FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 10000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
PeerJ2015; 3; e783; doi: 10.7717/peerj.783

A universal approach to determine footfall timings from kinematics of a single foot marker in hoofed animals.

Abstract: The study of animal movement commonly requires the segmentation of continuous data streams into individual strides. The use of forceplates and foot-mounted accelerometers readily allows the detection of the foot-on and foot-off events that define a stride. However, when relying on optical methods such as motion capture, there is lack of validated robust, universally applicable stride event detection methods. To date, no method has been validated for movement on a circle, while algorithms are commonly specific to front/hind limbs or gait. In this study, we aimed to develop and validate kinematic stride segmentation methods applicable to movement on straight line and circle at walk and trot, which exclusively rely on a single, dorsal hoof marker. The advantage of such marker placement is the robustness to marker loss and occlusion. Eight horses walked and trotted on a straight line and in a circle over an array of multiple forceplates. Kinetic events were detected based on the vertical force profile and used as the reference values. Kinematic events were detected based on displacement, velocity or acceleration signals of the dorsal hoof marker depending on the algorithm using (i) defined thresholds associated with derived movement signals and (ii) specific events in the derived movement signals. Method comparison was performed by calculating limits of agreement, accuracy, between-horse precision and within-horse precision based on differences between kinetic and kinematic event. In addition, we examined the effect of force thresholds ranging from 50 to 150 N on the timings of kinetic events. The two approaches resulted in very good and comparable performance: of the 3,074 processed footfall events, 95% of individual foot on and foot off events differed by no more than 26 ms from the kinetic event, with average accuracy between -11 and 10 ms and average within- and between horse precision ≤8 ms. While the event-based method may be less likely to suffer from scaling effects, on soft ground the threshold-based method may prove more valuable. While we found that use of velocity thresholds for foot on detection results in biased event estimates for the foot on the inside of the circle at trot, adjusting thresholds for this condition negated the effect. For the final four algorithms, we found no noteworthy bias between conditions or between front- and hind-foot timings. Different force thresholds in the range of 50 to 150 N had the greatest systematic effect on foot-off estimates in the hind limbs (up to on average 16 ms per condition), being greater than the effect on foot-on estimates or foot-off estimates in the forelimbs (up to on average ±7 ms per condition).
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2015-03-26 PubMed ID: 26157641PubMed Central: PMC4493675DOI: 10.7717/peerj.783Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research explores a universal method to determine stride segmentation in hoofed animals such as horses, using a single marker placed on the dorsal side of the hoof. This method is tested for reliability in different conditions such as moving on a straight line, moving in a circle, or at different gaits such as walk and trot.

Objective and Methodology

  • The primary objective of the article is to identify a robust and universally applicable method for stride event detection in hoofed animals. This is achieved using motion capture and a single marker placed on the hoof of the animal.
  • Eight horses were made to walk and trot over multiple forceplates in a straight line, and on a circle. The vertical force profile was used to detect kinetic events, which served as reference values.
  • Stride segmentation methods were developed and validated for use in different scenarios like movement in straight lines and circular paths, at walk and trot speeds.
  • Kinematic events were detected based on displacement, velocity or acceleration signals of the dorsal hoof marker, by using thresholds linked with derived movement signals and specific events.
  • The performance of the developed methods was tested by comparing the detection of foot-on and foot-off events based on the kinematic and kinetic event, calculating accuracy, limits of agreement, and precision.

Findings

  • The study found that the developed methods had a high degree of accuracy, with 95% of individual foot on and foot off events differing by no more than 26ms from the kinetic event.
  • In terms of precision, both within and between horse variations were found to be less than or equal to 8ms.
  • The use velocity thresholds for foot-on detection could result in biased estimates for the foot on the inside of the circle at a trot, but this was negated by adjusting thresholds.
  • No significant differences were identified between front and hind-foot timings, or different conditions, for the final four algorithms.
  • Different force thresholds between 50 and 150N significantly affected foot-off estimates in hind limbs, more than the effect on foot-on estimates or foot-off estimates for the forelimbs.

Insights and Conclusion

  • The research indicates that the proposed method for stride segmentation using a single dorsal hoof marker has robust measurement capabilities in different movement scenarios.
  • These methods can be applied in the study of animal movement, particularly in hoofed animals such as horses.
  • The research also provides insights on the effects of different velocity and force thresholds on the accuracy and precision of footfall detection.

