FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 10000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Animals : an open access journal from MDPI2022; 12(21); 3006; doi: 10.3390/ani12213006

Effects of Crude Rice Bran Oil and a Flaxseed Oil Blend in Young Horses Engaged in a Training Program.

Abstract: Rice bran oil and flaxseed oil contain omega-3 fatty acids with the potential to reduce post-exercise inflammation and muscle damage. This study measures plasma interleukin-1β and creatine kinase and fatty acid profiles in lightly worked, young horses (Equus caballus) undergoing an exercise test after 60 days (d) of oil consumption, where the oil replaced 25% of concentrate calories. Treatments consisted of CON (no oil), FLAX (flaxseed oil blend), and RICE (crude rice bran oil). Blood was collected pre-exercise, and again at 1 min, 30 min, 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h post-IET. Data were analyzed by repeated measures ANOVA. Plasma creatine kinase activity was not different in CON during the study, greater (p < 0.05) in RICE from pre-exercise to 30 min post-exercise across all exercise tests, and lesser (p < 0.05) in FLAX at 30 min post-exercise on d 30 compared to d 0. Plasma interleukin-1β was greater (p < 0.01) in CON on d 60, but no differences were observed in FLAX and RICE throughout the study. Plasma alpha-linolenic and linoleic acids were greatest (p < 0.05) in FLAX after 30 d of inclusion, while CON horses had greater (p < 0.05) EPA across all exercise tests and DHA after 60 d. These results indicate that 60 d of inclusion of crude rice bran oil or a flaxseed oil blend may benefit lightly worked, young horses by reducing training-program-related increases in interleukin-1β, while a flaxseed oil blend may reduce exercise-induced increases in creatine kinase. Additionally, the flaxseed oil blend has the potential to increase plasma omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids. Replacing 25% of concentrate calories with flaxseed or rice bran oil has potential benefits for young horses in training.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2022-11-02 PubMed ID: 36359130PubMed Central: PMC9653641DOI: 10.3390/ani12213006Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research paper focuses on the impact of crude rice bran oil and a flaxseed oil blend on young horses involved in a training program. It suggests that these oils, which are rich in omega-3 fatty acids, might help moderate inflammation and muscle damage after exercise, as measured by factors like plasma interleukin-1β and creatine kinase levels, and fatty acid profiles.

Study Design and Methods

  • The research focused on young horses that were lightly worked and undergoing an exercise test.
  • The horses were divided into three groups. The first group was a control (CON) group that didn’t consume any oil. The second group consumed a flaxseed oil blend (FLAX) and the third group consumed crude rice bran oil (RICE). The oil intake was designed to replace 25% of the concentrate calories in the horses’ diets for 60 days.
  • Blood samples were collected from the horses at multiple points: before the exercise, and 1 minute, 30 minutes, 24 hours, 48 hours, and 72 hours after the Integrated Exercise Test (IET).
  • Plasma interleukin-1β and creatine kinase, which are markers of inflammation and muscle damage respectively, were measured. The fatty acid profiles of the plasma were also assessed.

Key Findings

  • In terms of creatine kinase activity, the CON group showed no significant change during the study. In the RICE group, it increased significantly from pre-exercise to 30 minutes post-exercise across all exercise tests. The FLAX group, however, saw a reduction at 30 minutes post-exercise on day 30 when compared with day 0.
  • The levels of plasma interleukin-1β were greater in the CON group on day 60, but there were no significant differences observed in the FLAX and RICE groups throughout the study.
  • The FLAX diet led to the highest levels of plasma alpha-linolenic and linoleic acids after 30 days, indicating an increase in omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids. The CON group, however, had greater levels of EPA across all exercise tests and DHA after 60 days.

Conclusions and Implications

  • The results indicate that replacing 25% of concentrate calories with crude rice bran oil or a flaxseed oil blend for 60 days may benefit young, lightly worked horses by reducing the training-related increase in interleukin-1β. Furthermore, a flaxseed oil blend may also reduce the exercise-induced increase in creatine kinase.
  • The study suggests a potential benefit in using these oils in the diet of young horses in training to promote overall health, particularly by counteracting the effects of exercise-induced inflammation and muscle damage.

