FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 9000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Home / Equine Research Bank / Animals (Basel) / Equine Gastric Ulcer Syndrome: An Update on Current Knowledg...
Animals : an open access journal from MDPI2023; 13(7); doi: 10.3390/ani13071261

Equine Gastric Ulcer Syndrome: An Update on Current Knowledge.

Abstract: Equine Gastric Ulcer Syndrome (EGUS) is a term that has been used since 1999, initially being used to describe all gastric mucosal disease in horses. Since this time, the identification of two distinct main disease entities of the equine gastric mucosa have been described under the umbrella of EGUS; these are Equine Squamous Gastric Disease (ESGD) and Equine Glandular Gastric Disease (EGGD). In 2015 the European College of Equine Internal Medicine (ECEIM) released a consensus statement defining these disease entities. This document highlighted the lack of evidence surrounding EGGD compared to ESGD, and identified knowledge gaps for further research to be directed. Subsequently, many studies on EGGD have been published, especially on pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment. This article updates current knowledge on both ESGD and EGGD as understanding has evolved since the last large-scale review.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2023-04-05 PubMed ID: 37048517PubMed Central: PMC10093336DOI: 10.3390/ani13071261Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article
  • Review

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research article talks about the current understanding of Equine Gastric Ulcer Syndrome (EGUS), a common disease affecting horses, with specifics on its two main categories – Equine Squamous Gastric Disease (ESGD) and Equine Glandular Gastric Disease (EGGD).

Introduction to Equine Gastric Ulcer Syndrome (EGUS)

  • The term EGUS was first introduced in 1999 to describe all gastric mucosal diseases in horses.
  • It includes two main diseases which affect the gastric mucosa of horses: ESGD and EGGD.

Division of EGUS into ESGD and EGGD

  • In 2015, the European College of Equine Internal Medicine (ECEIM) made it official by releasing a consensus statement which distinguished the two disease forms under EGUS, clearly defining them.
  • However, the statement also highlighted the fact that EGGD was not as well studied as ESGD thereby pointing out a gap in the research and understanding of this distinct disease.

Recent Studies on EGGD

  • Following the consensus statement in 2015, there has been an influx of research on the less understood EGGD, focusing on its pathophysiology (how the disease processes function), diagnosis, and treatment.

An Update on Current EGUS Knowledge

  • The research article provides an update on the comprehensive understanding of both diseases — ESGD and EGGD — as there have been many learnings since the last significant review.
  • It is important to keep updating knowledge on these gastronomical diseases as it can help in better diagnosing and treating horses suffering from them.

Cite This Article

APA
Vokes J, Lovett A, Sykes B. (2023). Equine Gastric Ulcer Syndrome: An Update on Current Knowledge. Animals (Basel), 13(7). https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13071261

Publication

Animals : an open access journal from MDPI
ISSN: 2076-2615
NlmUniqueID: 101635614
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 13
Issue: 7

Researcher Affiliations

Vokes, Jessica
  • Equine Veterinary Clinic, School of Veterinary Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North 4474, New Zealand.
Lovett, Amy
  • Equine Veterinary Clinic, School of Veterinary Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North 4474, New Zealand.
Sykes, Benjamin
  • Equine Veterinary Clinic, School of Veterinary Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North 4474, New Zealand.

Conflict of Interest Statement

Jessica Vokes and Amy Lovett declare no conflict of interest. Ben Sykes has active consultancies with Abbey Labs and Kelato, both of whom have products in the EGUS space. He has also previously worked for or received funding from the following companies with products in the EGUS space: Abler, Axon Animal Health, Bova Australia, Bova UK, Dechra, Boehringer Ingelheim, Duggan CE, Equestra Australia, FeedXL, Freedom Animal Health, Luoda Pharma, Purina, Prydes Australia, Salfarm Denmark, Troy Australia, Vetcare Finland and Virbac Australia.