Cite This Article

APA
Starke SD, Clayton HM. (2015). A universal approach to determine footfall timings from kinematics of a single foot marker in hoofed animals. PeerJ, 3, e783. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.783

Publication

PeerJ
ISSN: 2167-8359
NlmUniqueID: 101603425
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 3
Pages: e783

Researcher Affiliations

Starke, Sandra D
  • School of Electronic, Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Birmingham , Edgbaston, Birmingham, West Midlands , UK.
Clayton, Hilary M
  • Sport Horse Science, LC , Mason, MI , USA.

Conflict of Interest Statement

Hilary M. Clayton is an employee of Sport Horse Science.

References

This article includes 72 references
  1. Alexander RM. Principles of animal locomotion. Woodstock: Princeton University Press; 2003.
  2. Back W, Schamhardt H, Hartman W, Barneveld A. Kinematic differences between the distal portions of the forelimbs and hind limbs of horses at the trot. American Journal of Veterinary Research 1995a;56:1522–1528.
    pubmed: 8585667
  3. Back W, Schamhardt HC, Savelberg HHCM, Van Den Bogert AJ, Bruin G, Hartman W, Barneveld A. How the horse moves: 1. Significance of graphical representations of equine forelimb kinematics. Equine Veterinary Journal 1995b;27:31–38.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1995.tb03029.xpubmed: 7774544google scholar: lookup
  4. Back W, Schamhardt HC, Savelberg HHCM, Van Den Bogert AJ, Bruin G, Hartman W, Barneveld A. How the horse moves: 2. Significance of graphical representations of equine hind limb kinematics. Equine Veterinary Journal 1995c;27:39–45.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1995.tb03030.xpubmed: 7774545google scholar: lookup
  5. Balch OK, Butler D, Collier MA. Balancing the normal foot: hoof preparation, shoe fit and shoe modification in the performance horse. Equine Veterinary Education 1997;9:143–154.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3292.1997.tb01295.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  6. Balch O, White K, Butler D. Factors involved in the balancing of equine hooves. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 1991;198:1980–1989.
    pubmed: 1874681
  7. Barre A, Armand S. Biomechanical ToolKit: open-source framework to visualize and process biomechanical data. Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine 2014;114:80–87.
    doi: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2014.01.012pubmed: 24548899google scholar: lookup
  8. Biewener AA. Allometry of quadrupedal locomotion: the scaling of duty factor, bone curvature and limb orientation to body size. Journal of Experimental Biology 1983;105:147–171.
    pubmed: 6619724
  9. Biewener AA. Animal locomotion. New York: Oxford University Press; 2003.
  10. Bland JM, Altman DG. Statistical methods for assessing agreement between two methods of clinical measurement. The Lancet 1986;1:307–310.
    doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(86)90837-8pubmed: 2868172google scholar: lookup
  11. Bland JM, Altman DG. Agreement between methods of measurement with multiple observations per individual. Journal of Biopharmaceutical Statistics 2007;17:571–582.
    doi: 10.1080/10543400701329422pubmed: 17613642google scholar: lookup
  12. Boye JK, Thomsen MH, Pfau T, Olsen E. Accuracy and precision of gait events derived from motion capture in horses during walk and trot. Journal of Biomechanics 2014;47(5):1220–1224.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2013.12.018pubmed: 24529754google scholar: lookup
  13. Burn JF, Brockington C. Quantification of hoof deformation using optical motion capture. Equine Veterinary Journal 2001;33:50–53.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2001.tb05358.xpubmed: 11721568google scholar: lookup
  14. Burn JF, Usmar SJ. Hoof landing velocity is related to track surface properties in trotting horses. Equine and Comparative Exercise Physiology 2005;2:37–41.
    doi: 10.1079/ECP200542google scholar: lookup
  15. Carstensen B, Simpson J, Gurrin LC. Statistical models for assessing agreement in method comparison studies with replicate measurements. The International Journal of Biostatistics 2008;4:1–26.
    doi: 10.2202/1557-4679.1107pubmed: 22462118google scholar: lookup
  16. Chang Y-H, Kram R. Limitations to maximum running speed on flat curves. Journal of Experimental Biology 2007;210:971–982.
    doi: 10.1242/jeb.02728pubmed: 17337710google scholar: lookup
  17. Chateau H, Camus M, Holden L, Falala S, Ravary B, Vergari C, Denoix JM, Pourcelot P, Crevier-Denoix N. Ground reaction force and moments around the hoof axes during circling on different ground surfaces at the trot. Proceedings of the 7th international conference on canine and equine locomotion (ICEL 7) 2012.
