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Equine veterinary journal2022; 55(2); 282-294; doi: 10.1111/evj.13579

A risk assessment of equine piroplasmosis entry, exposure and consequences in the UK.

Abstract: Equine piroplasmosis (EP) is currently not endemic in the UK, despite a lack of formal surveillance and the presence of carrier horses in the equine population. Pathogen establishment would have significant welfare and economic impacts on the national equine industry, but the disease is often overlooked by UK practitioners. Objective: To assess the risk of disease entry, exposure and consequences to the UK equine population. Methods: Qualitative risk assessment. Methods: A qualitative risk assessment was constructed utilising the current World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) published framework for importation risk assessment, assessing the key areas of disease entry, exposure and consequences to the UK equine population. Results: The overall risk of EP entry to the UK via importation of infected equidae with acute disease is very low but considered medium with subclinical carrier animals. Entry via importation of ticks or the importation of blood is considered very low. The risk of EP exposure to susceptible equidae in the UK is considered low by the infection routes of tick-bites, contaminated needles and contaminated blood, but very high via transplacental transfer. However, the consequences of EP endemic establishment are considered of high significance to the UK equine industry. Conclusions: A lack of available numerical data for events and variables in disease import risk meant a qualitative assessment was the most practical method for this scenario. Conclusions: This risk assessment highlights that EP positive animals are able to enter and are currently present in the UK, and that conditions do exist that could allow forward transmission of the disease. It has highlighted a gap in existing policy where the UK falls behind OIE guidelines and has suggested steps to correct this discrepancy and improve national biosecurity.
© 2022 The Authors. Equine Veterinary Journal published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of EVJ Ltd.
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Publication Date: 2022-05-22 PubMed ID: 35478189PubMed Central: PMC10083907DOI: 10.1111/evj.13579Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This study examines the risk of equine piroplasmosis, a disease not currently found in the UK, entering the country, exposing and affecting the equine population there. Using the World Organisation for Animal Health’s framework for assessing importation risks, the researchers found that while the likelihood of the disease entering the country through horses with acute disease is very low, there is a medium risk from carrier animals. The consequences of the disease, should it become established, could be highly detrimental.

Research Methodology

  • The study utilized a qualitative risk assessment structured around the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) framework for importation risk assessment.
  • The assessment focused on the areas of disease entry, exposure, and consequences to the UK equine population.

Research Findings

  • Findings show that the risk of equine piroplasmosis (EP) entering the UK via the importation of infected horses with acute disease is very low. However, there is a medium risk associated with the importation of subclinical carrier animals.
  • The importation of ticks or blood carries a very low risk for the entry of EP in the UK.
  • The risk of exposure to susceptible horses in the UK is deemed low via methods such as tick-bites, contaminated needles, and contaminated blood.
  • Remarkably, the method considered to pose a very high risk of EP exposure is transplacental (mother to offspring) transfer.
  • The consequences of EP becoming endemic in the UK are assessed as being highly significant to the equine industry.

Conclusion and Recommendations

  • Due to the lack of numerical data for events and variables in disease import risk, a qualitative assessment was determined as the most practical approach for this scenario.
  • The assessment identified that EP-positive animals are capable of entering and are currently present in the UK. It also recognized conditions that could allow forward transmission of the disease.
  • The study highlighted a gap in existing policy where the UK lags behind OIE guidelines. Recommendations to address this discrepancy and strengthen national biosecurity were suggested. This may help prevent the disease from becoming established in the UK and thus protect the country’s equine industry.

Cite This Article

APA
Coultous RM, Sutton DGM, Boden LA. (2022). A risk assessment of equine piroplasmosis entry, exposure and consequences in the UK. Equine Vet J, 55(2), 282-294. https://doi.org/10.1111/evj.13579

Publication

Equine veterinary journal
ISSN: 2042-3306
NlmUniqueID: 0173320
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 55
Issue: 2
Pages: 282-294

Researcher Affiliations

Coultous, Robert M
  • Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
Sutton, David G M
  • School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
Boden, Lisa A
  • Global Academy of Agriculture and Food Security, The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, Midlothian, UK.

MeSH Terms

  • Horses
  • Animals
  • Cattle
  • Babesiosis / epidemiology
  • Babesia
  • Theileriasis / epidemiology
  • Theileria
  • Horse Diseases / epidemiology
  • Equidae
  • Risk Assessment
  • United Kingdom / epidemiology
  • Cattle Diseases

Grant Funding

  • VET/EPDF/2019-1 / Horserace Betting Levy Board
  • VET/RS/254 / Horserace Betting Levy Board

Conflict of Interest Statement

No competing interests have been declared.

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Citations

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