FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 9000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Home / Equine Research Bank / Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol / Contractile properties of muscle fibers from the deep and su...
American journal of physiology. Regulatory, integrative and comparative physiology2010; 299(4); R996-R1005; doi: 10.1152/ajpregu.00510.2009

Contractile properties of muscle fibers from the deep and superficial digital flexors of horses.

Abstract: Equine digital flexor muscles have independent tendons but a nearly identical mechanical relationship to the main joint they act upon. Yet these muscles have remarkable diversity in architecture, ranging from long, unipennate fibers ("short" compartment of DDF) to very short, multipennate fibers (SDF). To investigate the functional relevance of the form of the digital flexor muscles, fiber contractile properties were analyzed in the context of architecture differences and in vivo function during locomotion. Myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoform fiber type was studied, and in vitro motility assays were used to measure actin filament sliding velocity (V(f)). Skinned fiber contractile properties [isometric tension (P(0)/CSA), velocity of unloaded shortening (V(US)), and force-Ca(2+) relationships] at both 10 and 30°C were characterized. Contractile properties were correlated with MHC isoform and their respective V(f). The DDF contained a higher percentage of MHC-2A fibers with myosin (heavy meromyosin) and V(f) that was twofold faster than SDF. At 30°C, P(0)/CSA was higher for DDF (103.5 ± 8.75 mN/mm(2)) than SDF fibers (81.8 ± 7.71 mN/mm(2)). Similarly, V(US) (pCa 5, 30°C) was faster for DDF (2.43 ± 0.53 FL/s) than SDF fibers (1.20 ± 0.22 FL/s). Active isometric tension increased with increasing Ca(2+) concentration, with maximal Ca(2+) activation at pCa 5 at each temperature in fibers from each muscle. In general, the collective properties of DDF and SDF were consistent with fiber MHC isoform composition, muscle architecture, and the respective functional roles of the two muscles in locomotion.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2010-08-11 PubMed ID: 20702801PubMed Central: PMC2957379DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00510.2009Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article
  • Research Support
  • N.I.H.
  • Extramural
  • Research Support
  • Non-U.S. Gov't
  • Research Support
  • U.S. Gov't
  • Non-P.H.S.

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research explores the different contractile properties of muscle fibers found in the deep and superficial digital flexors of horses. This study seeks to explain how the remarkable architectural diversity among these fibers impacts their functional role during locomotion.

Research Methodology

The digital flexor muscles of horses, despite having differing structures, operate on almost identical mechanical relationships with the main joint they are associated with. The deep digital flexor (DDF) has long unipennate fibers while the superficial digital flexor (SDF) has very short, multipennate fibers. The muscle fibers’ contractile properties were analyzed in two ways:

  • The fiber type was determined through a study of the Myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoform.
  • In-vitro motility assays were used to measure the velocity of actin filament sliding (Vf).

For a more detailed assessment, the skinned fiber contractile properties were characterized at temperatures of 10 and 30 degrees Celsius to understand the isometric tension (P0/CSA), velocity of unloaded shortening (VUS), and force-Ca2+ relationships.

Research Findings

The deep digital flexor (DDF) was discovered to contain a higher percentage of MHC-2A fibers with myosin whose Vf was twice as fast as that of the superficial digital flexor (SDF). At 30 degrees Celsius, parameters such as P0/CSA and VUS were higher and faster respectively for DDF than for SDF fibers. Moreover, an increase in Ca2+ concentration led to an increase in active isometric tension, with maximum activation at pCa 5 at each temperature.

Conclusion

The study concluded that the overall properties of DDF and SDF are influenced by their MHC isoform composition, architectural structure, and the specific functions each type of muscle plays during locomotion. This underlying diversity explains their unique characteristics despite both DD and SDF having similar operational relationships with the main joint they act on. The research provides a comprehensive understanding of the contractile properties and functional differences of these muscle fibers.