  18. Chateau H, Camus M, Holden-Douilly L, Falala S, Ravary B, Vergari C, Lepley J, Denoix J-M, Pourcelot P, Crevier-Denoix N. Kinetics of the forelimb in horses circling on different ground surfaces at the trot. The Veterinary Journal 2013;198(Supplement 1):e20–e26.
    doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.09.028pubmed: 24511634google scholar: lookup
  19. Chateau H, Degueurce C, Denoix JM. Three-dimensional kinematics of the distal forelimb in horses trotting on a treadmill and effects of elevation of heel and toe. Equine Veterinary Journal 2006;38:164–169.
    doi: 10.2746/042516406776563260pubmed: 16536387google scholar: lookup
  20. Chateau H, Holden L, Robin D, Falala S, Pourcelot P, Estoup P, Denoix JM, Crevier-Denoix N. Biomechanical analysis of hoof landing and stride parameters in harness trotter horses running on different tracks of a sand beach (from wet to dry) and on an asphalt road. Equine Veterinary Journal 2010;42:488–495.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2010.00277.xpubmed: 21059050google scholar: lookup
  21. Clayton HM. Classification of collected trot, passage and piaffe based on temporal variables. Equine Veterinary Journal 1997;29:54–57.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1997.tb05054.xpubmed: 9354290google scholar: lookup
  22. Clayton HM, Colborne GR, Burns TE. Kinematic analysis of successful and unsuccessful attempts to clear a water jump. Equine Veterinary Journal 1995;27:166–169.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1995.tb04912.xpubmed: 0google scholar: lookup
  23. Clayton HM, Sha DH. Head and body centre of mass movement in horses trotting on a circular path. Equine Veterinary Journal 2006;36:462–467.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2006.tb05588.xpubmed: 17402467google scholar: lookup
  24. Clayton HM, Sigafoos R, Curle RD. Effect of three shoe types on the duration of breakover in sound trotting horses. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science 1991;11:129–132.
    doi: 10.1016/S0737-0806(07)80147-Xgoogle scholar: lookup
  25. Clayton HM, Starke SD, Merritt JS. Individual limb contributions to centripetal force generation during circular trot. Equine Veterinary Journal 2014;46:38–38.
    doi: 10.1111/evj.12267_114pubmed: 0google scholar: lookup
  26. Deuel N, Park J. Kinematic analysis of jumping sequences of Olympic show jumping horses. Equine Exercise Physiology 1991;3:158–166.
  27. Dickinson MH, Farley CT, Full RJ, Koehl MAR, Kram R, Lehman S. How animals move: an integrative view. Science 2000;288:100–106.
    doi: 10.1126/science.288.5463.100pubmed: 10753108google scholar: lookup
  28. Douglas JE, Mittal C, Thomason JJ, Jofriet JC. The modulus of elasticity of equine hoof wall: implications for the mechanical function of the hoof. The Journal of Experimental Biology 1996;199:1829–1836.
    pubmed: 8708582
  29. Dyhre-Poulsen P, Smedegaard HH, Roed J, Korsgaard E. Equine hoof function investigated by pressure transducers inside the hoof and accelerometers mounted on the first phalanx. Equine Veterinary Journal 1994;26:362–366.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1994.tb04404.xpubmed: 7988538google scholar: lookup
  30. Galisteo AM, Garrido-Castro JL, Miró F, Plaza C, Medina-Carnicer R. Assessment of a method to determine the stride phases in trotting horses from video sequences under field conditions. Wiener Tierarztliche Monatsschrift 2010;97:65–73.
  31. Ghoussayni S, Stevens C, Durham S, Ewins D. Assessment and validation of a simple automated method for the detection of gait events and intervals. Gait & Posture 2004;20:266–272.
    doi: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2003.10.001pubmed: 15531173google scholar: lookup
  32. Hansen AH, Childress DS, Meier MR. A simple method for determination of gait events. Journal of Biomechanics 2002;35:135–138.
    doi: 10.1016/S0021-9290(01)00174-9pubmed: 11747892google scholar: lookup
  33. Hobbs SJ, Licka T, Polman R. The difference in kinematics of horses walking, trotting and cantering on a flat and banked 10 m circle. Equine Veterinary Journal 2011;43:686–694.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2010.00334.xpubmed: 21496095google scholar: lookup
  34. Hobbs S, Orlande O, Edmundson C, Northrop A, Martin J. Development of a method to identify foot strike on an arena surface: application to jump landing. Comparative Exercise Physiology 2010;7:19–25.
    doi: 10.1017/S1755254010000097google scholar: lookup
  35. Hodson EF, Clayton HM, Lanovaz JL. Temporal analysis of walk movements in the Grand Prix dressage test at the 1996 Olympic Games. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 1999;62:89–97.
    doi: 10.1016/S0168-1591(98)00223-8google scholar: lookup