Cite This Article

APA
Mowry KC, Thomson-Parker TL, Morales C, Fikes KK, Stutts KJ, Leatherwood JL, Anderson MJ, Smith RX, Suagee-Bedore JK. (2022). Effects of Crude Rice Bran Oil and a Flaxseed Oil Blend in Young Horses Engaged in a Training Program. Animals (Basel), 12(21), 3006. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12213006

Publication

Animals : an open access journal from MDPI
ISSN: 2076-2615
NlmUniqueID: 101635614
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 12
Issue: 21
PII: 3006

Researcher Affiliations

Mowry, Kayla C
  • School of Agricultural Sciences, College of Science and Engineering Technology, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX 77340, USA.
Thomson-Parker, Timber L
  • School of Agricultural Sciences, College of Science and Engineering Technology, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX 77340, USA.
Morales, Cruz
  • School of Agricultural Sciences, College of Science and Engineering Technology, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX 77340, USA.
Fikes, Kalley K
  • School of Agricultural Sciences, College of Science and Engineering Technology, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX 77340, USA.
Stutts, Kyle J
  • School of Agricultural Sciences, College of Science and Engineering Technology, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX 77340, USA.
Leatherwood, Jessica L
  • Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Texas A&M University, College State, TX 77843, USA.
Anderson, Mark J
  • School of Agricultural Sciences, College of Science and Engineering Technology, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX 77340, USA.
Smith, Rachelle X
  • Sam Houston State University Analytical Laboratory, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX 77341, USA.
Suagee-Bedore, Jessica K
  • School of Agricultural Sciences, College of Science and Engineering Technology, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX 77340, USA.

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript; or in the decision to publish the results.

