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EFSA journal. European Food Safety Authority2022; 20(4); e07230; doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2022.7230

Clinical impact, diagnosis and control of Equine Herpesvirus-1 infection in Europe.

Abstract: Equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) can affect the entire equine sector in EU, and the large outbreak reported in 2021 in Spain drew attention to the needs of the European Commission for scientific advice for the assessment of EHV-1 infection within the framework of Animal Health Law. EHV-1 is considered endemic in the EU; its main risk is linked to the characteristic of producing latent life-long infections. These can reactivate producing clinical disease, which can include respiratory, abortive and possibly fatal neurological forms. From the epidemiological and genomic viewpoint, there are no specific neuropathogenic EHV-1 strains; the respiratory, reproductive and neurological signs are not found to be strain-specific. This was also the case of the virus that caused the outbreak in Valencia (Spain) in 2021, which was genetically closely related to other viruses circulating before in Europe, and did not present the so-called neuropathogenic genotype. The outbreak reported in Valencia was followed by wide geographic spread of the virus possibly due to a delay in diagnosis and late application of biosecurity measures. The recommended and most sensitive diagnostic test for detecting EHV-1 is PCR performed on swabs collected according to the type of clinical signs. Serological assays on paired blood samples can help to detect a recent infection, while no diagnostic methods are available to detect EHV-1 latent infections. Safe movements of horses can be ensured at premovement phase by testing and issuing health certificates, and by isolating animals upon arrival at new premises with regular health monitoring. In case of suspicion, movements should be forbidden and EHV-1 infection early detected/confirmed by validated diagnostic tools. During outbreaks, no movements should be allowed until 21 days after the detection of the last case. In general, vaccination against EHV-1 should be promoted, although this offers limited protection against the neurological form of the disease.
© 2022 Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KgaA on behalf of the European Food Safety Authority.
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Publication Date: 2022-04-06 PubMed ID: 35414834PubMed Central: PMC8985062DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2022.7230Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The study provides useful insights into the threats posed by Equine Herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1), an infection that’s endemic in the European Union and can lead to respiratory, abortive, and potentially lethal neurological illnesses in horses. The study debunks the myth that certain EHV-1 strains are tied to specific symptoms, and identifies the best diagnostic practices and preventative measures to control EHV-1 spread and impact.

Overview of EHV-1 and its Impact

  • The study discusses Equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) which is a latent life-long infection prevalent in the EU and poses a significant risk to the equine sector.
  • EHV-1 can reactivate and present clinically in different forms such as respiratory, abortive, and potentially dangerous neurological conditions.
  • The research uses the sizable outbreak in Spain in 2021 as a point of reference to underline the urgent need for scientific advisory to help assess and manage EHV-1 within the Animal Health Law framework.

Epidemiological and Genomic Insights

  • From an epidemiological and genomic standpoint, this research found no specific EHV-1 strains associated with the transmission of specific signs such as respiratory, reproductive, and neurological manifestations.
  • The study reaffirms this finding by analyzing the outbreak in Valencia (Spain) in 2021 where the circulating virus didn’t represent the so-called neuropathogenic genotype but was still responsible for a widespread infection.

Diagnostic Methods and Biosecurity Measures

  • The study suggests that Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) diagnostics performed on swabs are the most sensitive method for detecting EHV-1 infection based on the clinical sign type.
  • It advises utilizing paired blood sample serological assays to identify recent infections while acknowledging that there are currently no diagnostic methods for detecting latent EHV-1 infections.

Infection Control Measures

  • This research strongly advocates for robust premovement testing, health certificate issuance, and post-arrival isolation along with regular health monitoring to ensure safe horse movements.
  • The researchers also recommend early detection and confirmation of EHV-1 infection in suspicion cases using validated diagnostic tools, and halting all movements during outbreaks until 21 days after the detection of the last case.

Vaccinations

  • Finally, the study promotes vaccination against EHV-1, while also clarifying that vaccines typically offer limited safeguard against the neurological form of the disease.

Cite This Article

APA
Carvelli A, Nielsen SS, Paillot R, Broglia A, Kohnle L. (2022). Clinical impact, diagnosis and control of Equine Herpesvirus-1 infection in Europe. EFSA J, 20(4), e07230. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2022.7230

Publication

EFSA journal. European Food Safety Authority
ISSN: 1831-4732
NlmUniqueID: 101642076
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 20
Issue: 4
Pages: e07230
PII: e07230

Researcher Affiliations

Carvelli, Andrea
    Nielsen, Søren Saxmose
      Paillot, Romain
        Broglia, Alessandro
          Kohnle, Lisa

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