FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 9000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Home / Equine Research Bank / Vet Res / An inventory of adjuvants used for vaccination in horses: th...
Veterinary research2023; 54(1); 18; doi: 10.1186/s13567-023-01151-3

An inventory of adjuvants used for vaccination in horses: the past, the present and the future.

Abstract: Vaccination is one of the most widely used strategies to protect horses against pathogens. However, available equine vaccines often have limitations, as they do not always provide effective, long-term protection and booster injections are often required. In addition, research efforts are needed to develop effective vaccines against emerging equine pathogens. In this review, we provide an inventory of approved adjuvants for equine vaccines worldwide, and discuss their composition and mode of action when available. A wide range of adjuvants are used in marketed vaccines for horses, the main families being aluminium salts, emulsions, polymers, saponins and ISCOMs. We also present veterinary adjuvants that are already used for vaccination in other species and are currently evaluated in horses to improve equine vaccination and to meet the expected level of protection against pathogens in the equine industry. Finally, we discuss new adjuvants such as liposomes, polylactic acid polymers, inulin, poly-ε-caprolactone nanoparticles and co-polymers that are in development. Our objective is to help professionals in the horse industry understand the composition of marketed equine vaccines in a context of mistrust towards vaccines. Besides, this review provides researchers with a list of adjuvants, either approved or at least evaluated in horses, that could be used either alone or in combination to develop new vaccines.
© 2023. The Author(s).
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2023-03-02 PubMed ID: 36864517PubMed Central: PMC9983233DOI: 10.1186/s13567-023-01151-3Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article
  • Review

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research article presents an inventory of adjuvants – components that enhance the body’s immune response to vaccines – that are used in horse vaccinations both currently and in development stages. The composition and actions of these adjuvants are discussed, providing both an overview for professionals in the horse industry and a reference list for researchers developing new vaccines.

Adjuvants in Horse Vaccinations

  • The paper explores the adjuvants currently used in equine vaccines, discussing their types and functions.
  • Adjuvants are components that boost the body’s immune response to vaccines, helping the vaccine to provide more effective and long-term protection.
  • The main types of adjuvants used in horse vaccinations include aluminium salts, emulsions, polymers, saponins, and ISCOMs (immune-stimulating complex).

The Role of Adjuvants in Vaccine Efficacy

  • Due to limitations of available equine vaccines, such as insufficient effectiveness and the need for multiple booster shots, adjuvants play a crucial role in enhancing the efficacy of these vaccines.
  • They are particularly important for the development of successful vaccines against emerging equine pathogens.

Approaching Future Use and Development of Adjuvants

  • The paper also presents a list of veterinary adjuvants which, while they are used in vaccination for other species, are being evaluated for possible use in horse vaccinations. This could contribute to improvements in equine vaccination practices and achieving the expected level of protection in the horse industry.
  • New adjuvants that are currently under development are discussed as well. These include liposomes, polylactic acid polymers, inulin, poly-ε-caprolactone nanoparticles, and co-polymers.

Implications for Professionals and Researchers

  • The inventory of adjuvants provided in the research can serve as a useful reference for professionals in the horse industry. It can help deepen their understanding of the composition of equine vaccines, especially in a context where there may be widespread mistrust towards vaccines.
  • For researchers, the information provided can be used as a reference for both approved adjuvants and those currently under evaluation. This information can be applied to the development of new, more effective vaccines either using the adjuvants alone or in various combinations.

Cite This Article

APA
Carnet F, Perrin-Cocon L, Paillot R, Lotteau V, Pronost S, Vidalain PO. (2023). An inventory of adjuvants used for vaccination in horses: the past, the present and the future. Vet Res, 54(1), 18. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13567-023-01151-3

Publication

Veterinary research
ISSN: 1297-9716
NlmUniqueID: 9309551
Country: England
Language: English
Volume: 54
Issue: 1
Pages: 18
PII: 18

Researcher Affiliations

Carnet, Flora
  • LABÉO, 14280, Saint-Contest, France.
  • BIOTARGEN, Normandie University, UNICAEN, 14280, Saint-Contest, France.
Perrin-Cocon, Laure
  • CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, 21 Avenue Tony Garnier, 69007, Lyon, France.
Paillot, Romain
  • School of Equine and Veterinary Physiotherapy, Writtle University College, Lordship Road, Writtle, Chelmsford, CM1 3RR, UK.
Lotteau, Vincent
  • CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, 21 Avenue Tony Garnier, 69007, Lyon, France.
Pronost, Stéphane
  • LABÉO, 14280, Saint-Contest, France. stephane.pronost@laboratoire-labeo.fr.
  • BIOTARGEN, Normandie University, UNICAEN, 14280, Saint-Contest, France. stephane.pronost@laboratoire-labeo.fr.
Vidalain, Pierre-Olivier
  • CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, 21 Avenue Tony Garnier, 69007, Lyon, France. pierre-olivier.vidalain@inserm.fr.

