FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 10000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Animals : an open access journal from MDPI2023; 13(16); 2563; doi: 10.3390/ani13162563

Timing Differences in Stride Cycle Phases in Retired Racehorses Ridden in Rising and Two-Point Seat Positions at Trot on Turf, Artificial and Tarmac Surfaces.

Abstract: Injuries to racehorses and their jockeys are not limited to the racetrack and high-speed work. To optimise racehorse-jockey dyads' health, well-being, and safety, it is important to understand their kinematics under the various exercise conditions they are exposed to. This includes trot work on roads, turf and artificial surfaces when accessing gallop tracks and warming up. This study quantified the forelimb hoof kinematics of racehorses trotting over tarmac, turf and artificial surfaces as their jockey adopted rising and two-point seat positions. A convenience sample of six horses was recruited from the British Racing School, Newmarket, and the horses were all ridden by the same jockey. Inertial measurement units (HoofBeat) were secured to the forelimb hooves of the horses and enabled landing, mid-stance, breakover, swing and stride durations, plus stride length, to be quantified via an in-built algorithm. Data were collected at a frequency of 1140 Hz. Linear Mixed Models were used to test for significant differences in the timing of these stride phases and stride length amongst the different surface and jockey positions. Speed was included as a covariate. Significance was set at < 0.05. Hoof landing and mid-stance durations were negatively correlated, with approximately a 0.5 ms decrease in mid-stance duration for every 1 ms increase in landing duration (r = 0.5, < 0.001). Hoof landing duration was significantly affected by surface ( < 0.001) and an interaction between jockey position and surface ( = 0.035). Landing duration was approximately 4.4 times shorter on tarmac compared to grass and artificial surfaces. Mid-stance duration was significantly affected by jockey position ( < 0.001) and surface ( = 0.001), speed ( < 0.001) and jockey position*speed ( < 0.001). Mean values for mid-stance increased by 13 ms with the jockey in the two-point seat position, and mid-stance was 19 ms longer on the tarmac than on the artificial surface. There was no significant difference in the breakover duration amongst surfaces or jockey positions ( ≥ 0.076) for the ridden dataset. However, the mean breakover duration on tarmac in the presence of a rider decreased by 21 ms compared to the in-hand dataset. Swing was significantly affected by surface ( = 0.039) and speed ( = 0.001), with a mean swing phase 20 ms longer on turf than on the artificial surface. Total stride duration was affected by surface only ( = 0.011). Tarmac was associated with a mean stride time that was significantly reduced, by 49 ms, compared to the turf, and this effect may be related to the shorter landing times on turf. Mean stride length was 14 cm shorter on tarmac than on grass, and stride length showed a strong positive correlation with speed, with a 71 cm increase in stride length for every 1 m s increase in speed (r = 0.8, < 0.001). In summary, this study demonstrated that the durations of the different stride cycle phases and stride length can be sensitive to surface type and jockey riding position. Further work is required to establish links between altered stride time variables and the risk of musculoskeletal injury.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2023-08-09 PubMed ID: 37627354PubMed Central: PMC10451298DOI: 10.3390/ani13162563Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This study investigates how the type of surface (tarmac, turf, or artificial) and jockey position (rising or two-point seat) influence the stride of racehorses, including landing, mid-stance, breakover, and swing timings. The findings reveal that both these factors have significant impacts on various aspects of a horse’s stride, potentially providing insights into reducing the risk of injuries to both horses and jockeys.

Research Methodology

  • The researchers conducted the study using six horses from the British Racing School, Newmarket, with rides performed by the same jockey for uniformity.
  • They attached Inertial measurement units (HoofBeat) to the forelimb hooves of the horses, providing data on different stride phases and stride lengths using a built-in algorithm.
  • Data was gathered at a high frequency of 1140 Hz to ensure accurate and detailed analysis.
  • The team used Linear Mixed Models to seek out significant differences in stride phases and stride lengths across different surfaces and jockey positions.

