FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 10000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Veterinary research communications2013; 37(4); 333-338; doi: 10.1007/s11259-013-9571-0

Apoptotic effects of tamoxifen on leukocytes from horse peripheral blood and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid.

Abstract: A reduction in inflammatory cell apoptosis is an important concept in the maintenance of inflammation and a potential target for the resolution of inflammation in many inflammatory diseases. Dysregulation of apoptosis has been implicated in a range of diseases, including tumors, neurodegenerative disorders and autoimmunity, and may also be implicated in allergic asthma. In horses, recurrent airway obstruction (RAO) is an asthma-like condition that is characterized increased survival neutrophil bronchial. Tamoxifen is a synthetic, non-steroidal, anti-estrogen agent that is widely used for treating all stages of breast cancer and has been approved for the prevention of breast cancer in high-risk women. The observed efficacy of tamoxifen has been attributed to both growth arrest and the induction of apoptosis. Therefore, the aim of our study was to evaluate the ability of tamoxifen to induce apoptosis in vitro in granulocytic cells from peripheral blood and in mononuclear cells from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) in horses. Flow cytometry using commercial AnnexinV-FITC and propidium iodide was used to quantify early and late apoptotic leukocytes, respectively. The results showed a significant increase in early apoptosis in peripheral blood and bronchial granulocytic cells treated with tamoxifen. The rate of early apoptosis of mononuclear cells from blood and BALF when incubated with tamoxifen was significantly lower compared with granulocytic cells. We did not observe a direct effect of tamoxifen on late apoptosis in any of the in vitro assays in the cell types used here. These results indicate that the apoptotic mechanisms under these experimental conditions would affect only blood and BALF granulocytic cells, particularly in early apoptosis. Finally, further in vitro and in vivo studies are needed to better understand apoptotic mechanisms because tamoxifen could be used to treat chronic, inflammatory pathologies associated with granulocytes and allergic diseases, such as asthma or equine RAO.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2013-07-12 PubMed ID: 23846832DOI: 10.1007/s11259-013-9571-0Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article
  • Research Support
  • Non-U.S. Gov't

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This research study investigates the potential of tamoxifen, a drug commonly used to treat breast cancer, to induce cell death or apoptosis in certain types of cells involved in inflammation and asthma-like conditions in horses. The findings showed that tamoxifen significantly increased early cell death in granulocytic cells (a type of white blood cell) from peripheral blood and from the lungs.

Introduction and Aim

  • The study aimed to expand our understanding of the apoptotic effects of tamoxifen on leukocytes, a type of white blood cell, sourced from horse peripheral blood and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF).
  • The researchers wanted to see if tamoxifen, known for its cancer-fighting properties, could be used to trigger apoptosis, or programmed cell death, in these inflammatory cells, potentially offering a therapeutic pathway for inflammatory and allergic diseases.

Background

  • Apoptosis, or controlled cell death, plays a crucial role in health, and a lack of apoptosis can lead to sustained inflammation and contribute to diseases like cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, and autoimmunity.
  • Interestingly, a similar consequence is suspected in allergic asthma, which in horses is known as recurrent airway obstruction (RAO) and characterized by long-lived bronchial neutrophils, a type of white blood cell.
  • Tamoxifen, an anti-estrogen drug, is popular in treating all stages of breast cancer and for preventing the same in high-risk women. The drug’s success is attributed to both growth arrest and the induction of apoptosis.

Methods and Results

  • To investigate tamoxifen’s impact on apoptosis, the researchers treated granulocytic cells from horse peripheral blood and mononuclear cells from BALF with tamoxifen, in vitro.
  • They used flow cytometry, a technique that analyzes the physical and molecular characteristics of cells, to measure early and late apoptosis in leukocytes.
  • The results revealed a significant increase in early apoptosis in blood and bronchial granulocytic cells treated with tamoxifen. However, tamoxifen did not appear to have the same impact on the mononuclear cells from blood and BALF.
  • Interestingly, the researchers did not observe a direct impact of tamoxifen on late apoptosis in any of the cell types in this in vitro experiment.

