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Australian veterinary journal2025; 103(12); 781-889; doi: 10.1111/avj.70003

Antimicrobial prescribing guidelines for horses in Australia.

Abstract: The growing problem of antimicrobial resistance also affects equine veterinarians with increasing frequency. Antimicrobial stewardship and responsible prescribing are essential for a future in which effective antimicrobials are available, as it is unlikely that new antimicrobials will become available for use in horses. While antimicrobials are commonly used to treat equine infections, complications with therapy are also relatively common. Antimicrobial-associated diarrhoea, immune-mediated diseases, and nephrotoxicity have been reported as sequelae of antimicrobial therapy in equine practice. This does not indicate that clinicians should avoid using these drugs, only that knowledge of the potential for adverse effects is critical when deciding on the most appropriate antimicrobial to use and can assist in avoiding serious side effects, wherever possible, or at least in detecting and responding to them early. These guidelines comprehensively outline key features of infectious diseases in horses, diagnostic testing, and therapeutic guidelines for use in treating horses in Australia.
© 2025 The Author(s). Australian Veterinary Journal published by John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd on behalf of Australian Veterinary Association.
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Publication Date: 2025-09-03 PubMed ID: 40903020PubMed Central: PMC12674987DOI: 10.1111/avj.70003Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

Antimicrobial resistance is an increasing concern in horse veterinary care, and responsible prescribing is crucial to ensure effective treatments remain available. These guidelines provide comprehensive recommendations for diagnosing and treating infections in horses in Australia while addressing the risks and benefits of antimicrobial use.

Introduction and Background

  • Antimicrobial resistance is a growing global issue affecting veterinary medicine, including equine practice.
  • There is a scarcity of new antimicrobials being developed for use specifically in horses, emphasizing the need for prudent use of existing drugs.
  • Equine veterinarians frequently treat infections with antimicrobials but must balance effectiveness with potential adverse effects.

Importance of Antimicrobial Stewardship in Equine Practice

  • Responsible prescribing helps preserve the efficacy of existing antimicrobial agents.
  • Stewardship includes selecting the appropriate drug, dose, and duration based on diagnostic testing and infection type.
  • Effective stewardship may slow the development and spread of antimicrobial resistance.

Potential Complications of Antimicrobial Therapy in Horses

  • Adverse drug reactions are relatively common and include:
    • Antimicrobial-associated diarrhoea, which can disrupt normal gut flora.
    • Immune-mediated diseases triggered by drug exposures.
    • Nephrotoxicity, or kidney damage, which can arise with certain antimicrobials.
  • Awareness and early recognition of these side effects facilitate timely intervention and reduce morbidity.
  • The possibility of complications should not deter appropriate antimicrobial use but should guide careful drug choice and monitoring.

Guideline Content Overview

  • These guidelines provide a comprehensive overview of:
    • Key infectious diseases commonly affecting horses in Australia.
    • Diagnostic approaches including microbiological testing to inform targeted therapy.
    • Therapeutic recommendations tailored to different infections and clinical scenarios.
  • They emphasize evidence-based strategies to optimize outcomes while minimizing risks of resistance and adverse effects.
  • The guidelines support veterinarians in making informed decisions about antimicrobial use specific to equine patients in the Australian context.

Conclusion

  • The responsible use of antimicrobials in horses is critical for maintaining treatment efficacy and animal health.
  • Veterinarians need to balance benefits and risks, guided by diagnostic information and current best practices.
  • These guidelines serve as an important resource for antimicrobial stewardship in the equine veterinary community in Australia.

Cite This Article

APA
Hardefeldt L, Thomas K, Page S, Norris J, Browning G, El Hage C, Stewart A, Gilkerson J, Muscatello G, Verwilghen D, van Galen G, Bauquier J, Cuming R, Reynolds B, Whittaker C, Wilkes E, Clulow J, Burden C, Begg L. (2025). Antimicrobial prescribing guidelines for horses in Australia. Aust Vet J, 103(12), 781-889. https://doi.org/10.1111/avj.70003

Publication

Australian veterinary journal
ISSN: 1751-0813
NlmUniqueID: 0370616
Country: England
Language: English
Volume: 103
Issue: 12
Pages: 781-889

Researcher Affiliations

Hardefeldt, L
  • Asia Pacific Centre for Animal Health & National Centre for Antimicrobial Stewardship, Melbourne Veterinary School, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
Thomas, K
  • School of Agriculture, Environment and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Bathurst, New South Wales, Australia.
Page, S
  • Advanced Veterinary Therapeutics, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
Norris, J
  • Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
Browning, G
  • Asia Pacific Centre for Animal Health & National Centre for Antimicrobial Stewardship, Melbourne Veterinary School, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
El Hage, C
  • Asia Pacific Centre for Animal Health & National Centre for Antimicrobial Stewardship, Melbourne Veterinary School, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
Stewart, A
  • UQ Vets, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia.
Gilkerson, J
  • Asia Pacific Centre for Animal Health & National Centre for Antimicrobial Stewardship, Melbourne Veterinary School, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
Muscatello, G
  • Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
Verwilghen, D
  • Goulburn Valley Equine Hospital, Congupna, Victoria, Australia.
van Galen, G
  • Goulburn Valley Equine Hospital, Congupna, Victoria, Australia.
Bauquier, J
  • Melbourne Veterinary School, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
Cuming, R
  • Scone Equine Hospital, Scone, New South Wales, Australia.
Reynolds, B
  • Eye Clinic for Animals, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
Whittaker, C
  • Eye Clinic for Animals, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
Wilkes, E
  • Racing Victoria, Flemington, Victoria, Australia.
Clulow, J
  • School of Agriculture, Environment and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Bathurst, New South Wales, Australia.
Burden, C
  • Strathbogie Veterinary Services, Strathbogie, Victoria, Australia.
Begg, L
  • REC Specialist Equine Centre, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Anti-Bacterial Agents / therapeutic use
  • Anti-Bacterial Agents / adverse effects
  • Anti-Infective Agents / therapeutic use
  • Anti-Infective Agents / adverse effects
  • Antimicrobial Stewardship / standards
  • Australia
  • Drug Prescriptions / standards
  • Drug Prescriptions / veterinary
  • Horse Diseases / drug therapy
  • Horse Diseases / diagnosis
  • Horses

Grant Funding

  • Australian Veterinary Association
  • Australian Medicines Australia
  • Agrifutures Australia

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest or sources of funding for the work presented here.

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