Key Findings

  • Correlation was found between hoof landing and mid-stance durations. Every 1 ms increase in landing duration, corresponded to around a 0.5 ms decrease in mid-stance duration.
  • Landing duration was remarkably shorter on tarmac compared to grass and artificial surfaces, making it 4.4 times faster.
  • Mid-stance duration was impacted by jockey position, the surface type, and speed. The two-point seat position increased mid-stance duration by 13 ms compared to the rising position.
  • Differences in breakover duration among various surfaces or jockey positions were not significant. However, when a rider was present, the breakover duration on tarmac shorter by 21 ms.
  • The swing phase duration was significantly longer on turf compared to the artificial surface.
  • Total stride duration was notably shorter on tarmac than on turf, possibly due to the shorter landing times on tarmac.
  • Stride length was also found to be correlated with speed, with an increase of 1 m/s in speed leading to a 71 cm increase in stride length.

Implications of the Study

  • This study demonstrates that the stride cycle phases’ durations and stride length of racehorses can be influenced by the type of surface and the jockey’s riding position.
  • These findings are significant as they could help optimize the health, safety, and performance of both racehorses and jockeys.
  • Further research is required to determine the connection between altered stride time variables and the risk of musculoskeletal injury.

Cite This Article

APA
Horan K, Price H, Day P, Mackechnie-Guire R, Pfau T. (2023). Timing Differences in Stride Cycle Phases in Retired Racehorses Ridden in Rising and Two-Point Seat Positions at Trot on Turf, Artificial and Tarmac Surfaces. Animals (Basel), 13(16), 2563. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13162563

Publication

Animals : an open access journal from MDPI
ISSN: 2076-2615
NlmUniqueID: 101635614
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 13
Issue: 16
PII: 2563

Researcher Affiliations

Horan, Kate
  • Department of Clinical Science and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, Brookmans Park AL9 7TA, Hertfordshire, UK.
Price, Haydn
  • Little Pastures, Gwehelog, Usk NP15 1RD, Gwent, UK.
Day, Peter
  • Department of Clinical Science and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, Brookmans Park AL9 7TA, Hertfordshire, UK.
Mackechnie-Guire, Russell
  • Equine Department, Hartpury University, Gloucester GL19 3BE, Gloucestershire, UK.
Pfau, Thilo
  • Faculties of Kinesiology and Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada.

Grant Funding

  • SPrj049 / Horserace Betting Levy Board

Conflict of Interest Statement

T.P. owns EquiGait, a provider of gait analysis products and services. H.P. is a registered farrier and owner of the farriery company Little Pastures. P.D. is a registered farrier. R. M-G. is the owner of Centaur Biomechanics, a provider of gait analysis services. This does not alter our adherence to all policies regarding sharing data and materials. The funders had no role in the study’s design; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, or in the decision to publish the results.

