Abstract: Antimicrobial resistance has become an important concern in veterinary medicine. The aim of this study was to describe the rate of antimicrobial resistance in common equine pathogens and to determine the occurrence of multidrug-resistant isolates. A retrospective analysis of all susceptibility testing results from bacterial pathogens cultured from horses at the University of Zurich Equine Hospital (2012-2015) was performed. Strains exhibiting resistance to 3 or more antimicrobial categories were defined as multidrug-resistant. Susceptibility results from 303 bacterial pathogens were analyzed, most commonly Escherichia coli (60/303, 20%) and Staphylococcus aureus (40/303, 13%). High rates of acquired resistance against commonly used antimicrobials were found in most of the frequently isolated equine pathogens. The highest rate of multidrug resistance was found in isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii (23/24, 96%), followed by Enterobacter cloacae complex (24/28, 86%) and Escherichia coli (48/60, 80%). Overall, 60% of Escherichia coli isolates were phenotypically ESBL-producing and 68% of Staphylococcus spp. were phenotypically methicillin-resistant. High rates of acquired antimicrobial resistance towards commonly used antibiotics are concerning and underline the importance of individual bacteriological and antimicrobial susceptibility testing to guide antimicrobial therapy. Minimizing and optimizing antimicrobial therapy in horses is needed. Antibiotikaresistenzen gehören zu den grössten Herausforderungen in der Tiermedizin unserer Zeit. Das Ziel dieser Studie war es, die Resistenzsituation der häufigsten bakteriellen Pathogene und das Vorkommen von multiresistenten Keimen zu untersuchen. Es wurde eine retrospektive Analyse aller Empfindlichkeitsprüfungen von bakteriellen Pathogenen von Pferden am Tierspital Zürich (2012–2015) durchgeführt. Isolate welche Resistenzen gegen 3 oder mehr Antibiotikaklassen zeigten, wurden als multiresistent definiert. Insgesamt wurden die Resultate von 303 Resistenzprüfungen ausgewertet, wobei am häufigsten Ergebnisse für Escherichia coli (60/303, 20%) und Staphylococcus aureus (40/303, 13%) vorlagen. Die grosse Mehrzahl der von Pferden isolierten Infektionserreger zeigten hohe Resistenzraten gegenüber gebräuchlichen Antibiotika, wobei Acinetobacter baumannii (23/24, 96%), gefolgt von Enterobacter cloacae complex Isolaten (24/28, 86%) und Escherichia coli (48/60, 80%) die höchsten Raten an Multiresistenz aufwiesen. Zusätzlich waren 60% der Escherichia coli Isolate phänotypisch ESBL-produzierend und 68% der Staphylokokken phänotypisch methicillin-resistent. Die hohen Resistenzraten gegenüber gebräuchlichen Antibiotika sind beunruhigend und unterstreichen die Wichtigkeit einer Kultur mit Empfindlichkeitsprüfung des Infektionserregers, um eine gezielte Therapie einleiten zu können. Minimierung und Optimierung des Antibiotikaeinsatzes beim Pferd sind von grösster Wichtigkeit. Une connaissance des bactéries pathogènes présentes localement est importante pour pouvoir mettre en œuvre dès le début un traitement antibiotique ciblé. Le but de cette étude était de décrire les agents infectieux les plus fréquents et leur évolution dans le temps chez les chevaux hospitalisés à l’hôpital vétérinaire de Zürich entre 1988 et 2014. Tous les résultats positifs de cultures ont été analysés rétrospectivement. Les isolats ont été classés sur la base de leur localisation, du diagnostic et de l’année de leur isolation. Diverses périodes ont été comparées au moyen d’un test de chi carré. Escherichia coli (299/1’723, 17%), Streptococcus equi ssp. zooepidemicus (295/1’723, 17%) et les staphylocoques coagulase positive (196/1’723, 11%) ont été dans l’ensemble les bactéries mises en évidence le plus souvent. Des bactéries anaérobes strictes ont été trouvées principalement dans les infections dentaires (18/66, 27%), les péritonites (6/43, 14%) et les infections des tissus mous (28/208, 13%). Des cultures mixtes étaient particulièrement fréquentes dans les infections cutanées et dentaires (24/55, 44% et 17/43, 40%). Les principaux germes isolés dans la plupart des systèmes d’organes étaient aussi bien Gram positifs que Gram négatifs. Pour cette raison, il conviendrait, jusqu’à ce que les résultats des cultures et des antibiogrammes soient connus, de choisir un médicament à