Comparative kinematic analysis of the leading and trailing forelimbs of horses cantering on a turf and a synthetic surface.

This research studied the kinematics (motion) of the leading and trailing forelimbs of horses when they canter on turf compared to a synthetic surface. The study found noticeable differences in how the limbs behave, hinting at the possible impacts on joint and tendon loading. Additionally, the synthetic surface appeared less strenuous for the horse’s joints but caused changes to the timing of the stride’s kinematic events.

Objective and Methods

• The study aimed to understand the effects of different surfaces (turf and synthetic) on the kinematics of a horse’s forelimbs during a canter, an essentially three-beat gait that is faster than a trot but slower than a gallop.
• Five horses were equipped with markers on their right forelimbs and hooves. These markers were used to track movements and angles during high-speed filming (1000 Hz) while the horses cantered at a speed of 30 km/h.
• Recordings were taken on both turf and synthetic surfaces, at each lead (a lead refers to whether the left or the right foot strides out further during a canter), and the 2D coordinates were used to measure various angles between the limbs and the surface.

Results

• The research found significant differences in the flexion (bending) and range of motion between the leading forelimb (the limb that strides out the furthest) and the trailing forelimb (the limb that is left behind).
• The leading forelimb showed more maximum flexion, demonstrating a larger range of motion throughout the stride, as well as a ‘toe-up’ orientation, which suggests different loading conditions on its joints and tendons.
• When comparing the surfaces, the research found that the synthetic surface causes the limb to land more obliquely (at an angle), altering the range of motion of the hoof into the surface, delaying kinematic events, and reducing the velocity of the fetlock (ankle) and carpus (wrist) extensions.

Conclusion

• The research concluded that the differences between the limbs were more significant than the differences between the surfaces.
• The study suggests potential implications for understanding lead changes (switching of the leading limb during a canter) in lame horses, which may further inform injury prediction or prevention strategies.
• Though the synthetic surface might be less strenuous for the joints, it revealed changes in the timing of stride events, which is useful for preparing horses for different track conditions and managing equine health.