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Home / Equine Research Bank / Viruses / An Overview of Equine Influenza in South America.
Viruses2021; 13(5); doi: 10.3390/v13050888

An Overview of Equine Influenza in South America.

Abstract: Equine influenza virus (EIV) is one of the most important respiratory pathogens of horses as outbreaks of the disease lead to significant economic losses worldwide. In this review, we summarize the information available on equine influenza (EI) in South America. In the region, the major events of EI occurred almost in the same period in the different countries, and the EIV isolated showed high genetic identity at the hemagglutinin gene level. It is highly likely that the continuous movement of horses, some of them subclinically infected, among South American countries, facilitated the spread of the virus. Although EI vaccination is mandatory for mobile or congregates equine populations in the region, EI outbreaks continuously threaten the equine industry. Vaccine breakdown could be related to the fact that many of the commercial vaccines available in the region contain out-of-date EIV strains, and some of them even lack reliable information about immunogenicity and efficacy. This review highlights the importance of disease surveillance and reinforces the need to harmonize quarantine and biosecurity protocols, and encourage vaccine manufacturer companies to carry out quality control procedures and update the EIV strains in their products.
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Publication Date: 2021-05-12 PubMed ID: 34065839PubMed Central: PMC8151294DOI: 10.3390/v13050888Google Scholar: Lookup
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  • Journal Article
  • Research Support
  • Non-U.S. Gov't
  • Review

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research article is a review of the impacts of Equine Influenza Virus (EIV) in South America and how the movement of horses and outdated vaccines contribute to the problem.

Introduction to Equine Influenza Virus (EIV)

  • This research focuses on Equine Influenza Virus (EIV), a major respiratory pathogen affecting horses. Outbreaks of this disease can lead to significant economic losses and as such, it is considered highly important worldwide.

Major Events and EIV Isolation

  • In South America, major events of equine influenza have taken place nearly simultaneously in various countries. Isolated EIV strains shown to have a high genetic identity at the hemagglutinin gene level, indicating that the same virus strain is likely to be responsible for outbreaks in different areas.

Impact of Horse Movement

  • The continuous movement of horses, including potentially those with subclinical infections, among South American countries is a probable facilitator of the virus’s spread. So, control over inter-country movement of horses is key to containing the virus.

Role of Vaccination

  • While vaccination against EIV is mandatory for mobile or congregating equine populations in the region, outbreaks continue to pose a threat. The occurrence of these outbreaks despite vaccination could likely be due to outdated vaccine strains and insufficient information on their immunogenicity and efficacy. Therefore, current vaccines may not be fully effective against the version of EIV circulating.

Key Recommendations

  • The article stresses the importance of disease surveillance to track and respond to EIV outbreaks.
  • Further, it calls for harmonization of quarantine and biosecurity protocols across the region. This means that all countries would need to follow the same or compatible procedures to ensure virus containment.
  • Last, the authors recommend encouraging vaccine manufacturers to employ quality control procedures and regularly update the EIV strains used in their products. This would help ensure that the vaccines remain effective against the most current strains of the virus.

Cite This Article

APA
Olguin-Perglione C, Barrandeguy ME. (2021). An Overview of Equine Influenza in South America. Viruses, 13(5). https://doi.org/10.3390/v13050888

Publication

Viruses
ISSN: 1999-4915
NlmUniqueID: 101509722
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 13
Issue: 5

Researcher Affiliations

Olguin-Perglione, Cecilia
  • Instituto de Virología CICVyA, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Hurlingham B1686, Argentina.
Barrandeguy, María Edith
  • Instituto de Virología CICVyA, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Hurlingham B1686, Argentina.
  • Escuela de Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Veterinarias, Universidad del Salvador, Pilar B1630AHU, Argentina.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Disease Outbreaks
  • Geography, Medical
  • Horse Diseases / epidemiology
  • Horse Diseases / virology
  • Horses
  • Influenza A virus / classification
  • Influenza A virus / genetics
  • Orthomyxoviridae Infections / veterinary
  • Phylogeny
  • Public Health Surveillance
  • RNA, Viral
  • Respiratory Tract Infections / epidemiology
  • Respiratory Tract Infections / virology
  • South America / epidemiology

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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