Conclusions and Future Implications

  • The results suggest that the apoptotic mechanisms influenced by tamoxifen under these experimental conditions primarily effect blood and BALF granulocytic cells, but only in early apoptosis.
  • This study is a step toward understanding how tamoxifen could potentially be used to treat chronic inflammatory pathologies connected with granulocytes and allergic diseases, such as asthma or horse RAO.
  • Additional in vitro and in vivo studies are necessary to further comprehend the apoptotic mechanisms influenced by tamoxifen and how they could be applied to treat such diseases.

Cite This Article

APA
Sarmiento J, Perez B, Morales N, Henriquez C, Vidal L, Folch H, Galecio JS, Morán G. (2013). Apoptotic effects of tamoxifen on leukocytes from horse peripheral blood and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Vet Res Commun, 37(4), 333-338. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11259-013-9571-0

Publication

Veterinary research communications
ISSN: 1573-7446
NlmUniqueID: 8100520
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 37
Issue: 4
Pages: 333-338

Researcher Affiliations

Sarmiento, J
  • Department of Phisiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.
Perez, B
    Morales, N
      Henriquez, C
        Vidal, L
          Folch, H
            Galecio, J S
              Morán, G

                MeSH Terms

                • Animals
                • Antineoplastic Agents / pharmacology
                • Apoptosis / drug effects
                • Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid / cytology
                • Granulocytes / drug effects
                • Horses
                • Leukocytes / drug effects
                • Tamoxifen / pharmacology