References

This article includes 55 references
  1. Bond S, Greco-Otto P, Sides R, Léguillette R, Bayly W. Assessment of high-intensity over-ground conditioning and simulated racing on aerobic and anaerobic capacities in racehorses.. Comp. Ex. Physiol. 2019;15:199–207.
    doi: 10.3920/CEP190002google scholar: lookup
  2. Vincze A, Szabó C, Hevesi Á, Veres S, Ãœtő D, Babinszky L. Effect of age and event on post exercise values of blood biochemical parameters in show jumping horses.. Acta Agrar. Kaposváriensis 2010;14:185–191.
  3. Roberts C, Harris P, Murray R, Cnockaert R, Roberts C. The Relationship Between Blood Lactate, Serum Muscle Enzymes, Jumping Performance and Muscle Soreness in Show-Jumping Horses. Proceedings of the International Conference on Equine Exercise Physiology; Chester, UK. 16 June 2014.
  4. Clarkson PM, Newham DJ. Associations between muscle soreness, damage, and fatigue.. Adv Exp Med Biol 1995;384:457-69.
    pubmed: 8585472doi: 10.1007/978-1-4899-1016-5_35google scholar: lookup
  5. Lessard SJ, MacDonald TL, Pathak P, Han MS, Coffey VG, Edge J, Rivas DA, Hirshman MF, Davis RJ, Goodyear LJ. JNK regulates muscle remodeling via myostatin/SMAD inhibition.. Nat Commun 2018 Aug 2;9(1):3030.
    doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-05439-3pmc: PMC6072737pubmed: 30072727google scholar: lookup
  6. Fridén J, Lieber RL. Eccentric exercise-induced injuries to contractile and cytoskeletal muscle fibre components.. Acta Physiol Scand 2001 Mar;171(3):321-6.
    doi: 10.1046/j.1365-201x.2001.00834.xpubmed: 11412144google scholar: lookup
  7. Capomaccio S, Cappelli K, Barrey E, Felicetti M, Silvestrelli M, Verini-Supplizi A. Microarray analysis after strenuous exercise in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of endurance horses.. Anim Genet 2010 Dec;41 Suppl 2:166-75.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2052.2010.02129.xpubmed: 21070292google scholar: lookup
  8. Baird MF, Graham SM, Baker JS, Bickerstaff GF. Creatine-kinase- and exercise-related muscle damage implications for muscle performance and recovery.. J Nutr Metab 2012;2012:960363.
    doi: 10.1155/2012/960363pmc: PMC3263635pubmed: 22288008google scholar: lookup
  9. Streltsova J.M., McKeever K.H., Liburt N.R., Gordon M.E., Filho H.M., Horohov D.W., Rosen R.T., Franke W. Effect of orange peel and black tea extracts on markers of performance and cytokine markers of inflammation in horses.. Equine Comp. Exerc. Physiol. 2006;3:121–130.
    doi: 10.1017/ECP200687google scholar: lookup
  10. Witkowska-Piłaszewicz O, Pingwara R, Winnicka A. The Effect of Physical Training on Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cell Ex Vivo Proliferation, Differentiation, Activity, and Reactive Oxygen Species Production in Racehorses.. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020 Nov 20;9(11).
    doi: 10.3390/antiox9111155pmc: PMC7699811pubmed: 33233549google scholar: lookup
  11. Sembratowicz I, Zięba G, Cholewinska E, Czech A. Effect of Dietary Flaxseed Oil Supplementation on the Redox Status, Haematological and Biochemical Parameters of Horses' Blood.. Animals (Basel) 2020 Nov 30;10(12).
    doi: 10.3390/ani10122244pmc: PMC7760300pubmed: 33265987google scholar: lookup
  12. Cleland LG, James MJ, Proudman SM. Fish oil: what the prescriber needs to know.. Arthritis Res Ther 2006;8(1):202.
    doi: 10.1186/ar1876pmc: PMC1526555pubmed: 16542466google scholar: lookup
  13. O'Connor CI, Lawrence LM, Lawrence AC, Janicki KM, Warren LK, Hayes S. The effect of dietary fish oil supplementation on exercising horses.. J Anim Sci 2004 Oct;82(10):2978-84.
    doi: 10.2527/2004.82102978xpubmed: 15484950google scholar: lookup
  14. Juliano C, Cossu M, Alamanni MC, Piu L. Antioxidant activity of gamma-oryzanol: mechanism of action and its effect on oxidative stability of pharmaceutical oils.. Int J Pharm 2005 Aug 11;299(1-2):146-54.
    doi: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2005.05.018pubmed: 16005170google scholar: lookup
  15. Bumrungpert A, Chongsuwat R, Phosat C, Butacnum A. Rice Bran Oil Containing Gamma-Oryzanol Improves Lipid Profiles and Antioxidant Status in Hyperlipidemic Subjects: A Randomized Double-Blind Controlled Trial.. J Altern Complement Med 2019 Mar;25(3):353-358.