large spectre d’action. Le conoscenze sui batteri patogeni locali sono importanti alfine di avviare una terapia antibiotica mirata. Lo scopo dello studio era di descrivere gli agenti infettivi più comuni e le loro variazioni nel tempo nei cavalli presso il Tierspital Zürich (Ospedale Veterinario di Zurigo) tra il 1988 e il 2014. Tutti i risultati delle colture positivi sono stati analizzati retrospettivamente. Gli isolati sono stati classificati per la loro localizzazione, la diagnosi e l’anno di isolamento. Diversi periodi di tempo sono stati confrontati utilizzando il test chi quadrato. Escherichia coli (299/1’723, 17%), Streptococcus equi ssp. zooepidemicus (295/1’723, 17%) e stafilococchi coagulasi-positivi (196/1’723, 11%) sono stati i batteri più frequentemente rilevati globalmente. Batteri anaerobi obbligati sono stati isolati principalmente nelle infezioni ai denti (18/66, 27%), nella peritonite (6/43, 14%) e nelle infezioni dei tessuti molli (28/208, 13%). Colture miste erano particolarmente comuni nelle infezioni della pelle e dei denti (24/55, 44% e 17/43, 40%). In molti sistemi di organi, i batteri patogeni isolati più di frequente erano i gram-positivi e i gram-negativi. Pertanto, la scelta dell’antibiotico dovrebbe portare su un farmaco ad ampio spettro in attesa dei risultati delle colture e degli antibiogrammi.
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.
This study investigates the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in common bacterial pathogens found in horses, and the occurrence of multiresistant bacterial strains, by retrospectively analysing susceptibility testing results from a horse hospital over a four-year period.
Objectives of the Research
The study was designed to understand the rate of antimicrobial resistance in typical pathogens affecting horses.
The researchers also aimed to identify the frequency of multidrug-resistant isolates i.e., bacterial strains resistant to three or more categories of antimicrobials.
The testing results were sourced from bacterial pathogens cultured from horses at the University of Zurich Equine Hospital between 2012-2015.
Findings of the Study
Of the 303 bacterial pathogens analyzed, the most prevalent were Escherichia coli (20%) and Staphylococcus aureus (13%).
Most common equine pathogens showed high rates of acquired resistance against commonly-used antimicrobials.
High rates of antimicrobial resistance were alarming, especially in strains of Acinetobacter baumannii (96% multi-drug resistance), Enterobacter cloacae complex (86%), and Escherichia coli (80%).
Additionally, 60% of Escherichia coli isolates were phenotypically Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamases (ESBL)-producing, i.e., they were resistant to antibiotics that contain a beta-lactam ring in their molecular structure. 68% of Staphylococcus spp. isolates were phenotypically methicillin-resistant, which suggests they are resistant to many types of antibiotics.
Implications of the Research
The research underlines the importance of carrying out individual bacteriological and antimicrobial susceptibility testing to guide the effective use of antimicrobial therapy in treating bacterial infections in horses.
Given the high rates of antimicrobial resistance discovered, the study highlights the need to minimize and optimize the use of antimicrobials in treating horses.
These conclusions suggest a push towards more responsible and targeted use of antibiotics, to help guard against the rise of multi-drug resistant bacterial strains.
Cite This Article
APA
van Spijk JN, Schmitt S, Fürst AE, Schoster A.
(2016).
A retrospective analysis of antimicrobial resistance in bacterial pathogens in an equine hospital (2012-2015).
Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd, 158(6), 433-442.
https://doi.org/10.17236/sat00068
Jacobmeyer L, Semmler T, Stamm I, Ewers C. Genomic Analysis of Acinetobacter baumannii Isolates Carrying OXA-23 and OXA-58 Genes from Animals Reveals ST1 and ST25 as Major Clonal Lineages. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022 Aug 3;11(8).
Uchida-Fujii E, Niwa H, Kinoshita Y, Katayama Y, Nukada T. Molecular phylogenetic and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry identification of isolates from horses identified as Enterobacter cloacae by biochemical identification. J Equine Sci 2020 Oct;31(3):49-55.