                References

                This article includes 49 references
                1. Vignola AM, Chanez P, Chiappara G, Siena L, Merendino A, Reina C, Gagliardo R, Profita M, Bousquet J, Bonsignore G. Evaluation of apoptosis of eosinophils, macrophages, and T lymphocytes in mucosal biopsy specimens of patients with asthma and chronic bronchitis.. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1999 Apr;103(4):563-73.
                  pubmed: 10200002doi: 10.1016/s0091-6749(99)70225-3google scholar: lookup
                2. Ainsworth DM, Wagner B, Erb HN, Young JC, Retallick DE. Effects of in vitro exposure to hay dust on expression of interleukin-17, -23, -8, and -1beta and chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 2 by pulmonary mononuclear cells isolated from horses chronically affected with recurrent airway disease.. Am J Vet Res 2007 Dec;68(12):1361-9.
                  pubmed: 18052742doi: 10.2460/ajvr.68.12.1361google scholar: lookup
                3. Haslett C. Granulocyte apoptosis and its role in the resolution and control of lung inflammation.. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999 Nov;160(5 Pt 2):S5-11.
                  pubmed: 10556161doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.160.supplement_1.4google scholar: lookup
                4. Duffy SM, Lawley WJ, Kaur D, Yang W, Bradding P. Inhibition of human mast cell proliferation and survival by tamoxifen in association with ion channel modulation.. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2003 Nov;112(5):965-72.
                  pubmed: 14610489doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2003.07.004google scholar: lookup
                5. Cohen JJ. Apoptosis: mechanisms of life and death in the immune system.. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1999 Apr;103(4):548-54.
                  pubmed: 10199999doi: 10.1016/s0091-6749(99)70222-8google scholar: lookup
                6. Cordeau ME, Joubert P, Dewachi O, Hamid Q, Lavoie JP. IL-4, IL-5 and IFN-gamma mRNA expression in pulmonary lymphocytes in equine heaves.. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2004 Jan;97(1-2):87-96.
                  pubmed: 14700540doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2003.08.013google scholar: lookup
                7. Künzle F, Gerber V, Van Der Haegen A, Wampfler B, Straub R, Marti E. IgE-bearing cells in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and allergen-specific IgE levels in sera from RAO-affected horses.. J Vet Med A Physiol Pathol Clin Med 2007 Feb;54(1):40-7.
                  pubmed: 17359454doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0442.2007.00870.xgoogle scholar: lookup
                8. Breuer J, Müller U, Locher L, Spallek A, Recknagel S, Uhlig A, Schusser GF. Differentiation of viable, apoptotic and necrotic cells in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of normal horses and horses with recurrent airway obstruction.. Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr 2011 Mar-Apr;124(3-4):154-60.
                  pubmed: 21462865
                9. Franchini M, Gill U, von Fellenberg R, Bracher VD. Interleukin-8 concentration and neutrophil chemotactic activity in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of horses with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease following exposure to hay.. Am J Vet Res 2000 Nov;61(11):1369-74.
                  pubmed: 11108181doi: 10.2460/ajvr.2000.61.1369google scholar: lookup
                10. Morán G, Folch H, Araya O, Burgos R, Barria M. Detection of reaginic antibodies against Faenia rectivirgula from the serum of horses affected with Recurrent Airway Obstruction by an in vitro bioassay.. Vet Res Commun 2010 Dec;34(8):719-26.
                  pubmed: 20814741doi: 10.1007/s11259-010-9440-zgoogle scholar: lookup
                11. Cabot MC, Zhang Z, Cao H, Lavie Y, Giuliano AE, Han TY, Jones RC. Tamoxifen activates cellular phospholipase C and D and elicits protein kinase C translocation.. Int J Cancer 1997 Mar 4;70(5):567-74.
                  pubmed: 9052757doi: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0215(19970304)70:5<567::aid-ijc13>3.0.co;2-agoogle scholar: lookup