MeSH Terms

  • Horses
  • Animals
  • Adjuvants, Immunologic / pharmacology
  • Vaccination / veterinary
  • Nanoparticles / therapeutic use
  • Polymers

Grant Funding

  • N12-2017 / Fonds Eperon
  • 17E01598 / Conseil Ru00e9gional de Haute Normandie
  • CENTAURE / European Structural and Investment Funds
  • 2022-015 / Institut Franu00e7ais du Cheval et de l'Equitation

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

References

This article includes 115 references
  1. . Protecting the eu equine industry. .
  2. Pronost S, Pitel PH, Miszczak F, Legrand L, Marcillaud-Pitel C, Hamon M, Tapprest J, Balasuriya UB, Freymuth F, Fortier G. Description of the first recorded major occurrence of equine viral arteritis in France.. Equine Vet J 2010 Nov;42(8):713-20.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2010.00109.xpubmed: 21039801google scholar: lookup
  3. Callinan IDF. Equine influenza: the August 2007 outbreak in Australia. [Canberra].
  4. Fougerolle S, Fortier C, Legrand L, Jourdan M, Marcillaud-Pitel C, Pronost S, Paillot R. Success and Limitation of Equine Influenza Vaccination: The First Incursion in a Decade of a Florida Clade 1 Equine Influenza Virus that Shakes Protection Despite High Vaccine Coverage.. Vaccines (Basel) 2019 Nov 2;7(4).
    doi: 10.3390/vaccines7040174pmc: PMC6963532pubmed: 31684097google scholar: lookup
  5. Oladunni FS, Oseni SO, Martinez-Sobrido L, Chambers TM. Equine Influenza Virus and Vaccines.. Viruses 2021 Aug 20;13(8).
    doi: 10.3390/v13081657pmc: PMC8402878pubmed: 34452521google scholar: lookup
  6. Desanti-Consoli H, Bouillon J, Chapuis RJJ. Equids' Core Vaccines Guidelines in North America: Considerations and Prospective.. Vaccines (Basel) 2022 Mar 4;10(3).
    doi: 10.3390/vaccines10030398pmc: PMC8955191pubmed: 35335029google scholar: lookup
  7. Paillot R. A Systematic Review of Recent Advances in Equine Influenza Vaccination.. Vaccines (Basel) 2014 Nov 14;2(4):797-831.
    doi: 10.3390/vaccines2040797pmc: PMC4494246pubmed: 26344892google scholar: lookup
  8. Bordin AI, Cohen ND. Types of vaccines. equine clinical immunology Hoboken: Wiley; 2016. pp. 279–288.
  9. Karagianni AE, Lisowski ZM, Hume DA, Scott Pirie R. The equine mononuclear phagocyte system: The relevance of the horse as a model for understanding human innate immunity.. Equine Vet J 2021 Mar;53(2):231-249.
    doi: 10.1111/evj.13341pubmed: 32881079google scholar: lookup
  10. Ramon G. Procedes pour accroître la production des antitoxins. Ann Inst Pasteur 1926;40:1–10.
  11. Glenny AT, Pope CG, Waddington H, Wallace U. Immunological notes. XVII–XXIV. J Pathol Bacteriol 1926;29:31–40.
    doi: 10.1002/path.1700290106google scholar: lookup
  12. Janeway CA Jr. Approaching the asymptote? Evolution and revolution in immunology.. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol 1989;54 Pt 1:1-13.
    doi: 10.1101/SQB.1989.054.01.003pubmed: 2700931google scholar: lookup
  13. Spickler AR, Roth JA. Adjuvants in veterinary vaccines: modes of action and adverse effects.. J Vet Intern Med 2003 May-Jun;17(3):273-81.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2003.tb02448.xpubmed: 12774966google scholar: lookup
  14. Petrovsky N, Aguilar JC. Vaccine adjuvants: current state and future trends.. Immunol Cell Biol 2004 Oct;82(5):488-96.
    doi: 10.1111/j.0818-9641.2004.01272.xpubmed: 15479434google scholar: lookup
  15. Awate S, Babiuk LA, Mutwiri G. Mechanisms of action of adjuvants.. Front Immunol 2013;4:114.
    doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00114pmc: PMC3655441pubmed: 23720661google scholar: lookup
  16. Barquero N, Gilkerson JR, Newton JR. Evidence-based immunization in horses.. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2007 Aug;23(2):481-508.
    doi: 10.1016/j.cveq.2007.04.003pubmed: 17616324google scholar: lookup
  17. Bastola R, Noh G, Keum T, Bashyal S, Seo JE, Choi J, Oh Y, Cho Y, Lee S. Vaccine adjuvants: smart components to boost the immune system.. Arch Pharm Res 2017 Nov;40(11):1238-1248.
    doi: 10.1007/s12272-017-0969-zpubmed: 29027637google scholar: lookup
  18. Vermout S, Denis M, Losson B, Mignon B. Choix d’un adjuvant lors d’essais de vaccination. Ann Med Vet 2003;147:393–401.
  19. Eisenbarth SC, Williams A, Colegio OR, Meng H, Strowig T, Rongvaux A, Henao-Mejia J, Thaiss CA, Joly S, Gonzalez DG, Xu L, Zenewicz LA, Haberman AM, Elinav E, Kleinstein SH, Sutterwala FS, Flavell RA. NLRP10 is a NOD-like receptor essential to initiate adaptive immunity by dendritic cells.. Nature 2012 Apr 25;484(7395):510-3.
    doi: 10.1038/nature11012pmc: PMC3340615pubmed: 22538615google scholar: lookup
  20. Lee S, Nguyen MT. Recent advances of vaccine adjuvants for infectious diseases.. Immune Netw 2015 Apr;15(2):51-7.
    doi: 10.4110/in.2015.15.2.51pmc: PMC4411509pubmed: 25922593google scholar: lookup
  21. Hem SL. Elimination of aluminum adjuvants.. Vaccine 2002 May 31;20 Suppl 3:S40-3.
    doi: 10.1016/s0264-410x(02)00170-6pubmed: 12184363google scholar: lookup