References

This article includes 54 references
  1. Barnard A. Racehorse Community Says Slippery Roads Could Lead to Accidents. [(accessed on 15 March 2023)]. Available online: https://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/news/local/northyorkshire/13582488.racehorse-community-says-slippery-roads-lead-accidents/
  2. Minting S. Proposals Unveiled to Secure Safety of Racehorses and Riders in Middleham. [(accessed on 15 March 2023)]. Available online: https://www.richmondshiretoday.co.uk/proposals-unveiled-to-secure-safety-of-racehorses-and-riders-in-middleham/
  3. Cheney JA, Shen CK, Wheat JD. Relationship of racetrack surface to lameness in the thoroughbred racehorse.. Am J Vet Res 1973 Oct;34(10):1285-9.
    pubmed: 4147847
  4. Moyer W, Spencer PA, Kallish M. Relative incidence of dorsal metacarpal disease in young Thoroughbred racehorses training on two different surfaces.. Equine Vet J 1991 May;23(3):166-8.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1991.tb02748.xpubmed: 1884696google scholar: lookup
  5. Murray RC, Walters J, Snart H, Dyson S, Parkin T. How do features of dressage arenas influence training surface properties which are potentially associated with lameness?. Vet J 2010 Nov;186(2):172-9.
    doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2010.04.026pubmed: 20888276google scholar: lookup
  6. Murray RC, Walters JM, Snart H, Dyson SJ, Parkin TD. Identification of risk factors for lameness in dressage horses.. Vet J 2010 Apr;184(1):27-36.
    doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2009.03.020pubmed: 19369100google scholar: lookup
  7. Egenvall A, Tranquille CA, Lönnell AC, Bitschnau C, Oomen A, Hernlund E, Montavon S, Franko MA, Murray RC, Weishaupt MA, Weeren vR, Roepstorff L. Days-lost to training and competition in relation to workload in 263 elite show-jumping horses in four European countries.. Prev Vet Med 2013 Nov 1;112(3-4):387-400.
    doi: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2013.09.013pubmed: 24125697google scholar: lookup
  8. Bailey CJ, Reid SW, Hodgson DR, Bourke JM, Rose RJ. Flat, hurdle and steeple racing: risk factors for musculoskeletal injury.. Equine Vet J 1998 Nov;30(6):498-503.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1998.tb04525.xpubmed: 9844968google scholar: lookup
  9. Williams RB, Harkins LS, Hammond CJ, Wood JL. Racehorse injuries, clinical problems and fatalities recorded on British racecourses from flat racing and National Hunt racing during 1996, 1997 and 1998.. Equine Vet J 2001 Sep;33(5):478-86.
    doi: 10.2746/042516401776254808pubmed: 11558743google scholar: lookup
  10. Parkin TD, Clegg PD, French NP, Proudman CJ, Riggs CM, Singer ER, Webbon PM, Morgan KL. Race- and course-level risk factors for fatal distal limb fracture in racing Thoroughbreds.. Equine Vet J 2004 Sep;36(6):521-6.
    doi: 10.2746/0425164044877332pubmed: 15460077google scholar: lookup
  11. Setterbo JJ, Garcia TC, Campbell IP, Reese JL, Morgan JM, Kim SY, Hubbard M, Stover SM. Hoof accelerations and ground reaction forces of Thoroughbred racehorses measured on dirt, synthetic, and turf track surfaces.. Am J Vet Res 2009 Oct;70(10):1220-9.
    doi: 10.2460/ajvr.70.10.1220pubmed: 19795936google scholar: lookup
  12. Barstow A, Bailey J, Campbell J, Harris C, Weller R, Pfau T. Does 'hacking' surface type affect equine forelimb foot placement, movement symmetry or hoof impact deceleration during ridden walk and trot exercise?. Equine Vet J 2019 Jan;51(1):108-114.
    doi: 10.1111/evj.12952pubmed: 29665054google scholar: lookup
  13. Horan K, Coburn J, Kourdache K, Day P, Carnall H, Brinkley L, Harborne D, Hammond L, Peterson M, Millard S, Pfau T. Hoof Impact and Foot-Off Accelerations in Galloping Thoroughbred Racehorses Trialling Eight Shoe-Surface Combinations.. Animals (Basel) 2022 Aug 23;12(17).
    doi: 10.3390/ani12172161pmc: PMC9454475pubmed: 36077882google scholar: lookup