                12. Halliwell RE, McGorum BC, Irving P, Dixon PM. Local and systemic antibody production in horses affected with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 1993 Oct;38(3-4):201-15.
                  pubmed: 8291200doi: 10.1016/0165-2427(93)90081-egoogle scholar: lookup
                13. Turlej RK, Fiévez L, Sandersen CF, Dogné S, Kirschvink N, Lekeux P, Bureau F. Enhanced survival of lung granulocytes in an animal model of asthma: evidence for a role of GM-CSF activated STAT5 signalling pathway.. Thorax 2001 Sep;56(9):696-702.
                  pubmed: 11514690doi: 10.1136/thorax.56.9.696google scholar: lookup
                14. Dibbert B, Weber M, Nikolaizik WH, Vogt P, Schöni MH, Blaser K, Simon HU. Cytokine-mediated Bax deficiency and consequent delayed neutrophil apoptosis: a general mechanism to accumulate effector cells in inflammation.. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1999 Nov 9;96(23):13330-5.
                  pubmed: 10557320doi: 10.1073/pnas.96.23.13330google scholar: lookup
                15. Zizzo G, Cohen PL. IL-17 stimulates differentiation of human anti-inflammatory macrophages and phagocytosis of apoptotic neutrophils in response to IL-10 and glucocorticoids.. J Immunol 2013 May 15;190(10):5237-46.
                  pubmed: 23596310doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.1203017google scholar: lookup
                16. Eder C, Curik I, Brem G, Crameri R, Bodo I, Habe F, Lazary S, Sölkner J, Marti E. Influence of environmental and genetic factors on allergen-specific immunoglobulin-E levels in sera from Lipizzan horses.. Equine Vet J 2001 Nov;33(7):714-20.
                  pubmed: 11770995doi: 10.2746/042516401776249264google scholar: lookup
                17. Cameron DA, Keen JC, Dixon JM, Bellamy C, Hanby A, Anderson TJ, Miller WR. Effective tamoxifen therapy of breast cancer involves both antiproliferative and pro-apoptotic changes.. Eur J Cancer 2000 May;36(7):845-51.
                  pubmed: 10785588doi: 10.1016/s0959-8049(00)00013-7google scholar: lookup
                18. Schmallenbach KH, Rahman I, Sasse HH, Dixon PM, Halliwell RE, McGorum BC, Crameri R, Miller HR. Studies on pulmonary and systemic Aspergillus fumigatus-specific IgE and IgG antibodies in horses affected with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 1998 Dec 11;66(3-4):245-56.
                  pubmed: 9880102doi: 10.1016/s0165-2427(98)00202-5google scholar: lookup
                19. O'Brian CA, Ward NE, Anderson BW. Role of specific interactions between protein kinase C and triphenylethylenes in inhibition of the enzyme.. J Natl Cancer Inst 1988 Dec 21;80(20):1628-33.
                  pubmed: 3264029doi: 10.1093/jnci/80.20.1628google scholar: lookup
                20. Müller M, Grunewald J, Olgart Höglund C, Dahlén B, Eklund A, Stridh H. Altered apoptosis in bronchoalveolar lavage lymphocytes after allergen exposure of atopic asthmatic subjects.. Eur Respir J 2006 Sep;28(3):513-22.
                  pubmed: 16737985doi: 10.1183/09031936.06.00118505google scholar: lookup
                21. Morán G, Burgos R, Araya O, Folch H. In vitro bioassay to detect reaginic antibodies from the serum of horses affected with recurrent airway obstruction.. Vet Res Commun 2010 Jan;34(1):91-9.
                  pubmed: 20012188doi: 10.1007/s11259-009-9334-0google scholar: lookup
                22. Cormican L, O'Sullivan S, Burke CM, Poulter LW. IFN-gamma but not IL-4 T cells of the asthmatic bronchial wall show increased incidence of apoptosis.. Clin Exp Allergy 2001 May;31(5):731-9.
                  pubmed: 11422132doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2222.2001.01099.xgoogle scholar: lookup
                23. Budtz PE. Role of proliferation and apoptosis in net growth rates of human breast cancer cells (MCF-7) treated with oestradiol and/or tamoxifen.. Cell Prolif 1999 Oct;32(5):289-302.
                  pubmed: 10619490doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2184.1999.3250289.xgoogle scholar: lookup
                24. Lavoie JP, Maghni K, Desnoyers M, Taha R, Martin JG, Hamid QA. Neutrophilic airway inflammation in horses with heaves is characterized by a Th2-type cytokine profile.. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001 Oct 15;164(8 Pt 1):1410-3.
                  pubmed: 11704587doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.164.8.2012091google scholar: lookup