  22. Badran G, Angrand L, Masson JD, Crépeaux G, David MO. Physico-chemical properties of aluminum adjuvants in vaccines: Implications for toxicological evaluation.. Vaccine 2022 Aug 5;40(33):4881-4888.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.06.064pubmed: 35810062google scholar: lookup
  23. Shardlow E, Mold M, Exley C. Unraveling the enigma: elucidating the relationship between the physicochemical properties of aluminium-based adjuvants and their immunological mechanisms of action.. Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol 2018;14:80.
    doi: 10.1186/s13223-018-0305-2pmc: PMC6223008pubmed: 30455719google scholar: lookup
  24. Wen Y, Shi Y. Alum: an old dog with new tricks.. Emerg Microbes Infect 2016 Mar 23;5(3):e25.
    doi: 10.1038/emi.2016.40pmc: PMC4820675pubmed: 27004761google scholar: lookup
  25. Hutchison S, Benson RA, Gibson VB, Pollock AH, Garside P, Brewer JM. Antigen depot is not required for alum adjuvanticity.. FASEB J 2012 Mar;26(3):1272-9.
    doi: 10.1096/fj.11-184556pmc: PMC3289510pubmed: 22106367google scholar: lookup
  26. Schijns VE, Lavelle EC. Trends in vaccine adjuvants.. Expert Rev Vaccines 2011 Apr;10(4):539-50.
    doi: 10.1586/erv.11.21pubmed: 21506650google scholar: lookup
  27. Danielsson R, Eriksson H. Aluminium adjuvants in vaccines - A way to modulate the immune response.. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021 Jul;115:3-9.
    doi: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.12.008pubmed: 33423930google scholar: lookup
  28. Crépeaux G, Eidi H, David MO, Tzavara E, Giros B, Exley C, Curmi PA, Shaw CA, Gherardi RK, Cadusseau J. Highly delayed systemic translocation of aluminum-based adjuvant in CD1 mice following intramuscular injections.. J Inorg Biochem 2015 Nov;152:199-205.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2015.07.004pubmed: 26384437google scholar: lookup
  29. Eisenbarth SC, Colegio OR, O'Connor W, Sutterwala FS, Flavell RA. Crucial role for the Nalp3 inflammasome in the immunostimulatory properties of aluminium adjuvants.. Nature 2008 Jun 19;453(7198):1122-6.
    doi: 10.1038/nature06939pmc: PMC4804622pubmed: 18496530google scholar: lookup
  30. Li H, Willingham SB, Ting JP, Re F. Cutting edge: inflammasome activation by alum and alum's adjuvant effect are mediated by NLRP3.. J Immunol 2008 Jul 1;181(1):17-21.
    doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.1.17pmc: PMC2587213pubmed: 18566365google scholar: lookup
  31. Kool M, Pétrilli V, De Smedt T, Rolaz A, Hammad H, van Nimwegen M, Bergen IM, Castillo R, Lambrecht BN, Tschopp J. Cutting edge: alum adjuvant stimulates inflammatory dendritic cells through activation of the NALP3 inflammasome.. J Immunol 2008 Sep 15;181(6):3755-9.
    doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.6.3755pubmed: 18768827google scholar: lookup
  32. Reinke S, Thakur A, Gartlan C, Bezbradica JS, Milicic A. Inflammasome-Mediated Immunogenicity of Clinical and Experimental Vaccine Adjuvants.. Vaccines (Basel) 2020 Sep 22;8(3).
    doi: 10.3390/vaccines8030554pmc: PMC7565252pubmed: 32971761google scholar: lookup
  33. Hornung V, Bauernfeind F, Halle A, Samstad EO, Kono H, Rock KL, Fitzgerald KA, Latz E. Silica crystals and aluminum salts activate the NALP3 inflammasome through phagosomal destabilization.. Nat Immunol 2008 Aug;9(8):847-56.
    doi: 10.1038/ni.1631pmc: PMC2834784pubmed: 18604214google scholar: lookup
  34. Muñoz-Planillo R, Kuffa P, Martínez-Colón G, Smith BL, Rajendiran TM, Núñez G. K⁺ efflux is the common trigger of NLRP3 inflammasome activation by bacterial toxins and particulate matter.. Immunity 2013 Jun 27;38(6):1142-53.
    doi: 10.1016/j.immuni.2013.05.016pmc: PMC3730833pubmed: 23809161google scholar: lookup
  35. Murakami T, Ockinger J, Yu J, Byles V, McColl A, Hofer AM, Horng T. Critical role for calcium mobilization in activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome.. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012 Jul 10;109(28):11282-7.
    doi: 10.1073/pnas.1117765109pmc: PMC3396518pubmed: 22733741google scholar: lookup
  36. Zhou R, Yazdi AS, Menu P, Tschopp J. A role for mitochondria in NLRP3 inflammasome activation.. Nature 2011 Jan 13;469(7329):221-5.
    doi: 10.1038/nature09663pubmed: 21124315google scholar: lookup
  37. Franchi L, Núñez G. The Nlrp3 inflammasome is critical for aluminium hydroxide-mediated IL-1beta secretion but dispensable for adjuvant activity.. Eur J Immunol 2008 Aug;38(8):2085-9.
    doi: 10.1002/eji.200838549pmc: PMC2759997pubmed: 18624356google scholar: lookup
  38. McKee AS, Munks MW, MacLeod MK, Fleenor CJ, Van Rooijen N, Kappler JW, Marrack P. Alum induces innate immune responses through macrophage and mast cell sensors, but these sensors are not required for alum to act as an adjuvant for specific immunity.. J Immunol 2009 Oct 1;183(7):4403-14.
    doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.0900164pmc: PMC2912728pubmed: 19734227google scholar: lookup
  39. Flach TL, Ng G, Hari A, Desrosiers MD, Zhang P, Ward SM, Seamone ME, Vilaysane A, Mucsi AD, Fong Y, Prenner E, Ling CC, Tschopp J, Muruve DA, Amrein MW, Shi Y. Alum interaction with dendritic cell membrane lipids is essential for its adjuvanticity.. Nat Med 2011 Apr;17(4):479-87.