  36. Hreljac A, Marshall RN. Algorithms to determine event timing during normal walking using kinematic data. Journal of Biomechanics 2000;33:783–786.
    doi: 10.1016/S0021-9290(00)00014-2pubmed: 10808002google scholar: lookup
  37. Hunt ER. Response of twenty-seven horses with lower leg injuries to cold spa bath hydrotherapy. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science 2001;21:188–193.
    doi: 10.1016/S0737-0806(01)70121-9google scholar: lookup
  38. Johnston C, Back W. Hoof ground interaction: when biomechanical stimuli challenge the tissues of the distal limb. Equine Veterinary Journal 2006;38:634–641.
    doi: 10.2746/042516406X158341pubmed: 17228578google scholar: lookup
  39. Keegan KG, Satterley JM, Skubic M, Yonezawa Y, Cooley JM, Wilson DA, Kramer J. Use of gyroscopic sensors for objective evaluation of trimming and shoeing to alter time between heel and toe lift-off at end of the stance phase in horses walking and trotting on a treadmill. American Journal of Veterinary Research 2005;66:2046–2054.
    doi: 10.2460/ajvr.2005.66.2046pubmed: 16379645google scholar: lookup
  40. Kiss RM. Comparison between kinematic and ground reaction force techniques for determining gait events during treadmill walking at different walking speeds. Medical Engineering & Physics 2010;32:662–667.
    doi: 10.1016/j.medengphy.2010.02.012pubmed: 20226713google scholar: lookup
  41. Landeau LJ, Barrett DJ, Batterman SC. Mechanical properties of equine hooves. American Journal of Veterinary Research 1983;44:100–102.
    pubmed: 6824212
  42. Leach DH, Zoerb GC. Mechanical properties of equine hoof wall tissue. American Journal of Veterinary Research 1983;44:2190–2194.
    pubmed: 6650964
  43. Leitch J, Stebbins J, Paolini G, Zavatsky AB. Identifying gait events without a force plate during running: A comparison of methods. Gait & Posture 2011;33:130–132.
    doi: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2010.06.009pubmed: 21084195google scholar: lookup
  44. Mc Clinchey HL, Thomason JJ, Runciman RJ. Grip and slippage of the horse’s hoof on solid substrates measured ex vivo. Biosystems Engineering 2004;89:485–494.
    doi: 10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2004.08.004google scholar: lookup
  45. Merkens HW, Schamhardt HC. Relationships between ground reaction force patterns and kinematics in the walking and trotting horse. Equine Veterinary Journal 1994;17:67–70.
  46. Merritt JS, Starke SD, Clayton HM. The point of application of the ground reaction force moves in circling horses. Equine Veterinary Journal 2014;46:43–43.
    doi: 10.1111/evj.12267_132google scholar: lookup
  47. Mickelborough J, Van Der Linden ML, Richards J, Ennos AR. Validity and reliability of a kinematic protocol for determining foot contact events. Gait & Posture 2000;11:32–37.
    doi: 10.1016/S0966-6362(99)00050-8pubmed: 10664483google scholar: lookup
  48. Miller A. Gait event detection using a multilayer neural network. Gait & Posture 2009;29:542–545.
    doi: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2008.12.003pubmed: 19135372google scholar: lookup
  49. Mooij MJW, Jans W, Den Heijer GJL, De Pater M, Back W. Biomechanical responses of the back of riding horses to water treadmill exercise. The Veterinary Journal 2013;198(Supplement 1):e120–e123.
    doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.09.045pubmed: 24360735google scholar: lookup
  50. Muybridge E. Animals in motion. New York: Dover Publications; 2000.
  51. O’Connor CM, Thorpe SK, O’Malley MJ, Vaughan CL. Automatic detection of gait events using kinematic data. Gait & Posture 2007;25:469–474.
    doi: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2006.05.016pubmed: 16876414google scholar: lookup
  52. Olsen E, Haubro Andersen P, Pfau T. Accuracy and precision of equine gait event detection during walking with limb and trunk mounted inertial sensors. Sensors 2012;12:8145–8156.
    doi: 10.3390/s120608145pmc: PMC3436021pubmed: 22969392google scholar: lookup
  53. Pantall A, Gregor RJ, Prilutsky BI. Stance and swing phase detection during level and slope walking in the cat: effects of slope, injury, subject and kinematic detection method. Journal of Biomechanics 2012;45:1529–1533.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2012.03.013pmc: PMC3362317pubmed: 22483230google scholar: lookup
  54. Pardoe CH, Mcguigan MP, Rogers KM, Rowe LL, Wilson AM. The effect of shoe material on the kinetics and kinematics of foot slip at impact on concrete. Equine Veterinary Journal 2001;33:70–73.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2001.tb05363.xpubmed: 11721574google scholar: lookup
  55. Parsons KJ, Pfau T, Ferrari M, Wilson AM. High-speed gallop locomotion in the Thoroughbred racehorse. II. The effect of incline on centre of mass movement and mechanical energy fluctuation. Journal of Experimental Biology 2008a;211:945–956.
