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Frontiers in veterinary science2023; 10; 1230212; doi: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1230212

Acute exercise in a hot environment increases heat shock protein 70 and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1α mRNA in Thoroughbred horse skeletal muscle.

Abstract: Heat acclimatization or acclimation training in horses is practiced to reduce physiological strain and improve exercise performance in the heat, which can involve metabolic improvement in skeletal muscle. However, there is limited information concerning the acute signaling responses of equine skeletal muscle after exercise in a hot environment. The purpose of this study was to investigate the hypothesis that exercise in hot conditions induces greater changes in heat shock proteins and mitochondrial-related signaling in equine skeletal muscle compared with exercise in cool conditions. Fifteen trained Thoroughbred horses [4.6 ± 0.4 (mean ± SE) years old; 503 ± 14 kg] were assigned to perform a treadmill exercise test in cool conditions [; Wet Bulb Globe Temperature (WBGT), 12.5°C;  = 8] or hot conditions (; WBGT, 29.5°C;  = 7) consisting of walking at 1.7 m/s for 1 min, trotting at 4 m/s for 5 min, and cantering at 7 m/s for 2 min and at 90% of O for 2 min, followed by walking at 1.7 m/s for 20 min. Heart rate during exercise and plasma lactate concentration immediately after exercise were measured. Biopsy samples were obtained from the middle gluteal muscle before and at 4 h after exercise, and relative quantitative analysis of mRNA expression using real-time RT-PCR was performed. Data were analyzed with using mixed models. There were no significant differences between the two groups in peak heart rate (, 213 ± 3 bpm; , 214 ± 4 bpm;  = 0.782) and plasma lactate concentration (, 13.1 ± 1.4 mmoL/L; , 17.5 ± 1.7 mmoL/L;  = 0.060), while HSP-70 (, 1.9-fold,  = 0.207; , 2.4-fold,  = 0.045), PGC-1α (, 3.8-fold,  = 0.424; , 8.4-fold,  = 0.010), HIF-1α (, 1.6-fold,  = 0.315; , 2.2-fold,  = 0.018) and PDK4 (, 7.6-fold,  = 0.412; , 14.1-fold,  = 0.047) mRNA increased significantly only in at 4 h after exercise. These data indicate that acute exercise in a hot environment facilitates protective response to heat stress (HSP-70), mitochondrial biogenesis (PGC-1α and HIF-1α) and fatty acid oxidation (PDK4).
Copyright © 2023 Ebisuda, Mukai, Takahashi, Yoshida, Kawano, Matsuhashi, Miyata, Kuwahara and Ohmura.
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Publication Date: 2023-08-21 PubMed ID: 37671280PubMed Central: PMC10475567DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1230212Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research experimentally demonstrates that Thoroughbred horses, when exposed to acute exercise in hot conditions, show significant increase in protective proteins related to heat stress, mitochondrial biogenesis and fatty acid oxidation.

Understanding the Context

  • Heat acclimation is a common practice in equine training to build resistance against physiological strain and ensure better performance in hot environments, but the acute skeletal muscle responses of horses in hot conditions are not widely studied.
  • The researchers formulated a hypothesis that exercise performed under hot conditions will induce more substantial changes in the levels of heat shock proteins and muscle mitochondrial activities in horses.

Experiment Procedure

  • The experiment involved 15 trained Thoroughbred horses, aged around 4.6 years.
  • They were divided into two groups, one assigned to perform treadmill exercises under cool conditions (12.5°C) and the other under hot conditions (29.5°C).
  • The horses’ exercise regimen included walking, trotting, and cantering following particular speed and time frames.
  • Heart rate during exercises and plasma lactate concentration after exercise were monitored.
  • Biopsy samples from middle gluteal muscle, before and 4 hours after exercise, were analyzed.

Findings and Conclusions

  • While there were no significant differences in peak heart rates and plasma lactate concentration between both groups, acute exercise in hotter environment resulted in significantly increased expression of specific proteins.
  • HSP-70, a protective response protein to heat stress, increased 2.4-fold.
  • PGC-1α and HIF-1α related to mitochondrial biogenesis grew 8.4 and 2.2-fold respectively.
  • PDK4, associated with fat metabolism, rose 14.1-fold.
  • The outcomes indicated that acute exercise in a hot environment triggers the production of proteins that help in heat stress protection, enhancing the mitochondrial functions, and fatty acid oxidation in Thoroughbred horses.

This research brings valuable understanding for equine training methodologies and shows a potential way to enhance heat resistance and metabolic improvement in horses via designed exercise regimes in hot conditions.

Cite This Article

APA
Ebisuda Y, Mukai K, Takahashi Y, Yoshida T, Kawano A, Matsuhashi T, Miyata H, Kuwahara M, Ohmura H. (2023). Acute exercise in a hot environment increases heat shock protein 70 and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1α mRNA in Thoroughbred horse skeletal muscle. Front Vet Sci, 10, 1230212. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2023.1230212

Publication

Frontiers in veterinary science
ISSN: 2297-1769
NlmUniqueID: 101666658
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 10
Pages: 1230212
PII: 1230212

Researcher Affiliations

Ebisuda, Yusaku
  • Sports Science Division, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Shimotsuke, Japan.
Mukai, Kazutaka
  • Sports Science Division, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Shimotsuke, Japan.
Takahashi, Yuji
  • Sports Science Division, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Shimotsuke, Japan.
Yoshida, Toshinobu
  • Sports Science Division, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Shimotsuke, Japan.
Kawano, Aoto
  • Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan.
Matsuhashi, Tsubasa
  • Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan.
Miyata, Hirofumi
  • Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan.
Kuwahara, Masayoshi
  • Department of Veterinary Pathophysiology and Animal Health, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Japan.
Ohmura, Hajime
  • Racehorse Hospital, Miho Training Center, Inashiki, Japan.

Conflict of Interest Statement

YE, KM, YT, TY, and HO are employees of the Japan Racing Association. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

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Citations

This article has been cited 2 times.
  1. Barshick MR, Ely KM, Mogge KC, Chance LM, Johnson SE. Methylsulfonylmethane (MSM) Supplementation in Adult Horses Supports Improved Skeletal Muscle Inflammatory Gene Expression Following Exercise. Animals (Basel) 2025 Jan 14;15(2).
    doi: 10.3390/ani15020215pubmed: 39858215google scholar: lookup
  2. Ebisuda Y, Mukai K, Takahashi Y, Yoshida T, Matsuhashi T, Kawano A, Miyata H, Kuwahara M, Ohmura H. Heat acclimation improves exercise performance in hot conditions and increases heat shock protein 70 and 90 of skeletal muscles in Thoroughbred horses. Physiol Rep 2024 May;12(10):e16083.
    doi: 10.14814/phy2.16083pubmed: 38789393google scholar: lookup
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