Cite This Article

APA
Butcher MT, Chase PB, Hermanson JW, Clark AN, Brunet NM, Bertram JE. (2010). Contractile properties of muscle fibers from the deep and superficial digital flexors of horses. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol, 299(4), R996-R1005. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00510.2009

Publication

American journal of physiology. Regulatory, integrative and comparative physiology
ISSN: 1522-1490
NlmUniqueID: 100901230
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 299
Issue: 4
Pages: R996-R1005

Researcher Affiliations

Butcher, M T
  • Dept. of Biological Sciences, Youngstown State University, OH 44555, USA. mtbutcher@ysu.edu
Chase, P B
    Hermanson, J W
      Clark, A N
        Brunet, N M
          Bertram, J E A

            MeSH Terms

            • Animals
            • Biomechanical Phenomena
            • Body Temperature / physiology
            • Calcium / physiology
            • Cell Movement
            • Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel
            • Female
            • Horses / physiology
            • Immunohistochemistry
            • Isometric Contraction
            • Joints / physiology
            • Locomotion / physiology
            • Male
            • Muscle Contraction / physiology
            • Muscle Fibers, Skeletal / chemistry
            • Muscle Fibers, Skeletal / classification
            • Muscle Fibers, Skeletal / physiology
            • Muscle, Skeletal / physiology
            • Myosin Heavy Chains / metabolism
            • Myosins / chemistry
            • Myosins / metabolism
            • Tendons / physiology

            Grant Funding

            • R01 HL063974 / NHLBI NIH HHS
            • R01 HL063974-04 / NHLBI NIH HHS
            • R01 HL063974-05 / NHLBI NIH HHS
            • HL-63974 / NHLBI NIH HHS