    doi: 10.1038/nm.2306pubmed: 21399646google scholar: lookup
  40. Wang Y, Rahman D, Lehner T. A comparative study of stress-mediated immunological functions with the adjuvanticity of alum.. J Biol Chem 2012 May 18;287(21):17152-17160.
    doi: 10.1074/jbc.M112.347179pmc: PMC3366808pubmed: 22474329google scholar: lookup
  41. Svensson A, Sandberg T, Siesjö P, Eriksson H. Sequestering of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs): a possible mechanism affecting the immune-stimulating properties of aluminium adjuvants.. Immunol Res 2017 Dec;65(6):1164-1175.
    doi: 10.1007/s12026-017-8972-5pmc: PMC5712329pubmed: 29181774google scholar: lookup
  42. Marichal T, Ohata K, Bedoret D, Mesnil C, Sabatel C, Kobiyama K, Lekeux P, Coban C, Akira S, Ishii KJ, Bureau F, Desmet CJ. DNA released from dying host cells mediates aluminum adjuvant activity.. Nat Med 2011 Jul 17;17(8):996-1002.
    doi: 10.1038/nm.2403pubmed: 21765404google scholar: lookup
  43. McKee AS, Burchill MA, Munks MW, Jin L, Kappler JW, Friedman RS, Jacobelli J, Marrack P. Host DNA released in response to aluminum adjuvant enhances MHC class II-mediated antigen presentation and prolongs CD4 T-cell interactions with dendritic cells.. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013 Mar 19;110(12):E1122-31.
    doi: 10.1073/pnas.1300392110pmc: PMC3607057pubmed: 23447566google scholar: lookup
  44. Gavin AL, Hoebe K, Duong B, Ota T, Martin C, Beutler B, Nemazee D. Adjuvant-enhanced antibody responses in the absence of toll-like receptor signaling.. Science 2006 Dec 22;314(5807):1936-8.
    doi: 10.1126/science.1135299pmc: PMC1868398pubmed: 17185603google scholar: lookup
  45. Riteau N, Baron L, Villeret B, Guillou N, Savigny F, Ryffel B, Rassendren F, Le Bert M, Gombault A, Couillin I. ATP release and purinergic signaling: a common pathway for particle-mediated inflammasome activation.. Cell Death Dis 2012 Oct 11;3(10):e403.
    pmc: PMC3481132pubmed: 23059822doi: 10.1038/cddis.2012.144google scholar: lookup
  46. Vono M, Taccone M, Caccin P, Gallotta M, Donvito G, Falzoni S, Palmieri E, Pallaoro M, Rappuoli R, Di Virgilio F, De Gregorio E, Montecucco C, Seubert A. The adjuvant MF59 induces ATP release from muscle that potentiates response to vaccination.. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013 Dec 24;110(52):21095-100.
    doi: 10.1073/pnas.1319784110pmc: PMC3876261pubmed: 24324152google scholar: lookup
  47. Kool M, Soullié T, van Nimwegen M, Willart MA, Muskens F, Jung S, Hoogsteden HC, Hammad H, Lambrecht BN. Alum adjuvant boosts adaptive immunity by inducing uric acid and activating inflammatory dendritic cells.. J Exp Med 2008 Apr 14;205(4):869-82.
    doi: 10.1084/jem.20071087pmc: PMC2292225pubmed: 18362170google scholar: lookup
  48. Ahn H, Kim J, Lee H, Lee E, Lee GS. Characterization of equine inflammasomes and their regulation.. Vet Res Commun 2020 May;44(2):51-59.
    doi: 10.1007/s11259-020-09772-1pubmed: 32297137google scholar: lookup
  49. Del Giudice G, Rappuoli R, Didierlaurent AM. Correlates of adjuvanticity: A review on adjuvants in licensed vaccines.. Semin Immunol 2018 Oct;39:14-21.
    doi: 10.1016/j.smim.2018.05.001pubmed: 29801750google scholar: lookup
  50. Brewer JM, Conacher M, Satoskar A, Bluethmann H, Alexander J. In interleukin-4-deficient mice, alum not only generates T helper 1 responses equivalent to freund's complete adjuvant, but continues to induce T helper 2 cytokine production.. Eur J Immunol 1996 Sep;26(9):2062-6.
    doi: 10.1002/eji.1830260915pubmed: 8814247google scholar: lookup
  51. Nelson KM, Schram BR, McGregor MW, Sheoran AS, Olsen CW, Lunn DP. Local and systemic isotype-specific antibody responses to equine influenza virus infection versus conventional vaccination.. Vaccine 1998 Aug;16(13):1306-13.
    doi: 10.1016/S0264-410X(98)00009-7pubmed: 9682395google scholar: lookup
  52. Liefman CE. Active immunisation of horses against tetanus including the booster dose and its application.. Aust Vet J 1981 Feb;57(2):57-60.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.1981.tb00444.xpubmed: 7259644google scholar: lookup
  53. Harvey AM, Watson JL, Brault SA, Edman JM, Moore SM, Kass PH, Wilson WD. Duration of serum antibody response to rabies vaccination in horses.. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2016 Aug 15;249(4):411-8.
    doi: 10.2460/javma.249.4.411pubmed: 27479286google scholar: lookup
  54. Tizard IR. Adjuvants and adjuvanticity. Vaccines Vet 2021;75–86.e1.
    doi: 10.1016/b978-0-323-68299-2.00016-2google scholar: lookup
  55. Bhat BA, Aadil S. Adjuvants used in animal vaccines-their formulations and modes of action: an overview. Osmaniye Korkut Ata Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi 2021;4:492–506.
    doi: 10.47495/okﯭ.852809google scholar: lookup
  56. Pedersen GK, Wørzner K, Andersen P, Christensen D. Vaccine Adjuvants Differentially Affect Kinetics of Antibody and Germinal Center Responses.. Front Immunol 2020;11:579761.
    pmc: PMC7538648pubmed: 33072125doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.579761google scholar: lookup
