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Home / Equine Research Bank / PeerJ / A universal approach to determine footfall timings from kine...
PeerJ2015; 3; e783; doi: 10.7717/peerj.783

A universal approach to determine footfall timings from kinematics of a single foot marker in hoofed animals.

Abstract: The study of animal movement commonly requires the segmentation of continuous data streams into individual strides. The use of forceplates and foot-mounted accelerometers readily allows the detection of the foot-on and foot-off events that define a stride. However, when relying on optical methods such as motion capture, there is lack of validated robust, universally applicable stride event detection methods. To date, no method has been validated for movement on a circle, while algorithms are commonly specific to front/hind limbs or gait. In this study, we aimed to develop and validate kinematic stride segmentation methods applicable to movement on straight line and circle at walk and trot, which exclusively rely on a single, dorsal hoof marker. The advantage of such marker placement is the robustness to marker loss and occlusion. Eight horses walked and trotted on a straight line and in a circle over an array of multiple forceplates. Kinetic events were detected based on the vertical force profile and used as the reference values. Kinematic events were detected based on displacement, velocity or acceleration signals of the dorsal hoof marker depending on the algorithm using (i) defined thresholds associated with derived movement signals and (ii) specific events in the derived movement signals. Method comparison was performed by calculating limits of agreement, accuracy, between-horse precision and within-horse precision based on differences between kinetic and kinematic event. In addition, we examined the effect of force thresholds ranging from 50 to 150 N on the timings of kinetic events. The two approaches resulted in very good and comparable performance: of the 3,074 processed footfall events, 95% of individual foot on and foot off events differed by no more than 26 ms from the kinetic event, with average accuracy between -11 and 10 ms and average within- and between horse precision ≤8 ms. While the event-based method may be less likely to suffer from scaling effects, on soft ground the threshold-based method may prove more valuable. While we found that use of velocity thresholds for foot on detection results in biased event estimates for the foot on the inside of the circle at trot, adjusting thresholds for this condition negated the effect. For the final four algorithms, we found no noteworthy bias between conditions or between front- and hind-foot timings. Different force thresholds in the range of 50 to 150 N had the greatest systematic effect on foot-off estimates in the hind limbs (up to on average 16 ms per condition), being greater than the effect on foot-on estimates or foot-off estimates in the forelimbs (up to on average ±7 ms per condition).
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Publication Date: 2015-03-26 PubMed ID: 26157641PubMed Central: PMC4493675DOI: 10.7717/peerj.783Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research explores a universal method to determine stride segmentation in hoofed animals such as horses, using a single marker placed on the dorsal side of the hoof. This method is tested for reliability in different conditions such as moving on a straight line, moving in a circle, or at different gaits such as walk and trot.

Objective and Methodology

  • The primary objective of the article is to identify a robust and universally applicable method for stride event detection in hoofed animals. This is achieved using motion capture and a single marker placed on the hoof of the animal.
  • Eight horses were made to walk and trot over multiple forceplates in a straight line, and on a circle. The vertical force profile was used to detect kinetic events, which served as reference values.
  • Stride segmentation methods were developed and validated for use in different scenarios like movement in straight lines and circular paths, at walk and trot speeds.
  • Kinematic events were detected based on displacement, velocity or acceleration signals of the dorsal hoof marker, by using thresholds linked with derived movement signals and specific events.
  • The performance of the developed methods was tested by comparing the detection of foot-on and foot-off events based on the kinematic and kinetic event, calculating accuracy, limits of agreement, and precision.

Findings

  • The study found that the developed methods had a high degree of accuracy, with 95% of individual foot on and foot off events differing by no more than 26ms from the kinetic event.
  • In terms of precision, both within and between horse variations were found to be less than or equal to 8ms.
  • The use velocity thresholds for foot-on detection could result in biased estimates for the foot on the inside of the circle at a trot, but this was negated by adjusting thresholds.
  • No significant differences were identified between front and hind-foot timings, or different conditions, for the final four algorithms.
  • Different force thresholds between 50 and 150N significantly affected foot-off estimates in hind limbs, more than the effect on foot-on estimates or foot-off estimates for the forelimbs.

Insights and Conclusion

  • The research indicates that the proposed method for stride segmentation using a single dorsal hoof marker has robust measurement capabilities in different movement scenarios.
  • These methods can be applied in the study of animal movement, particularly in hoofed animals such as horses.
  • The research also provides insights on the effects of different velocity and force thresholds on the accuracy and precision of footfall detection.

Cite This Article

APA
Starke SD, Clayton HM. (2015). A universal approach to determine footfall timings from kinematics of a single foot marker in hoofed animals. PeerJ, 3, e783. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.783

Publication

PeerJ
ISSN: 2167-8359
NlmUniqueID: 101603425
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 3
Pages: e783

Researcher Affiliations

Starke, Sandra D
  • School of Electronic, Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Birmingham , Edgbaston, Birmingham, West Midlands , UK.
Clayton, Hilary M
  • Sport Horse Science, LC , Mason, MI , USA.

Conflict of Interest Statement

Hilary M. Clayton is an employee of Sport Horse Science.

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Citations

This article has been cited 9 times.
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