            References

            This article includes 55 references
            1. Biewener AA. Muscle-tendon stresses and elastic energy storage during locomotion in the horse.. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 1998 May;120(1):73-87.
              pubmed: 9787779doi: 10.1016/s0305-0491(98)00024-8google scholar: lookup
            2. Bottinelli R, Schiaffino S, Reggiani C. Force-velocity relations and myosin heavy chain isoform compositions of skinned fibres from rat skeletal muscle.. J Physiol 1991 Jun;437:655-72.
              pmc: PMC1180069pubmed: 1890654doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.1991.sp018617google scholar: lookup
            3. Bottinelli R, Canepari M, Reggiani C, Stienen GJ. Myofibrillar ATPase activity during isometric contraction and isomyosin composition in rat single skinned muscle fibres.. J Physiol 1994 Dec 15;481 ( Pt 3)(Pt 3):663-75.
              pmc: PMC1155909pubmed: 7707234doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.1994.sp020472google scholar: lookup
            4. Bottinelli R, Canepari M, Pellegrino MA, Reggiani C. Force-velocity properties of human skeletal muscle fibres: myosin heavy chain isoform and temperature dependence.. J Physiol 1996 Sep 1;495 ( Pt 2)(Pt 2):573-86.
              pmc: PMC1160815pubmed: 8887767doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.1996.sp021617google scholar: lookup
            5. Bottinelli R, Pellegrino MA, Canepari M, Rossi R, Reggiani C. Specific contributions of various muscle fibre types to human muscle performance: an in vitro study.. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 1999 Apr;9(2):87-95.
              pubmed: 10098709doi: 10.1016/s1050-6411(98)00040-6google scholar: lookup
            6. Brenner B. Technique for stabilizing the striation pattern in maximally calcium-activated skinned rabbit psoas fibers.. Biophys J 1983 Jan;41(1):99-102.
              pmc: PMC1329019pubmed: 6824759doi: 10.1016/s0006-3495(83)84411-7google scholar: lookup
            7. Brooke MH, Kaiser KK. Three "myosin adenosine triphosphatase" systems: the nature of their pH lability and sulfhydryl dependence.. J Histochem Cytochem 1970 Sep;18(9):670-2.
              pubmed: 4249441doi: 10.1177/18.9.670google scholar: lookup
            8. Brown NA, Kawcak CE, McIlwraith CW, Pandy MG. Architectural properties of distal forelimb muscles in horses, Equus caballus.. J Morphol 2003 Oct;258(1):106-14.
              pubmed: 12905538doi: 10.1002/jmor.10113google scholar: lookup
            9. Butcher MT, Hermanson JW, Ducharme NG, Mitchell LM, Soderholm LV, Bertram JE. Superficial digital flexor tendon lesions in racehorses as a sequela to muscle fatigue: a preliminary study.. Equine Vet J 2007 Nov;39(6):540-5.
              pubmed: 18065313doi: 10.2746/042516407x212475google scholar: lookup
            10. Butcher MT, Hermanson JW, Ducharme NG, Mitchell LM, Soderholm LV, Bertram JE. Contractile behavior of the forelimb digital flexors during steady-state locomotion in horses (Equus caballus): an initial test of muscle architectural hypotheses about in vivo function.. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2009 Jan;152(1):100-14.
              pubmed: 18835360doi: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2008.09.007google scholar: lookup
            11. Chase PB, Kushmerick MJ. Effects of pH on contraction of rabbit fast and slow skeletal muscle fibers.. Biophys J 1988 Jun;53(6):935-46.
              pmc: PMC1330274pubmed: 2969265doi: 10.1016/s0006-3495(88)83174-6google scholar: lookup
            12. Chase PB, Martyn DA, Hannon JD. Isometric force redevelopment of skinned muscle fibers from rabbit activated with and without Ca2+.. Biophys J 1994 Nov;67(5):1994-2001.
              pmc: PMC1225574pubmed: 7858136doi: 10.1016/s0006-3495(94)80682-4google scholar: lookup
            13. Chase PB, Denkinger TM, Kushmerick MJ. Effect of viscosity on mechanics of single, skinned fibers from rabbit psoas muscle.. Biophys J 1998 Mar;74(3):1428-38.
              pmc: PMC1299489pubmed: 9512039doi: 10.1016/s0006-3495(98)77855-5google scholar: lookup
            14. Chase PB, Chen Y, Kulin KL, Daniel TL. Viscosity and solute dependence of F-actin translocation by rabbit skeletal heavy meromyosin.. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2000 Jun;278(6):C1088-98.
              pubmed: 10837336doi: 10.1152/ajpcell.2000.278.6.c1088google scholar: lookup
            15. Chikuni K, Muroya S, Nakajima I. Absence of the functional Myosin heavy chain 2b isoform in equine skeletal muscles.. Zoolog Sci 2004 May;21(5):589-96.
              pubmed: 15170063doi: 10.2108/zsj.21.589google scholar: lookup
            16. Delp MD, Duan C. Composition and size of type I, IIA, IID/X, and IIB fibers and citrate synthase activity of rat muscle.. J Appl Physiol (1985) 1996 Jan;80(1):261-70.
              pubmed: 8847313doi: 10.1152/jappl.1996.80.1.261google scholar: lookup
            17. Edman KA. The velocity of unloaded shortening and its relation to sarcomere length and isometric force in vertebrate muscle fibres.. J Physiol 1979 Jun;291:143-59.
              pmc: PMC1280892pubmed: 314510doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.1979.sp012804google scholar: lookup
            18. Fitts RH, Bodine SC, Romatowski JG, Widrick JJ. Velocity, force, power, and Ca2+ sensitivity of fast and slow monkey skeletal muscle fibers.. J Appl Physiol (1985) 1998 May;84(5):1776-87.
