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Veterinary research2023; 54(1); 18; doi: 10.1186/s13567-023-01151-3

An inventory of adjuvants used for vaccination in horses: the past, the present and the future.

Abstract: Vaccination is one of the most widely used strategies to protect horses against pathogens. However, available equine vaccines often have limitations, as they do not always provide effective, long-term protection and booster injections are often required. In addition, research efforts are needed to develop effective vaccines against emerging equine pathogens. In this review, we provide an inventory of approved adjuvants for equine vaccines worldwide, and discuss their composition and mode of action when available. A wide range of adjuvants are used in marketed vaccines for horses, the main families being aluminium salts, emulsions, polymers, saponins and ISCOMs. We also present veterinary adjuvants that are already used for vaccination in other species and are currently evaluated in horses to improve equine vaccination and to meet the expected level of protection against pathogens in the equine industry. Finally, we discuss new adjuvants such as liposomes, polylactic acid polymers, inulin, poly-ε-caprolactone nanoparticles and co-polymers that are in development. Our objective is to help professionals in the horse industry understand the composition of marketed equine vaccines in a context of mistrust towards vaccines. Besides, this review provides researchers with a list of adjuvants, either approved or at least evaluated in horses, that could be used either alone or in combination to develop new vaccines.
© 2023. The Author(s).
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Publication Date: 2023-03-02 PubMed ID: 36864517PubMed Central: PMC9983233DOI: 10.1186/s13567-023-01151-3Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research article presents an inventory of adjuvants – components that enhance the body’s immune response to vaccines – that are used in horse vaccinations both currently and in development stages. The composition and actions of these adjuvants are discussed, providing both an overview for professionals in the horse industry and a reference list for researchers developing new vaccines.

Adjuvants in Horse Vaccinations

  • The paper explores the adjuvants currently used in equine vaccines, discussing their types and functions.
  • Adjuvants are components that boost the body’s immune response to vaccines, helping the vaccine to provide more effective and long-term protection.
  • The main types of adjuvants used in horse vaccinations include aluminium salts, emulsions, polymers, saponins, and ISCOMs (immune-stimulating complex).

The Role of Adjuvants in Vaccine Efficacy

  • Due to limitations of available equine vaccines, such as insufficient effectiveness and the need for multiple booster shots, adjuvants play a crucial role in enhancing the efficacy of these vaccines.
  • They are particularly important for the development of successful vaccines against emerging equine pathogens.

Approaching Future Use and Development of Adjuvants

  • The paper also presents a list of veterinary adjuvants which, while they are used in vaccination for other species, are being evaluated for possible use in horse vaccinations. This could contribute to improvements in equine vaccination practices and achieving the expected level of protection in the horse industry.
  • New adjuvants that are currently under development are discussed as well. These include liposomes, polylactic acid polymers, inulin, poly-ε-caprolactone nanoparticles, and co-polymers.

Implications for Professionals and Researchers

  • The inventory of adjuvants provided in the research can serve as a useful reference for professionals in the horse industry. It can help deepen their understanding of the composition of equine vaccines, especially in a context where there may be widespread mistrust towards vaccines.
  • For researchers, the information provided can be used as a reference for both approved adjuvants and those currently under evaluation. This information can be applied to the development of new, more effective vaccines either using the adjuvants alone or in various combinations.

Cite This Article

APA
Carnet F, Perrin-Cocon L, Paillot R, Lotteau V, Pronost S, Vidalain PO. (2023). An inventory of adjuvants used for vaccination in horses: the past, the present and the future. Vet Res, 54(1), 18. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13567-023-01151-3

Publication

Veterinary research
ISSN: 1297-9716
NlmUniqueID: 9309551
Country: England
Language: English
Volume: 54
Issue: 1
Pages: 18
PII: 18

Researcher Affiliations

Carnet, Flora
  • LABÉO, 14280, Saint-Contest, France.
  • BIOTARGEN, Normandie University, UNICAEN, 14280, Saint-Contest, France.
Perrin-Cocon, Laure
  • CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, 21 Avenue Tony Garnier, 69007, Lyon, France.
Paillot, Romain
  • School of Equine and Veterinary Physiotherapy, Writtle University College, Lordship Road, Writtle, Chelmsford, CM1 3RR, UK.
Lotteau, Vincent
  • CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, 21 Avenue Tony Garnier, 69007, Lyon, France.
Pronost, Stéphane
  • LABÉO, 14280, Saint-Contest, France. stephane.pronost@laboratoire-labeo.fr.
  • BIOTARGEN, Normandie University, UNICAEN, 14280, Saint-Contest, France. stephane.pronost@laboratoire-labeo.fr.
Vidalain, Pierre-Olivier
  • CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, 21 Avenue Tony Garnier, 69007, Lyon, France. pierre-olivier.vidalain@inserm.fr.

MeSH Terms

  • Horses
  • Animals
  • Adjuvants, Immunologic / pharmacology
  • Vaccination / veterinary
  • Nanoparticles / therapeutic use
  • Polymers

Grant Funding

  • N12-2017 / Fonds Eperon
  • 17E01598 / Conseil Ru00e9gional de Haute Normandie
  • CENTAURE / European Structural and Investment Funds
  • 2022-015 / Institut Franu00e7ais du Cheval et de l'Equitation

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

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Citations

This article has been cited 2 times.
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