  57. Burakova Y, Madera R, McVey S, Schlup JR, Shi J. Adjuvants for Animal Vaccines.. Viral Immunol 2018 Jan Feb;31(1):11-22.
    doi: 10.1089/vim.2017.0049pubmed: 28618246google scholar: lookup
  58. Şahar EA, Can H, İz SG, Döşkaya AD, Kalantari-Dehaghi M, Deveci R, Gürüz AY, Döşkaya M. Development of a hexavalent recombinant protein vaccine adjuvanted with Montanide ISA 50 V and determination of its protective efficacy against acute toxoplasmosis.. BMC Infect Dis 2020 Jul 10;20(1):493.
    doi: 10.1186/s12879-020-05220-2pmc: PMC7348124pubmed: 32650739google scholar: lookup
  59. Scanlen M, Paweska JT, Verschoor JA, van Dijk AA. The protective efficacy of a recombinant VP2-based African horsesickness subunit vaccine candidate is determined by adjuvant.. Vaccine 2002 Jan 15;20(7-8):1079-88.
    doi: 10.1016/S0264-410X(01)00445-5pubmed: 11803068google scholar: lookup
  60. Knudsen NP, Olsen A, Buonsanti C, Follmann F, Zhang Y, Coler RN, Fox CB, Meinke A, D'Oro U, Casini D, Bonci A, Billeskov R, De Gregorio E, Rappuoli R, Harandi AM, Andersen P, Agger EM. Different human vaccine adjuvants promote distinct antigen-independent immunological signatures tailored to different pathogens.. Sci Rep 2016 Jan 21;6:19570.
    doi: 10.1038/srep19570pmc: PMC4726129pubmed: 26791076google scholar: lookup
  61. Seubert A, Calabro S, Santini L, Galli B, Genovese A, Valentini S, Aprea S, Colaprico A, D'Oro U, Giuliani MM, Pallaoro M, Pizza M, O'Hagan DT, Wack A, Rappuoli R, De Gregorio E. Adjuvanticity of the oil-in-water emulsion MF59 is independent of Nlrp3 inflammasome but requires the adaptor protein MyD88.. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011 Jul 5;108(27):11169-74.
    doi: 10.1073/pnas.1107941108pmc: PMC3131326pubmed: 21690334google scholar: lookup
  62. Ellebedy AH, Lupfer C, Ghoneim HE, DeBeauchamp J, Kanneganti TD, Webby RJ. Inflammasome-independent role of the apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing CARD (ASC) in the adjuvant effect of MF59.. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011 Feb 15;108(7):2927-32.
    doi: 10.1073/pnas.1012455108pmc: PMC3041074pubmed: 21270336google scholar: lookup
  63. Morel S, Didierlaurent A, Bourguignon P, Delhaye S, Baras B, Jacob V, Planty C, Elouahabi A, Harvengt P, Carlsen H, Kielland A, Chomez P, Garçon N, Van Mechelen M. Adjuvant System AS03 containing α-tocopherol modulates innate immune response and leads to improved adaptive immunity.. Vaccine 2011 Mar 16;29(13):2461-73.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.01.011pubmed: 21256188google scholar: lookup
  64. Garçon N, Vaughn DW, Didierlaurent AM. Development and evaluation of AS03, an Adjuvant System containing α-tocopherol and squalene in an oil-in-water emulsion.. Expert Rev Vaccines 2012 Mar;11(3):349-66.
    doi: 10.1586/erv.11.192pubmed: 22380826google scholar: lookup
  65. Horohov DW, Dunham J, Liu C, Betancourt A, Stewart JC, Page AE, Chambers TM. Characterization of the in situ immunological responses to vaccine adjuvants.. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2015 Mar 15;164(1-2):24-9.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2014.12.015pubmed: 25619587google scholar: lookup
  66. van Rijn PA, Maris-Veldhuis MA, Grobler M, Wright IM, Erasmus BJ, Maartens LH, Potgieter CA. Safety and efficacy of inactivated African horse sickness (AHS) vaccine formulated with different adjuvants.. Vaccine 2020 Oct 21;38(45):7108-7117.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.08.072pubmed: 32921506google scholar: lookup
  67. Waghmare A, Deopurkar RL, Salvi N, Khadilkar M, Kalolikar M, Gade SK. Comparison of Montanide adjuvants, IMS 3012 (Nanoparticle), ISA 206 and ISA 35 (Emulsion based) along with incomplete Freund's adjuvant for hyperimmunization of equines used for production of polyvalent snake antivenom.. Vaccine 2009 Feb 11;27(7):1067-72.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.11.103pubmed: 19100805google scholar: lookup
  68. Cauchard J, Sevin C, Ballet JJ, Taouji S. Foal IgG and opsonizing anti-Rhodococcus equi antibodies after immunization of pregnant mares with a protective VapA candidate vaccine.. Vet Microbiol 2004 Nov 30;104(1-2):73-81.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2004.09.006pubmed: 15530741google scholar: lookup
  69. Taouji S, Nomura I, Giguère S, Tomomitsu S, Kakuda T, Ganne V, Takaï S. Immunogenecity of synthetic peptides representing linear B-cell epitopes of VapA of Rhodococcus equi.. Vaccine 2004 Mar 12;22(9-10):1114-23.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2003.10.006pubmed: 15003638google scholar: lookup
  70. Cauchard S, Bertrand F, Barrier-Battut I, Jacquet S, Laurentie M, Barbey C, Laugier C, Deville S, Cauchard J. Assessment of the safety and immunogenicity of Rhodococcus equi-secreted proteins combined with either a liquid nanoparticle (IMS 3012) or a polymeric (PET GEL A) water-based adjuvant in adult horses and foals--identification of promising new candidate antigens.. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2014 Feb 15;157(3-4):164-74.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2013.12.003pubmed: 24445196google scholar: lookup