                25. Akbar AN, Salmon M. Cellular environments and apoptosis: tissue microenvironments control activated T-cell death.. Immunol Today 1997 Feb;18(2):72-6.
                  pubmed: 9057357doi: 10.1016/s0167-5699(97)01003-7google scholar: lookup
                26. Marchette LC, Marchette BE, Abraham WM, Wanner A. The effect of systemic hydration on normal and impaired mucociliary function.. Pediatr Pulmonol 1985 Mar-Apr;1(2):107-11.
                  pubmed: 4069794doi: 10.1002/ppul.1950010209google scholar: lookup
                27. Robinson NE. International Workshop on Equine Chronic Airway Disease. Michigan State University 16-18 June 2000.. Equine Vet J 2001 Jan;33(1):5-19.
                  pubmed: 11191611doi: 10.2746/042516401776767412google scholar: lookup
                28. Spinozzi F, Fizzotti M, Agea E, Piattoni S, Droetto S, Russano A, Forenza N, Bassotti G, Grignani F, Bertotto A. Defective expression of Fas messenger RNA and Fas receptor on pulmonary T cells from patients with asthma.. Ann Intern Med 1998 Mar 1;128(5):363-9.
                  pubmed: 9490596doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-128-5-199803010-00004google scholar: lookup
                29. Datta R, Kojima H, Yoshida K, Kufe D. Caspase-3-mediated cleavage of protein kinase C theta in induction of apoptosis.. J Biol Chem 1997 Aug 15;272(33):20317-20.
                  pubmed: 9252332doi: 10.1074/jbc.272.33.20317google scholar: lookup
                30. Giguère S, Viel L, Lee E, MacKay RJ, Hernandez J, Franchini M. Cytokine induction in pulmonary airways of horses with heaves and effect of therapy with inhaled fluticasone propionate.. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2002 Mar;85(3-4):147-58.
                  pubmed: 11943316doi: 10.1016/s0165-2427(01)00420-2google scholar: lookup
                31. Stearns V, Johnson MD, Rae JM, Morocho A, Novielli A, Bhargava P, Hayes DF, Desta Z, Flockhart DA. Active tamoxifen metabolite plasma concentrations after coadministration of tamoxifen and the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor paroxetine.. J Natl Cancer Inst 2003 Dec 3;95(23):1758-64.
                  pubmed: 14652237doi: 10.1093/jnci/djg108google scholar: lookup
                32. Finotto S, Eigenbrod T, Karwot R, Boross I, Doganci A, Ito H, Nishimoto N, Yoshizaki K, Kishimoto T, Rose-John S, Galle PR, Neurath MF. Local blockade of IL-6R signaling induces lung CD4+ T cell apoptosis in a murine model of asthma via regulatory T cells.. Int Immunol 2007 Jun;19(6):685-93.
                  pubmed: 17496315doi: 10.1093/intimm/dxm037google scholar: lookup
                33. De Rose V, Cappello P, Sorbello V, Ceccarini B, Gani F, Bosticardo M, Fassio S, Novelli F. IFN-gamma inhibits the proliferation of allergen-activated T lymphocytes from atopic, asthmatic patients by inducing Fas/FasL-mediated apoptosis.. J Leukoc Biol 2004 Aug;76(2):423-32.
                  pubmed: 15123769doi: 10.1189/jlb.0503247google scholar: lookup
                34. Léguillette R. Recurrent airway obstruction--heaves.. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2003 Apr;19(1):63-86, vi.
                  pubmed: 12747662doi: 10.1016/s0749-0739(02)00067-6google scholar: lookup
                35. Moran G, Buechner-Maxwell VA, Folch H, Henriquez C, Galecio JS, Perez B, Carrasco C, Barria M. Increased apoptosis of CD4 and CD8 T lymphocytes in the airways of horses with recurrent airway obstruction.. Vet Res Commun 2011 Oct;35(7):447-56.
                  pubmed: 21594641doi: 10.1007/s11259-011-9482-xgoogle scholar: lookup
                36. Thompson CB. Apoptosis in the pathogenesis and treatment of disease.. Science 1995 Mar 10;267(5203):1456-62.
                  pubmed: 7878464doi: 10.1126/science.7878464google scholar: lookup
                37. Ainsworth DM, Grünig G, Matychak MB, Young J, Wagner B, Erb HN, Antczak DF. Recurrent airway obstruction (RAO) in horses is characterized by IFN-gamma and IL-8 production in bronchoalveolar lavage cells.. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2003 Nov 15;96(1-2):83-91.
                  pubmed: 14522137doi: 10.1016/s0165-2427(03)00142-9google scholar: lookup