  14. Chateau H, Robin D, Falala S, Pourcelot P, Valette JP, Ravary B, Denoix JM, Crevier-Denoix N. Effects of a synthetic all-weather waxed track versus a crushed sand track on 3D acceleration of the front hoof in three horses trotting at high speed.. Equine Vet J 2009 Mar;41(3):247-51.
    doi: 10.2746/042516409X394463pubmed: 19469230google scholar: lookup
  15. Chateau H, Holden L, Robin D, Falala S, Pourcelot P, Estoup P, Denoix JM, Crevier-Denoix N. Biomechanical analysis of hoof landing and stride parameters in harness trotter horses running on different tracks of a sand beach (from wet to dry) and on an asphalt road.. Equine Vet J Suppl 2010 Nov;(38):488-95.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2010.00277.xpubmed: 21059050google scholar: lookup
  16. Ratzlaff MH, Wilson PD, Hutton DV, Slinker BK. Relationships between hoof-acceleration patterns of galloping horses and dynamic properties of the track.. Am J Vet Res 2005 Apr;66(4):589-95.
    doi: 10.2460/ajvr.2005.66.589pubmed: 15900937google scholar: lookup
  17. Horan K, Coburn J, Kourdache K, Day P, Harborne D, Brinkley L, Carnall H, Hammond L, Peterson M, Millard S, Pfau T. Influence of Speed, Ground Surface and Shoeing Condition on Hoof Breakover Duration in Galloping Thoroughbred Racehorses.. Animals (Basel) 2021 Sep 3;11(9).
    doi: 10.3390/ani11092588pmc: PMC8472780pubmed: 34573553google scholar: lookup
  18. Horan K, Kourdache K, Coburn J, Day P, Carnall H, Harborne D, Brinkley L, Hammond L, Millard S, Lancaster B, Pfau T. The effect of horseshoes and surfaces on horse and jockey centre of mass displacements at gallop.. PLoS One 2021;16(11):e0257820.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0257820pmc: PMC8610270pubmed: 34813584google scholar: lookup
  19. Vos N.J., Riemersma D.J.. Determination of coefficient of friction between the equine foot and different ground surfaces: An in vitro study. Equine Comp. Exerc. Physiol. 2006;3:191–198.
    doi: 10.1017/S1478061506617234google scholar: lookup
  20. Gustås P, Johnston C, Roepstorff L, Drevemo S. In vivo transmission of impact shock waves in the distal forelimb of the horse.. Equine Vet J Suppl 2001 Apr;(33):11-5.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2001.tb05350.xpubmed: 11721549google scholar: lookup
  21. Gustås P., Johnston C., Drevemo S.. Ground reaction force and hoof deceleration patterns on two different surfaces at the trot. Equine Comp. Exerc. Physiol. 2006;3:209–216.
    doi: 10.1017/S147806150667607Xgoogle scholar: lookup
  22. Pardoe CH, McGuigan MP, Rogers KM, Rowe LL, Wilson AM. The effect of shoe material on the kinetics and kinematics of foot slip at impact on concrete.. Equine Vet J Suppl 2001 Apr;(33):70-3.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2001.tb05363.xpubmed: 11721574google scholar: lookup
  23. Holden-Douilly L, Pourcelot P, Desquilbet L, Falala S, Crevier-Denoix N, Chateau H. Equine hoof slip distance during trot at training speed: comparison between kinematic and accelerometric measurement techniques.. Vet J 2013 Aug;197(2):198-204.
    doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.02.004pubmed: 23489849google scholar: lookup
  24. Henley WE, Rogers K, Harkins L, Wood JL. A comparison of survival models for assessing risk of racehorse fatality.. Prev Vet Med 2006 Apr 17;74(1):3-20.
    doi: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2006.01.003pubmed: 16546277google scholar: lookup
  25. Arthur R.M.. Comparison of Racing Fatality Rates on Dirt, Synthetic, and Turf at Four California Racetracks. AAEP Proc. 2010;56:405–408.
  26. Hitchens PL, Hill AE, Stover SM. Jockey Falls, Injuries, and Fatalities Associated With Thoroughbred and Quarter Horse Racing in California, 2007-2011.. Orthop J Sports Med 2013 Jan-Jun;1(1):2325967113492625.
    doi: 10.1177/2325967113492625pmc: PMC4555501pubmed: 26535231google scholar: lookup