  71. Erganis O, Sayin Z, Hadimli HH, Sakmanoglu A, Pinarkara Y, Ozdemir O, Maden M. The effectiveness of anti-R. equi hyperimmune plasma against R. equi challenge in thoroughbred Arabian foals of mares vaccinated with R. equi vaccine.. ScientificWorldJournal 2014;2014:480732.
    doi: 10.1155/2014/480732pmc: PMC3997159pubmed: 24982958google scholar: lookup
  72. Stazi M, Pellegrini M, Rampacci E, Sforna M, Passamonti F, Di Paolo A, Severi G. A new Montanide™ Seppic IMS1313-adjuvanted autogenous vaccine as a useful emergency tool to resolve a Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar abortus equi abortion outbreak in mares.. Open Vet J 2022 Mar-Apr;12(2):303-307.
    doi: 10.5455/OVJ.2022.v12.i2.19pmc: PMC9109840pubmed: 35603068google scholar: lookup
  73. Mumford JA, Wilson H, Hannant D, Jessett DM. Antigenicity and immunogenicity of equine influenza vaccines containing a Carbomer adjuvant.. Epidemiol Infect 1994 Apr;112(2):421-37.
    doi: 10.1017/s0950268800057848pmc: PMC2271453pubmed: 8150017google scholar: lookup
  74. Reemers S, Sonnemans D, Horspool L, van Bommel S, Cao Q, van de Zande S. Determining Equine Influenza Virus Vaccine Efficacy-The Specific Contribution of Strain Versus Other Vaccine Attributes.. Vaccines (Basel) 2020 Sep 3;8(3).
    doi: 10.3390/vaccines8030501pmc: PMC7564743pubmed: 32899189google scholar: lookup
  75. Minke JM, Fischer L, Baudu P, Guigal PM, Sindle T, Mumford JA, Audonnet JC. Use of DNA and recombinant canarypox viral (ALVAC) vectors for equine herpes virus vaccination.. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2006 May 15;111(1-2):47-57.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2006.01.008pubmed: 16580075google scholar: lookup
  76. Gildea S, Sanchez Higgins MJ, Johnson G, Walsh C, Cullinane A. Concurrent vaccination against equine influenza and equine herpesvirus - a practical approach.. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2016 Sep;10(5):433-7.
    doi: 10.1111/irv.12396pmc: PMC4947937pubmed: 27169603google scholar: lookup
  77. Allkofer A, Garvey M, Ryan E, Lyons R, Ryan M, Lukaseviciute G, Walsh C, Venner M, Cullinane A. Primary vaccination in foals: a comparison of the serological response to equine influenza and equine herpesvirus vaccines administered concurrently or 2 weeks apart.. Arch Virol 2021 Feb;166(2):571-579.
    doi: 10.1007/s00705-020-04846-6pubmed: 33410993google scholar: lookup
  78. Krashias G, Simon AK, Wegmann F, Kok WL, Ho LP, Stevens D, Skehel J, Heeney JL, Moghaddam AE, Sattentau QJ. Potent adaptive immune responses induced against HIV-1 gp140 and influenza virus HA by a polyanionic carbomer.. Vaccine 2010 Mar 16;28(13):2482-9.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.01.046pubmed: 20132920google scholar: lookup
  79. Mair KH, Koinig H, Gerner W, Höhne A, Bretthauer J, Kroll JJ, Roof MB, Saalmüller A, Stadler K, Libanova R. Carbopol improves the early cellular immune responses induced by the modified-life vaccine Ingelvac PRRS® MLV.. Vet Microbiol 2015 Apr 17;176(3-4):352-7.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2015.02.001pubmed: 25707990google scholar: lookup
  80. Lee W, Kingstad-Bakke B, Paulson B, Larsen A, Overmyer K, Marinaik CB, Dulli K, Toy R, Vogel G, Mueller KP, Tweed K, Walsh AJ, Russell J, Saha K, Reyes L, Skala MC, Sauer JD, Shayakhmetov DM, Coon J, Roy K, Suresh M. Carbomer-based adjuvant elicits CD8 T-cell immunity by inducing a distinct metabolic state in cross-presenting dendritic cells.. PLoS Pathog 2021 Jan;17(1):e1009168.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009168pmc: PMC7840022pubmed: 33444400google scholar: lookup
  81. Gartlan KH, Krashias G, Wegmann F, Hillson WR, Scherer EM, Greenberg PD, Eisenbarth SC, Moghaddam AE, Sattentau QJ. Sterile inflammation induced by Carbopol elicits robust adaptive immune responses in the absence of pathogen-associated molecular patterns.. Vaccine 2016 Apr 27;34(19):2188-96.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.03.025pmc: PMC4850248pubmed: 27005810google scholar: lookup
  82. Dey AK, Burke B, Sun Y, Hartog K, Heeney JL, Montefiori D, Srivastava IK, Barnett SW. Use of a polyanionic carbomer, Carbopol971P, in combination with MF59, improves antibody responses to HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein.. Vaccine 2012 Apr 5;30(17):2749-59.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.02.027pmc: PMC3327552pubmed: 22366638google scholar: lookup
  83. Glass ME, Donahue SF. Injectable adjuvant and compositions including such adjuvant. U.S. Patent 1975.
  84. Parker R, Deville S, Dupuis L, Bertrand F, Aucouturier J. Adjuvant formulation for veterinary vaccines: Montanide™ Gel safety profile. Proc Vaccinol 2009;1:140–147.
    doi: 10.1016/j.provac.2009.07.026google scholar: lookup
  85. Nolan MB, Bertschinger HJ, Roth R, Crampton M, Martins IS, Fosgate GT, Stout TA, Schulman ML. Ovarian function following immunocontraceptive vaccination of mares using native porcine and recombinant zona pellucida vaccines formulated with a non-Freund's adjuvant and anti-GnRH vaccines.. Theriogenology 2018 Oct 15;120:111-116.