    doi: 10.1242/jeb.006692pubmed: 18310120google scholar: lookup
  56. Parsons KJ, Pfau T, Wilson AM. High-speed gallop locomotion in the Thoroughbred racehorse. I. The effect of incline on stride parameters. Journal of Experimental Biology 2008b;211:935–944.
    doi: 10.1242/jeb.006650pubmed: 18310119google scholar: lookup
  57. Parsons KJ, Wilson AM. The use of MP3 recorders to log data from equine hoof mounted accelerometers. Equine Veterinary Journal 2006;38:675–680.
    doi: 10.2746/042516406X156578pubmed: 17228585google scholar: lookup
  58. Peham C, Scheidl M, Licka T. Limb locomotion–speed distribution analysis as a new method for stance phase detection. Journal of Biomechanics 1999;32:1119–1124.
    doi: 10.1016/S0021-9290(99)00102-5pubmed: 10476851google scholar: lookup
  59. Pfau T, Spence A, Starke S, Ferrari M, Wilson A. Modern riding style improves horse racing times. Science 2009;325:289.
    doi: 10.1126/science.1174605pubmed: 19608909google scholar: lookup
  60. Riemersma DJ, Van Den Bogert AJ, Jansen MO, Schamhardt HC. Tendon strain in the forelimbs as a function of gait and ground characteristics and in vitro limb loading in ponies. Equine Veterinary Journal 1996;28:133–138.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1996.tb01605.xpubmed: 8706645google scholar: lookup
  61. Schamhardt HC, Merkens HW. Objective determination of ground contact of equine limbs at the walk and trot: comparison between ground reaction forces, accelerometer data and kinematics. Equine Veterinary Journal 1994;26:75–79.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1994.tb04879.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  62. Setterbo JJ, Garcia TC, Campbell IP, Reese JL, Morgan JM, Kim SY, Hubbard M, Stover SM. Hoof accelerations and ground reaction forces of Thoroughbred racehorses measured on dirt, synthetic, and turf track surfaces. American Journal of Veterinary Research 2009;70:1220–1229.
    doi: 10.2460/ajvr.70.10.1220pubmed: 19795936google scholar: lookup
  63. Starke SD, Willems E, May SA, Pfau T. Vertical head and trunk movement adaptations of sound horses trotting in a circle on a hard surface. The Veterinary Journal 2012a;193:73–80.
    doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2011.10.019pubmed: 22104508google scholar: lookup
  64. Starke SD, Witte TH, May SA, Pfau T. Accuracy and precision of hind limb foot contact timings of horses determined using a pelvis-mounted inertial measurement unit. Journal of Biomechanics 2012b;45:1522–1528.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2012.03.014pubmed: 22483227google scholar: lookup
  65. Thomason JJ, Peterson ML. Biomechanical and mechanical investigations of the hoof-track interface in racing horses. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Equine Practice 2008;24:53–77.
    doi: 10.1016/j.cveq.2007.11.007pubmed: 18314036google scholar: lookup
  66. Van Heel MCV, Barneveld A, Van Weeren PR, Back W. Dynamic pressure measurements for the detailed study of hoof balance: the effect of trimming. Equine Veterinary Journal 2004;36:778–782.
    doi: 10.2746/0425164044847993pubmed: 15656515google scholar: lookup
  67. Vos NJ, Riemersma DJ. Determination of coefficient of friction between the equine foot and different ground surfaces: an in vitro study. Equine and Comparative Exercise Physiology 2006;3:191–198.
    doi: 10.1017/S1478061506617234google scholar: lookup
  68. Weyand PG, Kelly M, Blackadar T, Darley JC, Oliver SR, Ohlenbusch NE, Joffe SW, Hoyt RW. Ambulatory estimates of maximal aerobic power from foot -ground contact times and heart rates in running humans. Journal of Applied Physiology 2001;91:451–458.
    pubmed: 11408463
  69. Wilson AM, Seelig TJ, Shield RA, Silverman BW. The effect of foot imbalance on point of force application in the horse. Equine Veterinary Journal 1998;30:540–545.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1998.tb04531.xpubmed: 9844974google scholar: lookup
  70. Witte TH, Hirst CV, Wilson AM. Effect of speed on stride parameters in racehorses at gallop in field conditions. Journal of Experimental Biology 2006;209:4389–4397.
    doi: 10.1242/jeb.02518pubmed: 17050854google scholar: lookup
  71. Witte TH, Knill K, Wilson AM. Determination of peak vertical ground reaction force from duty factor in the horse (Equus caballus). Journal of Experimental Biology 2004;207:3639–3648.
    doi: 10.1242/jeb.01182pubmed: 15371472google scholar: lookup
  72. Zeni JA Jr, Richards JG, Higginson JS. Two simple methods for determining gait events during treadmill and overground walking using kinematic data. Gait & Posture 2008;27:710–714.
    doi: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2007.07.007pmc: PMC2384115pubmed: 17723303google scholar: lookup