  27. Walker AM, Applegate C, Pfau T, Sparkes EL, Wilson AM, Witte TH. The kinematics and kinetics of riding a racehorse: A quantitative comparison of a training simulator and real horses.. J Biomech 2016 Oct 3;49(14):3368-3374.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2016.08.031pubmed: 27622974google scholar: lookup
  28. Hagen J, Jung FT, Brouwer J, Bos R. Detection of Equine Hoof Motion by Using a Hoof-Mounted Inertial Measurement Unit Sensor in Comparison to Examinations with an Optoelectronic Technique - A Pilot Study.. J Equine Vet Sci 2021 Jun;101:103454.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2021.103454pubmed: 33993950google scholar: lookup
  29. HoofBeat Technology. [(accessed on 12 May 2023)]. Available online: https://hoofbeat.nl/technology/
  30. Upton G.J.C., Cook I.. Understanding Statistics. Oxford University Press; Oxford, UK: 1996.
  31. Kai M, Takahashi T, Aoki O, Oki H. Influence of rough track surfaces on components of vertical forces in cantering thoroughbred horses.. Equine Vet J Suppl 1999 Jul;(30):214-7.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1999.tb05220.xpubmed: 10659254google scholar: lookup
  32. Crevier-Denoix N, Falala S, Holden-Douilly L, Camus M, Martino J, Ravary-Plumioen B, Vergari C, Desquilbet L, Denoix JM, Chateau H, Pourcelot P. Comparative kinematic analysis of the leading and trailing forelimbs of horses cantering on a turf and a synthetic surface.. Equine Vet J Suppl 2013 Dec;(45):54-61.
    doi: 10.1111/evj.12160pubmed: 24304405google scholar: lookup
  33. Crevier-Denoix N, Robin D, Pourcelot P, Falala S, Holden L, Estoup P, Desquilbet L, Denoix JM, Chateau H. Ground reaction force and kinematic analysis of limb loading on two different beach sand tracks in harness trotters.. Equine Vet J Suppl 2010 Nov;(38):544-51.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2010.00202.xpubmed: 21059058google scholar: lookup
  34. Burn J.F., Usmar S.J.. Hoof landing velocity is related to track surface properties in trotting horses. Equine Comp. Exerc. Physiol. 2005;2:37–41.
    doi: 10.1079/ECP200542google scholar: lookup
  35. Symons JE, Garcia TC, Stover SM. Distal hindlimb kinematics of galloping Thoroughbred racehorses on dirt and synthetic racetrack surfaces.. Equine Vet J 2014 Mar;46(2):227-32.
    doi: 10.1111/evj.12113pubmed: 23742040google scholar: lookup
  36. Chateau H, Camus M, Holden-Douilly L, Falala S, Ravary B, Vergari C, Lepley J, Denoix JM, Pourcelot P, Crevier-Denoix N. Kinetics of the forelimb in horses circling on different ground surfaces at the trot.. Vet J 2013 Dec;198 Suppl 1:e20-6.
    doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.09.028pubmed: 24511634google scholar: lookup
  37. Munoz-Nates F., Pourcelot P., Camus M., Ravary-Plumioen B., Hamme A.V., Litaise C., Emond A.-L., Beaud L., Chateau H., Crevier-Denoix N.. External forces and impulses applied to the hind limb of 3 jumping horses at take-off-effects of the fence’s height. Comput. Methods Biomech. Biomed. Engin. 2019;22:S516–S518.
    doi: 10.1080/10255842.2020.1715002google scholar: lookup
  38. Parsons KJ, Spence AJ, Morgan R, Thompson JA, Wilson AM. High speed field kinematics of foot contact in elite galloping horses in training.. Equine Vet J 2011 Mar;43(2):216-22.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2010.00149.xpubmed: 21592218google scholar: lookup
  39. Harvey AM, Williams SB, Singer ER. The effect of lateral heel studs on the kinematics of the equine digit while cantering on grass.. Vet J 2012 May;192(2):217-21.
    doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2011.06.003pubmed: 21752677google scholar: lookup
  40. Johnston C, Back W. Hoof ground interaction: when biomechanical stimuli challenge the tissues of the distal limb.. Equine Vet J 2006 Nov;38(7):634-41.
    doi: 10.2746/042516406X158341pubmed: 17228578google scholar: lookup
  41. Witte TH, Knill K, Wilson AM. Determination of peak vertical ground reaction force from duty factor in the horse (Equus caballus).. J Exp Biol 2004 Oct;207(Pt 21):3639-48.
