Stephen M
  • Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University , Providence , RI , USA.
Hutchinson, John R
  • Structure & Motion Laboratory, Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom; Moving Morphology & Functional Mechanics Laboratory, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.

Grant Funding

  • BB/H002782/1 / Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council

Conflict of Interest Statement

John R. Hutchinson is an Academic Editor for PeerJ.

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