              pubmed: 9572830doi: 10.1152/jappl.1998.84.5.1776google scholar: lookup
            19. Gordon AM, LaMadrid MA, Chen Y, Luo Z, Chase PB. Calcium regulation of skeletal muscle thin filament motility in vitro.. Biophys J 1997 Mar;72(3):1295-307.
              pmc: PMC1184512pubmed: 9138575doi: 10.1016/s0006-3495(97)78776-9google scholar: lookup
            20. Hermanson JW, Cobb MA. Four forearm flexor muscles of the horse, Equus caballus: anatomy and histochemistry.. J Morphol 1992 Jun;212(3):269-80.
              pubmed: 1507240doi: 10.1002/jmor.1052120306google scholar: lookup
            21. Kawai M, Minami Y, Sayama Y, Kuwano A, Hiraga A, Miyata H. Muscle fiber population and biochemical properties of whole body muscles in Thoroughbred horses.. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2009 Oct;292(10):1663-9.
              pubmed: 19728360doi: 10.1002/ar.20961google scholar: lookup
            22. Kron SJ, Toyoshima YY, Uyeda TQ, Spudich JA. Assays for actin sliding movement over myosin-coated surfaces.. Methods Enzymol 1991;196:399-416.
              pubmed: 2034132doi: 10.1016/0076-6879(91)96035-pgoogle scholar: lookup
            23. Laemmli UK. Cleavage of structural proteins during the assembly of the head of bacteriophage T4.. Nature 1970 Aug 15;227(5259):680-5.
              pubmed: 5432063doi: 10.1038/227680a0google scholar: lookup
            24. Margossian SS, Lowey S. Preparation of myosin and its subfragments from rabbit skeletal muscle.. Methods Enzymol 1982;85 Pt B:55-71.
              pubmed: 6214692doi: 10.1016/0076-6879(82)85009-xgoogle scholar: lookup
            25. Martyn DA, Chase PB, Hannon JD, Huntsman LL, Kushmerick MJ, Gordon AM. Unloaded shortening of skinned muscle fibers from rabbit activated with and without Ca2+.. Biophys J 1994 Nov;67(5):1984-93.
              pmc: PMC1225573pubmed: 7858135doi: 10.1016/s0006-3495(94)80681-2google scholar: lookup
            26. Mattson JP, Miller TA, Poole DC, Delp MD. Fiber composition and oxidative capacity of hamster skeletal muscle.. J Histochem Cytochem 2002 Dec;50(12):1685-92.
              pubmed: 12486092doi: 10.1177/002215540205001214google scholar: lookup
            27. Meyers RA, Hermanson JW. Horse soleus muscle: postural sensor or vestigial structure?. Anat Rec A Discov Mol Cell Evol Biol 2006 Oct;288(10):1068-76.
              pubmed: 16952170doi: 10.1002/ar.a.20377google scholar: lookup
            28. Mihajlović G, Brunet NM, Trbović P, Xiong P, von Molnár S, Chase PB. All-electrical switching and control mechanism for actomyosin-powered nanoactuators. Appl Phys Lett 85: 1060–1062, 2004.
            29. PADYKULA HA, HERMAN E. The specificity of the histochemical method for adenosine triphosphatase.. J Histochem Cytochem 1955 May;3(3):170-95.
              pubmed: 14381606doi: 10.1177/3.3.170google scholar: lookup
            30. Pardee JD, Spudich JA. Purification of muscle actin.. Methods Enzymol 1982;85 Pt B:164-81.
              pubmed: 7121269doi: 10.1016/0076-6879(82)85020-9google scholar: lookup
            31. Pate E, Wilson GJ, Bhimani M, Cooke R. Temperature dependence of the inhibitory effects of orthovanadate on shortening velocity in fast skeletal muscle.. Biophys J 1994 May;66(5):1554-62.
              pmc: PMC1275875pubmed: 8061204doi: 10.1016/s0006-3495(94)80947-6google scholar: lookup
            32. Pellegrino MA, Canepari M, Rossi R, D'Antona G, Reggiani C, Bottinelli R. Orthologous myosin isoforms and scaling of shortening velocity with body size in mouse, rat, rabbit and human muscles.. J Physiol 2003 Feb 1;546(Pt 3):677-89.
              pmc: PMC2342590pubmed: 12562996doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.2002.027375google scholar: lookup
            33. Ranatunga KW. The force-velocity relation of rat fast- and slow-twitch muscles examined at different temperatures.. J Physiol 1984 Jun;351:517-29.
              pmc: PMC1193132pubmed: 6747875doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.1984.sp015260google scholar: lookup
            34. Ranatunga KW. Endothermic force generation in fast and slow mammalian (rabbit) muscle fibers.. Biophys J 1996 Oct;71(4):1905-13.
              pmc: PMC1233657pubmed: 8889165doi: 10.1016/s0006-3495(96)79389-xgoogle scholar: lookup
            35. Reiser PJ, Moss RL, Giulian GG, Greaser ML. Shortening velocity in single fibers from adult rabbit soleus muscles is correlated with myosin heavy chain composition.. J Biol Chem 1985 Aug 5;260(16):9077-80.
              pubmed: 4019463
            36. Rivero JL, Serrano AL, Barrey E, Valette JP, Jouglin M. Analysis of myosin heavy chains at the protein level in horse skeletal muscle.. J Muscle Res Cell Motil 1999 Feb;20(2):211-21.
              pubmed: 10412092doi: 10.1023/a:1005461214800google scholar: lookup
            37. Rivero JL, Ruz A, Martí-Korff S, Estepa JC, Aguilera-Tejero E, Werkman J, Sobotta M, Lindner A. Effects of intensity and duration of exercise on muscular responses to training of thoroughbred racehorses.. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2007 May;102(5):1871-82.
              pubmed: 17255370doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01093.2006google scholar: lookup
            38. Rome LC, Sosnicki AA, Goble DO. Maximum velocity of shortening of three fibre types from horse soleus muscle: implications for scaling with body size.. J Physiol 1990 Dec;431:173-85.
