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Home / Equine Research Bank / Front Vet Sci / Adaptations in equine appendicular muscle activity and movem...
Frontiers in veterinary science2022; 9; 989522; doi: 10.3389/fvets.2022.989522

Adaptations in equine appendicular muscle activity and movement occur during induced fore- and hindlimb lameness: An electromyographic and kinematic evaluation.

Abstract: The relationship between lameness-related adaptations in equine appendicular motion and muscle activation is poorly understood and has not been studied objectively. The aim of this study was to compare muscle activity of selected fore- and hindlimb muscles, and movement of the joints they act on, between baseline and induced forelimb (iFL) and hindlimb (iHL) lameness. Three-dimensional kinematic data and surface electromyography (sEMG) data from the fore- (triceps brachii, latissimus dorsi) and hindlimbs (superficial gluteal, biceps femoris, semitendinosus) were bilaterally and synchronously collected from clinically non-lame horses ( = 8) trotting over-ground (baseline). Data collections were repeated during iFL and iHL conditions (2-3/5 AAEP), induced on separate days using a modified horseshoe. Motion asymmetry parameters and continuous joint and pro-retraction angles for each limb were calculated from kinematic data. Normalized average rectified value (ARV) and muscle activation onset, offset and activity duration were calculated from sEMG signals. Mixed model analysis and statistical parametric mapping, respectively, compared discrete and continuous variables between conditions (α= 0.05). Asymmetry parameters reflected the degree of iFL and iHL. Increased ARV occurred across muscles following iFL and iHL, except non-lame side forelimb muscles that significantly decreased following iFL. Significant, limb-specific changes in sEMG ARV, and activation timings reflected changes in joint angles and phasic shifts of the limb movement cycle following iFL and iHL. Muscular adaptations during iFL and iHL are detectable using sEMG and primarily involve increased bilateral activity and phasic activation shifts that reflect known compensatory movement patterns for reducing weightbearing on the lame limb. With further research and development, sEMG may provide a valuable diagnostic aid for quantifying the underlying neuromuscular adaptations to equine lameness, which are undetectable through human observation alone.
Copyright © 2022 St. George, Spoormakers, Smit, Hobbs, Clayton, Roy, van Weeren, Richards and Serra Bragança.
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Publication Date: 2022-11-08 PubMed ID: 36425119PubMed Central: PMC9679508DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.989522Google Scholar: Lookup
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  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This research investigates how lameness in horses affects movement and muscle activity in the legs, using electromyography and motion capture to observe changes in both forelimb and hindlimb lameness. These recorded changes could help develop a better understanding of lameness consequences and further refine diagnostic methods.

Objective and Methodology

  • The overall objective of this study was to gain a more in-depth understanding of the relationship between appendicular motion and muscle activation adaptations due to lameness in horses.
  • This was carried out by comparing the muscle activity in selected fore- and hindlimb muscles of horses, under routine conditions and under induced forelimb (iFL) and hindlimb (iHL) lameness conditions.
  • The researchers induced lameness conditions using a modified horseshoe, and the effects of this induction were studied on separate days on non-lame horses.
  • Three-dimensional kinematic data and surface electromyography (sEMG) were used to collect data on the muscle activity and movement of the horses.

Findings

  • The analysis showed evident asymmetry parameters reflecting the degree of induced forelimb and hindlimb lameness.
  • There was an increase in average rectified value (ARV) across muscles following the induction of iFL and iHL, except for the muscles on the non-lame side of the forearm, where there was a significant decrease following the induction of iFL.
  • Significant changes were observed in joint angles and the timing of muscle activation, indicating shifts in the movement cycles of the limbs in response to the induced lameness.

Implications

  • The muscular adaptations of a horse as a response to induced lameness can be detected using sEMG.
  • These adaptations primarily involve increased bilateral activity and shift in the timing of muscular activation, which were observed to be compensatory movements for reducing weight-bearing on the lame limb.
  • The findings suggest that furthering sEMG research could prove beneficial in developing a valuable diagnostic tool that could quantify the neuromuscular adaptations following equine lameness, that are not detectable by human observation alone.

Cite This Article

APA
St George LB, Spoormakers TJP, Smit IH, Hobbs SJ, Clayton HM, Roy SH, van Weeren PR, Richards J, Serra Bragança FM. (2022). Adaptations in equine appendicular muscle activity and movement occur during induced fore- and hindlimb lameness: An electromyographic and kinematic evaluation. Front Vet Sci, 9, 989522. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2022.989522

Publication

Frontiers in veterinary science
ISSN: 2297-1769
NlmUniqueID: 101666658
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 9
Pages: 989522
PII: 989522

Researcher Affiliations

St George, Lindsay B
  • Research Centre for Applied Sport, Physical Activity and Performance, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, United Kingdom.
Spoormakers, Tijn J P
  • Section Equine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.
Smit, Ineke H
  • Section Equine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.
Hobbs, Sarah Jane
  • Research Centre for Applied Sport, Physical Activity and Performance, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, United Kingdom.
Clayton, Hilary M
  • Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States.
Roy, Serge H
  • Delsys/Altec Inc., Natick, MA, United States.
van Weeren, Paul René
  • Section Equine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.
Richards, Jim
  • Allied Health Research Unit, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, United Kingdom.
Serra Bragança, Filipe M
  • Section Equine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.

Conflict of Interest Statement

Author SR is employed by Delsys Inc., the manufacturers of the sEMG sensors used in this study. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

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Citations

This article has been cited 1 times.
  1. St George L, Spoormakers TJP, Roy SH, Hobbs SJ, Clayton HM, Richards J, Serra Bragança FM. Reliability of surface electromyographic (sEMG) measures of equine axial and appendicular muscles during overground trot.. PLoS One 2023;18(7):e0288664.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0288664pubmed: 37450555google scholar: lookup
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