    doi: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2018.07.044pubmed: 30099144google scholar: lookup
  86. Nolan MB, Schulman ML, Botha AE, Human AM, Roth R, Crampton MC, Bertschinger HJ. Serum antibody immunoreactivity and safety of native porcine and recombinant zona pellucida vaccines formulated with a non-Freund's adjuvant in horses.. Vaccine 2019 Feb 28;37(10):1299-1306.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.01.053pubmed: 30733089google scholar: lookup
  87. Waite DC, Jacobson EW, Ennis FA, Edelman R, White B, Kammer R, Anderson C, Kensil CR. Three double-blind, randomized trials evaluating the safety and tolerance of different formulations of the saponin adjuvant QS-21.. Vaccine 2001 Jul 16;19(28-29):3957-67.
    doi: 10.1016/s0264-410x(01)00142-6pubmed: 11427271google scholar: lookup
  88. Kensil CR, Patel U, Lennick M, Marciani D. Separation and characterization of saponins with adjuvant activity from Quillaja saponaria Molina cortex.. J Immunol 1991 Jan 15;146(2):431-7.
    doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.146.2.431pubmed: 1987271google scholar: lookup
  89. Didierlaurent AM, Laupèze B, Di Pasquale A, Hergli N, Collignon C, Garçon N. Adjuvant system AS01: helping to overcome the challenges of modern vaccines.. Expert Rev Vaccines 2017 Jan;16(1):55-63.
    doi: 10.1080/14760584.2016.1213632pubmed: 27448771google scholar: lookup
  90. Wang P. Natural and Synthetic Saponins as Vaccine Adjuvants.. Vaccines (Basel) 2021 Mar 5;9(3).
    doi: 10.3390/vaccines9030222pmc: PMC8001307pubmed: 33807582google scholar: lookup
  91. Warda F, Shosha E, Abdelraouf A, Anes Kalad M. Immunogenicity of inactivated Equine Influenza (H3N8) virus vaccine with different adjuvents in equine. Benha Vet Med J 2021;40:5–11.
    doi: 10.21608/bvmj.2021.66190.1350google scholar: lookup
  92. Hellman S, Hjertner B, Morein B, Fossum C. The adjuvant G3 promotes a Th1 polarizing innate immune response in equine PBMC.. Vet Res 2018 Oct 22;49(1):108.
    doi: 10.1186/s13567-018-0602-2pmc: PMC6389152pubmed: 30348190google scholar: lookup
  93. Morein B, Sundquist B, Höglund S, Dalsgaard K, Osterhaus A. Iscom, a novel structure for antigenic presentation of membrane proteins from enveloped viruses.. Nature 1984 Mar 29-Apr 4;308(5958):457-60.
    doi: 10.1038/308457a0pubmed: 6709052google scholar: lookup
  94. Sjölander A, Cox JC, Barr IG. ISCOMs: an adjuvant with multiple functions.. J Leukoc Biol 1998 Dec;64(6):713-23.
    doi: 10.1002/jlb.64.6.713pubmed: 9850152google scholar: lookup
  95. Villacres MC, Behboudi S, Nikkila T, Lovgren-Bengtsson K, Morein B. Internalization of iscom-borne antigens and presentation under MHC class I or class II restriction.. Cell Immunol 1998 Apr 10;185(1):30-8.
    doi: 10.1006/cimm.1998.1278pubmed: 9636680google scholar: lookup
  96. Carlsson U, Alenius S, Sundquist B. Protective effect of an ISCOM bovine virus diarrhoea virus (BVDV) vaccine against an experimental BVDV infection in vaccinated and non-vaccinated pregnant ewes.. Vaccine 1991 Aug;9(8):577-80.
    doi: 10.1016/0264-410X(91)90245-2pubmed: 1663302google scholar: lookup
  97. Paillot R, Grimmett H, Elton D, Daly JM. Protection, systemic IFNgamma, and antibody responses induced by an ISCOM-based vaccine against a recent equine influenza virus in its natural host.. Vet Res 2008 May-Jun;39(3):21.
    doi: 10.1051/vetres:2007062pubmed: 18252187google scholar: lookup
  98. Crouch CF, Daly J, Hannant D, Wilkins J, Francis MJ. Immune responses and protective efficacy in ponies immunised with an equine influenza ISCOM vaccine containing an 'American lineage' H3N8 virus.. Vaccine 2004 Dec 2;23(3):418-25.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2004.01.074pubmed: 15530689google scholar: lookup
  99. Crouch CF, Daly J, Henley W, Hannant D, Wilkins J, Francis MJ. The use of a systemic prime/mucosal boost strategy with an equine influenza ISCOM vaccine to induce protective immunity in horses.. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2005 Dec 15;108(3-4):345-55.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2005.06.009pubmed: 16098611google scholar: lookup
  100. Heldens JG, Pouwels HG, Derks CG, Van de Zande SM, Hoeijmakers MJ. The first safe inactivated equine influenza vaccine formulation adjuvanted with ISCOM-Matrix that closes the immunity gap.. Vaccine 2009 Sep 4;27(40):5530-7.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.06.085pubmed: 19607950google scholar: lookup
  101. Mumford JA, Jessett DM, Rollinson EA, Hannant D, Draper ME. Duration of protective efficacy of equine influenza immunostimulating complex/tetanus vaccines.. Vet Rec 1994 Feb 12;134(7):158-62.
    doi: 10.1136/vr.134.7.158pubmed: 8160328google scholar: lookup
  102. Cullinane A, Weld J, Osborne M, Nelly M, Mcbride C, Walsh C. Field studies on equine influenza vaccination regimes in thoroughbred foals and yearlings.. Vet J 2001 Mar;161(2):174-85.
    doi: 10.1053/tvjl.2000.0546pubmed: 11243687google scholar: lookup