              pmc: PMC1181769pubmed: 2100306doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.1990.sp018325google scholar: lookup
            39. Rossi R, Maffei M, Bottinelli R, Canepari M. Temperature dependence of speed of actin filaments propelled by slow and fast skeletal myosin isoforms.. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2005 Dec;99(6):2239-45.
              pubmed: 16099894doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00543.2005google scholar: lookup
            40. Schiaffino S, Reggiani C. Molecular diversity of myofibrillar proteins: gene regulation and functional significance.. Physiol Rev 1996 Apr;76(2):371-423.
              pubmed: 8618961doi: 10.1152/physrev.1996.76.2.371google scholar: lookup
            41. Seow CY, Ford LE. Shortening velocity and power output of skinned muscle fibers from mammals having a 25,000-fold range of body mass.. J Gen Physiol 1991 Mar;97(3):541-60.
              pmc: PMC2216485pubmed: 2037839doi: 10.1085/jgp.97.3.541google scholar: lookup
            42. Serrano AL, Petrie JL, Rivero JL, Hermanson JW. Myosin isoforms and muscle fiber characteristics in equine gluteus medius muscle.. Anat Rec 1996 Apr;244(4):444-51.
              pubmed: 8694280doi: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0185(199604)244:4<444::aid-ar3>3.0.co;2-vgoogle scholar: lookup
            43. Soffler C, Hermanson JW. Muscular design in the equine interosseus muscle.. J Morphol 2006 Jun;267(6):696-704.
              pubmed: 16511864doi: 10.1002/jmor.10433google scholar: lookup
            44. Sosnicki AA, Lutz GJ, Rome LC, Goble DO. Histochemical and molecular determination of fiber types in chemically skinned single equine skeletal muscle fibers.. J Histochem Cytochem 1989 Nov;37(11):1731-8.
              pubmed: 2530270doi: 10.1177/37.11.2530270google scholar: lookup
            45. Stephenson DG, Williams DA. Calcium-activated force responses in fast- and slow-twitch skinned muscle fibres of the rat at different temperatures.. J Physiol 1981 Aug;317:281-302.
              pmc: PMC1246789pubmed: 7310735doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.1981.sp013825google scholar: lookup
            46. Stienen GJ, Kiers JL, Bottinelli R, Reggiani C. Myofibrillar ATPase activity in skinned human skeletal muscle fibres: fibre type and temperature dependence.. J Physiol 1996 Jun 1;493 ( Pt 2)(Pt 2):299-307.
              pmc: PMC1158918pubmed: 8782097doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.1996.sp021384google scholar: lookup
            47. Swanstrom MD, Zarucco L, Stover SM, Hubbard M, Hawkins DA, Driessen B, Steffey EP. Passive and active mechanical properties of the superficial and deep digital flexor muscles in the forelimbs of anesthetized Thoroughbred horses.. J Biomech 2005 Mar;38(3):579-86.
              pubmed: 15652557doi: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2004.03.030google scholar: lookup
            48. Talmadge RJ, Roy RR. Electrophoretic separation of rat skeletal muscle myosin heavy-chain isoforms.. J Appl Physiol (1985) 1993 Nov;75(5):2337-40.
              pubmed: 8307894doi: 10.1152/jappl.1993.75.5.2337google scholar: lookup
            49. Toniolo L, Patruno M, Maccatrozzo L, Pellegrino MA, Canepari M, Rossi R, D'Antona G, Bottinelli R, Reggiani C, Mascarello F. Fast fibres in a large animal: fibre types, contractile properties and myosin expression in pig skeletal muscles.. J Exp Biol 2004 May;207(Pt 11):1875-86.
              pubmed: 15107442doi: 10.1242/jeb.00950google scholar: lookup
            50. Toniolo L, Maccatrozzo L, Patruno M, Caliaro F, Mascarello F, Reggiani C. Expression of eight distinct MHC isoforms in bovine striated muscles: evidence for MHC-2B presence only in extraocular muscles.. J Exp Biol 2005 Nov;208(Pt 22):4243-53.
              pubmed: 16272247doi: 10.1242/jeb.01904google scholar: lookup
            51. Wang G, Kawai M. Effect of temperature on elementary steps of the cross-bridge cycle in rabbit soleus slow-twitch muscle fibres.. J Physiol 2001 Feb 15;531(Pt 1):219-34.
              pmc: PMC2278446pubmed: 11179405doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7793.2001.0219j.xgoogle scholar: lookup
            52. Widrick JJ, Trappe SW, Blaser CA, Costill DL, Fitts RH. Isometric force and maximal shortening velocity of single muscle fibers from elite master runners.. Am J Physiol 1996 Aug;271(2 Pt 1):C666-75.
              pubmed: 8770008doi: 10.1152/ajpcell.1996.271.2.c666google scholar: lookup
            53. Widrick JJ, Romatowski JG, Karhanek M, Fitts RH. Contractile properties of rat, rhesus monkey, and human type I muscle fibers.. Am J Physiol 1997 Jan;272(1 Pt 2):R34-42.
              pubmed: 9038988doi: 10.1152/ajpregu.1997.272.1.r34google scholar: lookup
            54. Zarucco L, Taylor KT, Stover SM. Determination of muscle architecture and fiber characteristics of the superficial and deep digital flexor muscles in the forelimbs of adult horses.. Am J Vet Res 2004 Jun;65(6):819-28.
              pubmed: 15198223doi: 10.2460/ajvr.2004.65.819google scholar: lookup
            55. Zhao Y, Kawai M. Kinetic and thermodynamic studies of the cross-bridge cycle in rabbit psoas muscle fibers.. Biophys J 1994 Oct;67(4):1655-68.
              pmc: PMC1225527pubmed: 7819497doi: 10.1016/s0006-3495(94)80638-1google scholar: lookup