    doi: 10.1089/acm.2018.0212pubmed: 30265563google scholar: lookup
  16. Kronfeld D.S.. Fat adaptation and exercise: Less heat production and water loss, and an improved power:weight ratio. Proceedings of the American Association of Equine Practitioners; Phoenix, AZ, USA. 10 December 1997.
  17. Swirsley N, Spooner H.S., Hoffman R.M.. Supplement use and perceptions: A study of US horse owners.. J. Equine Vet. Sci. 2017;59:34–39.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2017.08.021google scholar: lookup
  18. Kronfeld DS. Dietary fat affects heat production and other variables of equine performance, under hot and humid conditions.. Equine Vet J Suppl 1996 Jul;(22):24-34.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1996.tb05028.xpubmed: 8894547google scholar: lookup
  19. Pagan JD, Geor RJ, Harris PA, Hoekstra K, Gardner S, Hudson C, Prince A. Effects of fat adaptation on glucose kinetics and substrate oxidation during low-intensity exercise.. Equine Vet J Suppl 2002 Sep;(34):33-8.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2002.tb05388.xpubmed: 12405656google scholar: lookup
  20. Henneke DR, Potter GD, Kreider JL, Yeates BF. Relationship between condition score, physical measurements and body fat percentage in mares.. Equine Vet J 1983 Oct;15(4):371-2.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1983.tb01826.xpubmed: 6641685google scholar: lookup
  21. Carter RA, Geor RJ, Burton Staniar W, Cubitt TA, Harris PA. Apparent adiposity assessed by standardised scoring systems and morphometric measurements in horses and ponies.. Vet J 2009 Feb;179(2):204-10.
    doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2008.02.029pubmed: 18440844google scholar: lookup
  22. Perfield JW 2nd, Delmonte P, Lock AL, Yurawecz MP, Bauman DE. Trans-10, trans-12 conjugated linoleic acid does not affect milk fat yield but reduces delta9-desaturase index in dairy cows.. J Dairy Sci 2006 Jul;89(7):2559-66.
    doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(06)72332-3pubmed: 16772575google scholar: lookup
  23. Corl BA, Baumgard LH, Griinari JM, Delmonte P, Morehouse KM, Yurawecz MP, Bauman DE. Trans-7,cis-9 CLA is synthesized endogenously by delta9-desaturase in dairy cows.. Lipids 2002 Jul;37(7):681-8.
    doi: 10.1007/s11745-002-0949-4pubmed: 12216839google scholar: lookup
  24. NRC. Nutrient Requirements of Horses.. 6th ed. National Academies Press; Washington, DC, USA: 2007.
  25. Huntington P, Brown-Douglas C, Pagan J. Growth and development of Thoroughbred horses.. Anim. Prod. Sci. 2020;60:2093–2102.
    doi: 10.1071/AN19629google scholar: lookup
  26. Westervelt R.G., Stouffer J.R., Hintz H.F., Schryver H.F.. Estimating Fatness in Horses and Ponies.. J. Anim Sci. 1976;43:781–785.
    doi: 10.2527/jas1976.434781xgoogle scholar: lookup
  27. Kearns CF, McKeever KH, John-Alder H, Abe T, Brechue WF. Relationship between body composition, blood volume and maximal oxygen uptake.. Equine Vet J Suppl 2002 Sep;(34):485-90.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2002.tb05470.xpubmed: 12405738google scholar: lookup
  28. Klatt L. The lure of omega-3-polyunsaturated fatty acids.. Food Sci. Newsl. 1986;16:1–4.
  29. Hansen RA, Savage CJ, Reidlinger K, Traub-Dargatz JL, Ogilvie GK, Mitchell D, Fettman MJ. Effects of dietary flaxseed oil supplementation on equine plasma fatty acid concentrations and whole blood platelet aggregation.. J Vet Intern Med 2002 Jul-Aug;16(4):457-63.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2002.tb01265.xpubmed: 12141309google scholar: lookup
  30. Calder PC. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and inflammatory processes: nutrition or pharmacology?. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2013 Mar;75(3):645-62.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.2012.04374.xpmc: PMC3575932pubmed: 22765297google scholar: lookup
  31. Vineyard KR, Warren LK, Kivipelto J. Effect of dietary omega-3 fatty acid source on plasma and red blood cell membrane composition and immune function in yearling horses.. J Anim Sci 2010 Jan;88(1):248-57.