                38. Curik I, Fraser D, Eder C, Achmann R, Swinburne J, Crameri R, Brem G, Sölkner J, Marti E. Association between the MHC gene region and variation of serum IgE levels against specific mould allergens in the horse.. Genet Sel Evol 2003;35 Suppl 1(Suppl 1):S177-90.
                  pubmed: 12927090doi: 10.1186/1297-9686-35-S1-S177google scholar: lookup
                39. Debrue M, Hamilton E, Joubert P, Lajoie-Kadoch S, Lavoie JP. Chronic exacerbation of equine heaves is associated with an increased expression of interleukin-17 mRNA in bronchoalveolar lavage cells.. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2005 May 1;105(1-2):25-31.
                  pubmed: 15797472doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2004.12.013google scholar: lookup
                40. Tong J, Bandulwala HS, Clay BS, Anders RA, Shilling RA, Balachandran DD, Chen B, Weinstock JV, Solway J, Hamann KJ, Sperling AI. Fas-positive T cells regulate the resolution of airway inflammation in a murine model of asthma.. J Exp Med 2006 May 15;203(5):1173-84.
                  pubmed: 16618792doi: 10.1084/jem.20051680google scholar: lookup
                41. Ahn SJ, Yoon MS, Hyuk S, Han W, Yoon YD, Han JS, Noh DY. Phospholipase C-protein kinase C mediated phospholipase D activation pathway is involved in tamoxifen induced apoptosis.. J Cell Biochem 2003 Jun 1;89(3):520-8.
                  pubmed: 12761885doi: 10.1002/jcb.10532google scholar: lookup
                42. Jayaraman S, Castro M, O'Sullivan M, Bragdon MJ, Holtzman MJ. Resistance to Fas-mediated T cell apoptosis in asthma.. J Immunol 1999 Feb 1;162(3):1717-22.
                  pubmed: 9973434
                43. Kisanga ER, Gjerde J, Guerrieri-Gonzaga A, Pigatto F, Pesci-Feltri A, Robertson C, Serrano D, Pelosi G, Decensi A, Lien EA. Tamoxifen and metabolite concentrations in serum and breast cancer tissue during three dose regimens in a randomized preoperative trial.. Clin Cancer Res 2004 Apr 1;10(7):2336-43.
                  pubmed: 15073109doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-03-0538google scholar: lookup
                44. Eder C, Crameri R, Mayer C, Eicher R, Straub R, Gerber H, Lazary S, Marti E. Allergen-specific IgE levels against crude mould and storage mite extracts and recombinant mould allergens in sera from horses affected with chronic bronchitis.. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2000 Mar 15;73(3-4):241-53.
                  pubmed: 10713338doi: 10.1016/s0165-2427(00)00154-9google scholar: lookup
                45. Babina M, Kirn F, Hoser D, Ernst D, Rohde W, Zuberbier T, Worm M. Tamoxifen counteracts the allergic immune response and improves allergen-induced dermatitis in mice.. Clin Exp Allergy 2010 Aug;40(8):1256-65.
                  pubmed: 20337649doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2010.03472.xgoogle scholar: lookup
                46. Tahon L, Baselgia S, Gerber V, Doherr MG, Straub R, Robinson NE, Marti E. In vitro allergy tests compared to intradermal testing in horses with recurrent airway obstruction.. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2009 Jan 15;127(1-2):85-93.
                  pubmed: 19027178doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2008.09.021google scholar: lookup
                47. Gerber V, Lindberg A, Berney C, Robinson NE. Airway mucus in recurrent airway obstruction--short-term response to environmental challenge.. J Vet Intern Med 2004 Jan-Feb;18(1):92-7.
                  pubmed: 14765737doi: 10.1892/0891-6640(2004)18<92:amirao>2.0.co;2google scholar: lookup
                48. Riihimäki M, Raine A, Art T, Lekeux P, Couëtil L, Pringle J. Partial divergence of cytokine mRNA expression in bronchial tissues compared to bronchoalveolar lavage cells in horses with recurrent airway obstruction.. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2008 Apr 15;122(3-4):256-64.
                  pubmed: 18243337doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2007.12.001google scholar: lookup
                49. Ainsworth DM, Wagner B, Franchini M, Grünig G, Erb HN, Tan JY. Time-dependent alterations in gene expression of interleukin-8 in the bronchial epithelium of horses with recurrent airway obstruction.. Am J Vet Res 2006 Apr;67(4):669-77.
                  pubmed: 16579761doi: 10.2460/ajvr.67.4.669google scholar: lookup