            Citations

            This article has been cited 9 times.
            1. Wiseman RW, Brown CM, Beck TW, Brault JJ, Reinoso TR, Shi Y, Chase PB. Creatine Kinase Equilibration and ΔG(ATP) over an Extended Range of Physiological Conditions: Implications for Cellular Energetics, Signaling, and Muscle Performance.. Int J Mol Sci 2023 Aug 26;24(17).
              doi: 10.3390/ijms241713244pubmed: 37686064google scholar: lookup
            2. Charles J, Kissane R, Hoehfurtner T, Bates KT. From fibre to function: are we accurately representing muscle architecture and performance?. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2022 Aug;97(4):1640-1676.
              doi: 10.1111/brv.12856pubmed: 35388613google scholar: lookup
            3. Shi Y, Bethea JP, Hetzel-Ebben HL, Landim-Vieira M, Mayper RJ, Williams RL, Kessler LE, Ruiz AM, Gargiulo K, Rose JSM, Platt G, Pinto JR, Washburn BK, Chase PB. Mandibular muscle troponin of the Florida carpenter ant Camponotus floridanus: extending our insights into invertebrate Ca(2+) regulation.. J Muscle Res Cell Motil 2021 Jun;42(2):399-417.
              doi: 10.1007/s10974-021-09606-wpubmed: 34255253google scholar: lookup
            4. Mossor AM, Austin BL, Avey-Arroyo JA, Butcher MT. A Horse of a Different Color?: Tensile Strength and Elasticity of Sloth Flexor Tendons.. Integr Org Biol 2020;2(1):obaa032.
              doi: 10.1093/iob/obaa032pubmed: 33796818google scholar: lookup
            5. Butcher MT, Rose JA, Glenn ZD, Tatomirovich NM, Russo GA, Foster AD, Smith GA, Young JW. Ontogenetic allometry and architectural properties of the paravertebral and hindlimb musculature in Eastern cottontail rabbits (Sylvilagus floridanus): functional implications for developmental changes in locomotor performance.. J Anat 2019 Jul;235(1):106-123.
              doi: 10.1111/joa.12991pubmed: 31099418google scholar: lookup
            6. Huq E, Taylor AB, Su Z, Wall CE. Fiber type composition of epaxial muscles is geared toward facilitating rapid spinal extension in the leaper Galago senegalensis.. Am J Phys Anthropol 2018 May;166(1):95-106.
              doi: 10.1002/ajpa.23405pubmed: 29318571google scholar: lookup
            7. Meyer NL, Chase PB. Role of cardiac troponin I carboxy terminal mobile domain and linker sequence in regulating cardiac contraction.. Arch Biochem Biophys 2016 Jul 1;601:80-7.
              doi: 10.1016/j.abb.2016.03.010pubmed: 26971468google scholar: lookup
            8. Gilda JE, Xu Q, Martinez ME, Nguyen ST, Chase PB, Gomes AV. The functional significance of the last 5 residues of the C-terminus of cardiac troponin I.. Arch Biochem Biophys 2016 Jul 1;601:88-96.
              doi: 10.1016/j.abb.2016.02.023pubmed: 26919894google scholar: lookup
            9. Butcher MT, Bertram JE, Syme DA, Hermanson JW, Chase PB. Frequency dependence of power and its implications for contractile function of muscle fibers from the digital flexors of horses.. Physiol Rep 2014 Oct 1;2(10).
              doi: 10.14814/phy2.12174pubmed: 25293602google scholar: lookup
            Subscribe to our newsletter
            Join 99,344 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.