Citations

This article has been cited 9 times.
  1. Key K, Berg K, Kirkegaard J, Andresen KR, Hansen SS. Evaluating the Accuracy of a Vision-Based Algorithm for Groundline Estimation in Trotting Horses Using Multiple Camera Angles. Vet Med Sci 2026 Jan;12(1):e70739.
    doi: 10.1002/vms3.70739pubmed: 41467589google scholar: lookup
  2. Gamel KM, Pinti S, Astley HC. Ground Reaction Forces and Energy Exchange During Underwater Walking. Integr Org Biol 2024;6(1):obae013.
    doi: 10.1093/iob/obae013pubmed: 38911182google scholar: lookup
  3. Hatrisse C, Macaire C, Sapone M, Hebert C, Hanne-Poujade S, De Azevedo E, Marin F, Martin P, Chateau H. Stance Phase Detection by Inertial Measurement Unit Placed on the Metacarpus of Horses Trotting on Hard and Soft Straight Lines and Circles. Sensors (Basel) 2022 Jan 18;22(3).
    doi: 10.3390/s22030703pubmed: 35161452google scholar: lookup
  4. Clayton H, MacKechnie-Guire R, Byström A, Le Jeune S, Egenvall A. Guidelines for the Measurement of Rein Tension in Equestrian Sport. Animals (Basel) 2021 Sep 30;11(10).
    doi: 10.3390/ani11102875pubmed: 34679895google scholar: lookup
  5. Tijssen M, Hernlund E, Rhodin M, Bosch S, Voskamp JP, Nielen M, Serra Braganςa FM. Automatic hoof-on and -off detection in horses using hoof-mounted inertial measurement unit sensors. PLoS One 2020;15(6):e0233266.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233266pubmed: 32492034google scholar: lookup
  6. Tijssen M, Hernlund E, Rhodin M, Bosch S, Voskamp JP, Nielen M, Serra Braganςa FM. Automatic detection of break-over phase onset in horses using hoof-mounted inertial measurement unit sensors. PLoS One 2020;15(5):e0233649.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233649pubmed: 32469939google scholar: lookup
  7. Sapone M, Martin P, Ben Mansour K, Château H, Marin F. Comparison of Trotting Stance Detection Methods from an Inertial Measurement Unit Mounted on the Horse's Limb. Sensors (Basel) 2020 May 25;20(10).
    doi: 10.3390/s20102983pubmed: 32466104google scholar: lookup
  8. Basu CK, Deacon F, Hutchinson JR, Wilson AM. The running kinematics of free-roaming giraffes, measured using a low cost unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). PeerJ 2019;7:e6312.
    doi: 10.7717/peerj.6312pubmed: 30775166google scholar: lookup
  9. Bragança FM, Bosch S, Voskamp JP, Marin-Perianu M, Van der Zwaag BJ, Vernooij JCM, van Weeren PR, Back W. Validation of distal limb mounted inertial measurement unit sensors for stride detection in Warmblood horses at walk and trot. Equine Vet J 2017 Jul;49(4):545-551.
    doi: 10.1111/evj.12651pubmed: 27862238google scholar: lookup
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 99,727 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.