    doi: 10.2527/jas.2009-2253pubmed: 19783695google scholar: lookup
  32. Hess TM, Rexford JK, Hansen DK, Harris M, Schauermann N, Ross T, Engle TE, Allen KG, Mulligan CM. Effects of two different dietary sources of long chain omega-3, highly unsaturated fatty acids on incorporation into the plasma, red blood cell, and skeletal muscle in horses.. J Anim Sci 2012 Sep;90(9):3023-31.
    doi: 10.2527/jas.2011-4412pubmed: 22966078google scholar: lookup
  33. Piccione G, Messina V, Casella S, Giannetto C, Caola G. Blood lactate levels during exercise in athletic horses.. Comp. Clin. Path. 2010;19:535–539.
    doi: 10.1007/s00580-010-0965-xgoogle scholar: lookup
  34. Williamson CC, James EA, James MP, May CD, Casey PJ. Horse plasma lactate determinations: comparison of wet and dry chemistry methods and the effect of storage.. Equine Vet J 1996 Sep;28(5):406-8.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1996.tb03113.xpubmed: 8894540google scholar: lookup
  35. Cabrera AMZ, Soto MJC, Aranzales JRM, Valencia NMC, Gutiérrez MPA. Blood lactate concentrations and heart rates of Colombian Paso horses during a field exercise test.. Vet Anim Sci 2021 Sep;13:100185.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vas.2021.100185pmc: PMC8219982pubmed: 34189341google scholar: lookup
  36. Chodkowska KA, Ciecierska A, Majchrzak K, Ostaszewski P, Sadkowski T. Simultaneous miRNA and mRNA Transcriptome Profiling of Differentiating Equine Satellite Cells Treated with Gamma-Oryzanol and Exposed to Hydrogen Peroxide.. Nutrients 2018 Dec 2;10(12).
    doi: 10.3390/nဒ1871pmc: PMC6316332pubmed: 30513813google scholar: lookup
  37. Ferraz G.D., Angelis F., Teixeira-Neto A.R., Freitas E., Lacerda-Neto J., Queiroz-Neto A. Blood lactate threshold reflects glucose responses in horses submitted to incremental exercise test.. Arg. Bras. Med. Vet. Zootec. 2008;60:256–259.
    doi: 10.1590/S0102-09352008000100035google scholar: lookup
  38. Simões HG, Grubert Campbell CS, Kokubun E, Denadai BS, Baldissera V. Blood glucose responses in humans mirror lactate responses for individual anaerobic threshold and for lactate minimum in track tests.. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol 1999 Jun;80(1):34-40.
    doi: 10.1007/s004210050555pubmed: 10367721google scholar: lookup
  39. Oldham S.L., Potter G.D., Evans J.W., Smith S.B., Taylor T.S., Barnes W.S.. Storage and mobilization of muscle glycogen in exercising horses fed a fat-supplemented diet.. J. Equine Vet. Sci. 1990;10:353–359.
    doi: 10.1016/S0737-0806(06)80096-1google scholar: lookup
  40. Eaton M., Hodgson D., Evans D., Bryden W., Rose R. Effect of a diet containing supplementary fat on the capacity for high intensity exercise.. Equine Vet. J. 1995;27:353–356.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1995.tb04951.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  41. Topliff D, Potter G, Dutson T, Kreider J, Jessup G. Diet manipulation and muscle glycogen in the equine. Proceedings of the 8th Equine Nutrition and Physiology Symposium; Lexington, KY, USA. 28–30 April 1983.
  42. Orme CE, Harris RC, Marlin DJ, Hurley J. Metabolic adaptation to fat-supplemented diet by the thoroughbred horse.. Br J Nutr 1997 Sep;78(3):443-58.
    doi: 10.1079/BJN19970162pubmed: 9306885google scholar: lookup
  43. Reeta Pösö A, Hyyppä S. Metabolic and hormonal changes after exercise in relation to muscle glycogen concentrations.. Equine Vet J Suppl 1999 Jul;(30):332-6.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1999.tb05244.xpubmed: 10659278google scholar: lookup
  44. Hyyppä S, Räsänen LA, Pösö AR. Resynthesis of glycogen in skeletal muscle from standardbred trotters after repeated bouts of exercise.. Am J Vet Res 1997 Feb;58(2):162-6.
    pubmed: 9028482
  45. Lamprecht E.D., Bagnell C.A., Williams C.A.. Inflammatory responses to three modes of intense exercise in Standardbred mares—A pilot study.. Comp. Ex. Physiol. 2009;5:115–125.
    doi: 10.1017/S1478061509294448google scholar: lookup
  46. Fikes KK, Coverdale JA, Leatherwood JL, Campbell JM, Welsh TH Jr, Hartz CJ, Goehring M, Millican AA, Bradbery AN, Wickersham TA. Effect of bioactive proteins on gait kinematics and systemic inflammatory markers in mature horses.. Transl Anim Sci 2021 Jan;5(1):txab017.