                Citations

                This article has been cited 11 times.
                1. Salinas C, Barriga K, Albornoz A, Alarcon P, Quiroga J, Uberti B, Sarmiento J, Henriquez C, Ehrenfeld P, Burgos RA, Moran G. Tamoxifen triggers the in vitro release of neutrophil extracellular traps in healthy horses. Front Vet Sci 2022;9:1025249.
                  doi: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1025249pubmed: 36686170google scholar: lookup
                2. Cephus JY, Gandhi VD, Shah R, Brooke Davis J, Fuseini H, Yung JA, Zhang J, Kita H, Polosukhin VV, Zhou W, Newcomb DC. Estrogen receptor-α signaling increases allergen-induced IL-33 release and airway inflammation. Allergy 2021 Jan;76(1):255-268.
                  doi: 10.1111/all.14491pubmed: 32648964google scholar: lookup
                3. Albornoz A, Morales N, Uberti B, Henriquez C, Burgos RA, Alarcon P, Moran G. Tamoxifen and its metabolites induce mitochondrial membrane depolarization and caspase-3 activation in equine neutrophils. Vet Med Sci 2020 Nov;6(4):673-678.
                  doi: 10.1002/vms3.316pubmed: 32558352google scholar: lookup
                4. Liao Y, Li P, Wang Y, Chen H, Ning S, Su D. Construction of asthma related competing endogenous RNA network revealed novel long non-coding RNAs and potential new drugs. Respir Res 2020 Jan 10;21(1):14.
                  doi: 10.1186/s12931-019-1257-xpubmed: 31924195google scholar: lookup
                5. Gajardo G, López-Muñoz R, Plaza A, Uberti B, Sarmiento J, Morán G, Henríquez C. Tamoxifen in horses: pharmacokinetics and safety study. Ir Vet J 2019;72:5.
                  doi: 10.1186/s13620-019-0143-7pubmed: 31249663google scholar: lookup
                6. Morales N, Henriquez C, Sarmiento J, Uberti B, Moran G. Tamoxifen inhibits chemokinesis in equine neutrophils. Ir Vet J 2018;71:22.
                  doi: 10.1186/s13620-018-0133-1pubmed: 30386589google scholar: lookup
                7. Mainguy-Seers S, Picotte K, Lavoie JP. Efficacy of tamoxifen for the treatment of severe equine asthma. J Vet Intern Med 2018 Sep;32(5):1748-1753.
                  doi: 10.1111/jvim.15289pubmed: 30084157google scholar: lookup
                8. Olave C, Morales N, Uberti B, Henriquez C, Sarmiento J, Ortloff A, Folch H, Moran G. Tamoxifen induces apoptotic neutrophil efferocytosis in horses. Vet Res Commun 2018 Mar;42(1):57-63.
                  doi: 10.1007/s11259-017-9709-6pubmed: 29297134google scholar: lookup
                9. Pacholewska A, Jagannathan V, Drögemüller M, Klukowska-Rötzler J, Lanz S, Hamza E, Dermitzakis ET, Marti E, Leeb T, Gerber V. Impaired Cell Cycle Regulation in a Natural Equine Model of Asthma. PLoS One 2015;10(8):e0136103.
                  doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136103pubmed: 26292153google scholar: lookup
                10. Niedzwiedz A, Jaworski Z, Tykalowski B, Smialek M. Neutrophil and macrophage apoptosis in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from healthy horses and horses with recurrent airway obstruction (RAO). BMC Vet Res 2014 Jan 24;10:29.
                  doi: 10.1186/1746-6148-10-29pubmed: 24460911google scholar: lookup
                11. Rodríguez M, Quiroga J, Cortés B, Morán G, Henríquez C. Effects of tamoxifen on the immune response phenotype in equine peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Front Vet Sci 2024;11:1381162.
                  doi: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1381162pubmed: 38659456google scholar: lookup
                Subscribe to our newsletter
                Join 99,824 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.