  103. Gildea S, Quinlivan M, Murphy BA, Cullinane A. Humoral response and antiviral cytokine expression following vaccination of thoroughbred weanlings--a blinded comparison of commercially available vaccines.. Vaccine 2013 Oct 25;31(45):5216-22.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.08.083pubmed: 24021309google scholar: lookup
  104. Andersen SA, Petersen HH, Ersbøll AK, Falk-Rønne J, Jacobsen S. Vaccination elicits a prominent acute phase response in horses.. Vet J 2012 Feb;191(2):199-202.
    doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2011.01.019pubmed: 21371917google scholar: lookup
  105. Hannant D, Jessett DM, O'Neill T, Dolby CA, Cook RF, Mumford JA. Responses of ponies to equid herpesvirus-1 ISCOM vaccination and challenge with virus of the homologous strain.. Res Vet Sci 1993 May;54(3):299-305.
    doi: 10.1016/0034-5288(93)90126-Zpubmed: 8393207google scholar: lookup
  106. Waller A, Flock M, Smith K, Robinson C, Mitchell Z, Karlström A, Lannergård J, Bergman R, Guss B, Flock JI. Vaccination of horses against strangles using recombinant antigens from Streptococcus equi.. Vaccine 2007 May 4;25(18):3629-35.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.01.060pubmed: 17321016google scholar: lookup
  107. Wang N, Chen M, Wang T. Liposomes used as a vaccine adjuvant-delivery system: From basics to clinical immunization.. J Control Release 2019 Jun 10;303:130-150.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.04.025pmc: PMC7111479pubmed: 31022431google scholar: lookup
  108. Phillips AT, Schountz T, Toth AM, Rico AB, Jarvis DL, Powers AM, Olson KE. Liposome-antigen-nucleic acid complexes protect mice from lethal challenge with western and eastern equine encephalitis viruses.. J Virol 2014 Feb;88(3):1771-80.
    doi: 10.1128/JVI.02297-13pmc: PMC3911585pubmed: 24257615google scholar: lookup
  109. Florindo HF, Pandit S, Gonçalves LM, Alpar HO, Almeida AJ. New approach on the development of a mucosal vaccine against strangles: Systemic and mucosal immune responses in a mouse model.. Vaccine 2009 Feb 18;27(8):1230-41.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.12.004pubmed: 19114079google scholar: lookup
  110. Florindo HF, Pandit S, Gonçalves LM, Videira M, Alpar O, Almeida AJ. Antibody and cytokine-associated immune responses to S. equi antigens entrapped in PLA nanospheres.. Biomaterials 2009 Oct;30(28):5161-9.
    doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2009.05.045pubmed: 19524290google scholar: lookup
  111. Greenway TE, Eldridge JH, Ludwig G, Staas JK, Smith JF, Gilley RM, Michalek SM. Induction of protective immune responses against Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) virus aerosol challenge with microencapsulated VEE virus vaccine.. Vaccine 1998 Aug;16(13):1314-23.
    doi: 10.1016/S0264-410X(98)00008-5pubmed: 9682396google scholar: lookup
  112. Lobigs M, Pavy M, Hall RA, Lobigs P, Cooper P, Komiya T, Toriniwa H, Petrovsky N. An inactivated Vero cell-grown Japanese encephalitis vaccine formulated with Advax, a novel inulin-based adjuvant, induces protective neutralizing antibody against homologous and heterologous flaviviruses.. J Gen Virol 2010 Jun;91(Pt 6):1407-17.
    doi: 10.1099/vir.0.019190-0pmc: PMC2888167pubmed: 20130134google scholar: lookup
  113. Bielefeldt-Ohmann H, Prow NA, Wang W, Tan CS, Coyle M, Douma A, Hobson-Peters J, Kidd L, Hall RA, Petrovsky N. Safety and immunogenicity of a delta inulin-adjuvanted inactivated Japanese encephalitis virus vaccine in pregnant mares and foals.. Vet Res 2014 Dec 17;45(1):130.
    doi: 10.1186/s13567-014-0130-7pmc: PMC4268807pubmed: 25516480google scholar: lookup
  114. Florindo HF, Pandit S, Lacerda L, Gonçalves LM, Alpar HO, Almeida AJ. The enhancement of the immune response against S. equi antigens through the intranasal administration of poly-epsilon-caprolactone-based nanoparticles.. Biomaterials 2009 Feb;30(5):879-91.
    doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2008.10.035pubmed: 19027152google scholar: lookup
  115. Siddoway AC, Verhoeven D, Ross KA, Wannemuehler MJ, Mallapragada SK, Narasimhan B. Structural Stability and Antigenicity of Universal Equine H3N8 Hemagglutinin Trimer upon Release from Polyanhydride Nanoparticles and Pentablock Copolymer Hydrogels.. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2022 Jun 13;8(6):2500-2507.
    doi: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.2c00219pubmed: 35604784google scholar: lookup

Citations

This article has been cited 2 times.
  1. Antipov A, Petrovsky N. One Health adjuvant selection for vaccines against zoonotic infections. Explor Med 2025;6.
    doi: 10.37349/emed.2025.1001316pubmed: 40444176google scholar: lookup
  2. Perzyna M, Grzędzicka J, Milczek-Haduch D, Dąbrowska I, Trela M, Pawliński B, Witkowska-Piłaszewicz O. Immunological Responses to Tetanus and Influenza Vaccination in Donkeys. J Vet Intern Med 2025 Jul-Aug;39(4):e70137.
    doi: 10.1111/jvim.70137pubmed: 40413721google scholar: lookup
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 99,344 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.