    doi: 10.1093/tas/txab017pmc: PMC7963040pubmed: 33748684google scholar: lookup
  47. Lopez-Castejon G, Brough D. Understanding the mechanism of IL-1β secretion.. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2011 Aug;22(4):189-95.
    doi: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2011.10.001pmc: PMC3714593pubmed: 22019906google scholar: lookup
  48. Yan Y, Jiang W, Spinetti T, Tardivel A, Castillo R, Bourquin C, Guarda G, Tian Z, Tschopp J, Zhou R. Omega-3 fatty acids prevent inflammation and metabolic disorder through inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome activation.. Immunity 2013 Jun 27;38(6):1154-63.
    doi: 10.1016/j.immuni.2013.05.015pubmed: 23809162google scholar: lookup
  49. Zgorzynska E, Dziedzic B, Markiewicz M, Walczewska A. Omega-3 PUFAs Suppress IL-1β-Induced Hyperactivity of Immunoproteasomes in Astrocytes.. Int J Mol Sci 2021 May 21;22(11).
    doi: 10.3390/ijms22115410pmc: PMC8196670pubmed: 34063751google scholar: lookup
  50. Brennan K, Whorf C, Harris L, Adam E. The Effect of Dietary Microalgae on American Association of Equine Practitioners Lameness Scores and Whole Blood Cytokine Gene Expression Following a Lipopolysaccharide Challenge in Mature Horses.. American Society of Animal Science; Baltimore, MD, USA: 2017.
  51. Siciliano PD, Parker AL, Lawrence LM. Effect of dietary vitamin E supplementation on the integrity of skeletal muscle in exercised horses.. J Anim Sci 1997 Jun;75(6):1553-60.
    doi: 10.2527/1997.7561553xpubmed: 9250517google scholar: lookup
  52. Siciliano P.D., Lawrence L.M., Danielsen K., Powell D.M., Thompson K.N.. Effect of conditioning and exercise type on serum creatine kinase and aspartate aminotransferase activity.. Equine Vet. J. 1995;27:243–247.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1995.tb04929.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  53. Jagrič-Munih S., Nemec-Svete A., Zrimšek P., Kramarič P., Kos-Kadunc V., Vovk T., Kobal S. Plasma malondialdehyde, biochemical and haematological parameters in standardbred horses during a selected field exercise test.. Acta Vet. 2012;62:53–65.
    doi: 10.2298/AVB1201053Jgoogle scholar: lookup
  54. Ribeiro WP, Valberg SJ, Pagan JD, Gustavsson BE. The effect of varying dietary starch and fat content on serum creatine kinase activity and substrate availability in equine polysaccharide storage myopathy.. J Vet Intern Med 2004 Nov-Dec;18(6):887-94.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2004.tb02637.xpubmed: 15638274google scholar: lookup
  55. McKenzie EC, Valberg SJ, Godden SM, Pagan JD, MacLeay JM, Geor RJ, Carlson GP. Effect of dietary starch, fat, and bicarbonate content on exercise responses and serum creatine kinase activity in equine recurrent exertional rhabdomyolysis.. J Vet Intern Med 2003 Sep-Oct;17(5):693-701.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2003.tb02502.xpubmed: 14529137google scholar: lookup

Citations

This article has been cited 3 times.
  1. Fresa K, Catandi GD, Gonzalez-Castro R, Omar A, Whitcomb LA, Cheng MH, Chen TW, Carnevale EM, Chicco AJ. Impact of dietary essential fatty acids on phospholipid composition and mitochondrial function in aged mares. Sci Rep 2025 Dec 5;15(1):43295.
    doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-03271-6pubmed: 41350304google scholar: lookup
  2. El-Nagah SMA, Abdel-Halim M, Heikal OA, AbdelKader RM. Neuroprotective role of rice bran extract and its constituents in a neuroinflammatory mouse model. BMC Complement Med Ther 2025 Oct 2;25(1):351.
    doi: 10.1186/s12906-025-05097-1pubmed: 41039514google scholar: lookup
  3. Hartwig S, Rankovic A, McCrae P, Gagliardi K, Burron S, Ellis J, Ma DWL, Shoveller AK. The effects of a plant-based and a plant- and marine-based n-3 oil supplement on behavioral reactivity, heart rate variability, and plasma fatty acid profile in young healthy horses. J Anim Sci 2025 Jan 4;103.
    doi: 10.1093/jas/skaf117pubmed: 40202435google scholar: lookup
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 100,127 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.