    doi: 10.1242/jeb.01182pubmed: 15371472google scholar: lookup
  42. Alexander R.M., Maloiy G.M.O., Hunter B., Jayes A.S., Nturibi J.. Mechanical stresses in fast locomotion of buffalo (Syncews coffer) and elephant (Loxodonta africana). J. Zool. 1979;189:135–144.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7998.1979.tb03956.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  43. Logan AA, Nielsen BD, Hallock DB, Robison CI, Popovich JM Jr. Evaluation of Within- and Between- Session Reliability of the TekscanTM Hoof System With a Glue-on Shoe.. J Equine Vet Sci 2022 Mar;110:103862.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2021.103862pubmed: 34979263google scholar: lookup
  44. Northrop AJ, Dagg LA, Martin JH, Brigden CV, Owen AG, Blundell EL, Peterson ML, Hobbs SJ. The effect of two preparation procedures on an equine arena surface in relation to motion of the hoof and metacarpophalangeal joint.. Vet J 2013 Dec;198 Suppl 1:e137-42.
    doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.09.048pubmed: 24360758google scholar: lookup
  45. Northrop A.J., Hobbs S.J., Holt D., Clayton-Smith E., Martin J.H.. Spatial Variation of the Physical and Biomechanical Properties Within an Equestrian Arena Surface. Procedia Eng. 2016;147:866–871.
    doi: 10.1016/j.proeng.2016.06.288google scholar: lookup
  46. McGuigan MP, Wilson AM. The effect of gait and digital flexor muscle activation on limb compliance in the forelimb of the horse Equus caballus.. J Exp Biol 2003 Apr;206(Pt 8):1325-36.
    doi: 10.1242/jeb.00254pubmed: 12624168google scholar: lookup
  47. Ferris DP, Liang K, Farley CT. Runners adjust leg stiffness for their first step on a new running surface.. J Biomech 1999 Aug;32(8):787-94.
    doi: 10.1016/S0021-9290(99)00078-0pubmed: 10433420google scholar: lookup
  48. Pfau T, Spence A, Starke S, Ferrari M, Wilson A. Modern riding style improves horse racing times.. Science 2009 Jul 17;325(5938):289.
    doi: 10.1126/science.1174605pubmed: 19608909google scholar: lookup
  49. Mahaffey C.A., Peterson M.L., Roepstorff L.. The effects of varying cushion depth on dynamic loading in shallow sand thoroughbred horse dirt racetracks. Biosyst. Eng. 2013;114:178–186.
    doi: 10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2012.12.004google scholar: lookup
  50. Witte TH, Hirst CV, Wilson AM. Effect of speed on stride parameters in racehorses at gallop in field conditions.. J Exp Biol 2006 Nov;209(Pt 21):4389-97.
    doi: 10.1242/jeb.02518pubmed: 17050854google scholar: lookup
  51. Butcher MT, Ashley-Ross MA. Fetlock joint kinematics differ with age in Thoroughbred [was thoroughbred] racehorses.. J Biomech 2002 May;35(5):563-71.
    doi: 10.1016/S0021-9290(01)00223-8pubmed: 11955495google scholar: lookup
  52. Addis PR, Lawson SE. The role of tendon stiffness in development of equine locomotion with age.. Equine Vet J Suppl 2010 Nov;(38):556-60.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2010.00296.xpubmed: 21059060google scholar: lookup
  53. Powers P.N., Kavanagh A.M.. Effect of rider experience on the jumping kinematics of riding horses. Equine Comp. Exerc. Physiol. 2005;2:263–267.
    doi: 10.1079/ECP200568google scholar: lookup
  54. Wong ASM, Morrice-West AV, Whitton RC, Hitchens PL. Changes in Thoroughbred speed and stride characteristics over successive race starts and their association with musculoskeletal injury.. Equine Vet J 2023 Mar;55(2):194-204.
    doi: 10.1111/evj.13581pmc: PMC10084173pubmed: 35477925google scholar: lookup

Citations

This article has been cited 1 times.
  1. Horan K, Pfau T. Effects of jockey position and surfaces on horse movement asymmetry and horse-jockey synchronisation during trotting exercise. PLoS One 2025;20(5):e0324753.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0324753pubmed: 40455846google scholar: lookup
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 99,727 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.