References

This article includes 213 references
  1. Sykes BW, Hewetson M, Hepburn RJ, Luthersson N, Tamzali Y. European College of Equine Internal Medicine Consensus Statement-Equine Gastric Ulcer Syndrome in Adult Horses. J. Vet. Intern. Med. 2015;29:1288–1299.
    doi: 10.1111/jvim.13578pmc: PMC4858038pubmed: 26340142google scholar: lookup
  2. Hewetson M, McGuire C. Equine squamous gastric disease and delayed gastric emptying—The chicken or the egg?. Equine Vet. Educ. 2022;34:460–466.
    doi: 10.1111/eve.13597google scholar: lookup
  3. Berschneider HM, Blikslager AT, Roberts MC. Role of duodenal reflux in nonglandular gastric ulcer disease of the mature horse. Equine Vet. J. 1999;29:24–29.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1999.tb05164.xpubmed: 10696289google scholar: lookup
  4. Bezdekova B, Wohlsein P, Venner M. Chronic severe pyloric lesions in horses: 47 cases. Equine Vet. J. 2020;52:200–204.
    doi: 10.1111/evj.13157pubmed: 31390081google scholar: lookup
  5. Sykes B, Kathawala K, Song Y, Garg S, Page S, Underwood C, Mills P. Preliminary investigations into a novel, long–acting, injectable, intramuscular formulation of omeprazole in the horse. Equine Vet. J. 2017;49:795–801.
    doi: 10.1111/evj.12688pubmed: 28397996google scholar: lookup
  6. Hewetson M, Sykes BW, Hallowell GD, Tulamo R-M. Diagnostic accuracy of blood sucrose as a screening test for equine gastric ulcer syndrome (EGUS) in adult horses. Acta Vet. Scand. 2017;59:15.
    doi: 10.1186/s13028-017-0284-1pmc: PMC5346197pubmed: 28284214google scholar: lookup
  7. Ehlers K, Uhlig A, Recknagel S, Snyder A, Breuer J, Arnold C, Graneß N, Schusser GF. Mucosal lesions in the pyloric area—Retrospective study on 315 equine patients (2004–2013). Pferdeheilkunde 2016;32:96–102.
    doi: 10.21836/PEM20160201google scholar: lookup
  8. Pedersen SK, Cribb AE, Windeyer MC, Read EK, French D, Banse HE. Risk factors for equine glandular and squamous gastric disease in show jumping Warmbloods. Equine Vet. J. 2018;50:747–751.
    doi: 10.1111/evj.12949pubmed: 29660168google scholar: lookup
  9. Gehlen H, Reimer-Diesbrock S, Stockle S. Prevalence, anatomical distribution and risk factors associated with equine gastric ulceration syndrome in American Quarter Horses. Pferdeheilkunde 2019;35:403–415.
    doi: 10.21836/PEM20190502google scholar: lookup
  10. Banse HE, Andrews FM. Equine glandular gastric disease: Prevalence, impact and management strategies. Vet. Med. 2019;10:69–76.
    doi: 10.2147/VMRR.S174427pmc: PMC6642651pubmed: 31406687google scholar: lookup
  11. Hewetson M, Tallon R. Equine Squamous Gastric Disease: Prevalence, Impact and Management. Vet. Med. 2021;12:381–399.
    doi: 10.2147/VMRR.S235258pmc: PMC8725839pubmed: 35004264google scholar: lookup
  12. Cate RE, Nielsen BD, Spooner HS, O’Connor-Robison CI, Schott HC. Prevalence of gastric ulcers and relationship to other parameters in Standardbred racehorses. Comp. Exerc. Physiol. 2012;8:47–52.
    doi: 10.3920/CEP12009google scholar: lookup
  13. Tamzali Y, Marguet C, Priymenko N, Lyazrhi F. Prevalence of gastric ulcer syndrome in high-level endurance horses. Equine Vet. J. 2011;43:141–144.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2010.00129.xpubmed: 21592206google scholar: lookup
  14. Jonsson H, Egenvall A. Prevalence of gastric ulceration in Swedish Standardbreds in race training. Equine Vet. J. 2006;38:209–213.
    doi: 10.2746/042516406776866390pubmed: 16706273google scholar: lookup
  15. Nieto JE, Snyder JR, Beldomenico P, Aleman M, Kerr JW, Spier SJ. Prevalence of gastric ulcers in endurance horses—A preliminary report. Vet. J. 2004;167:33–37.
    doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2003.09.005pubmed: 14623148google scholar: lookup
  16. Begg LM, O’Sullivan CB. The prevalence and distribution of gastric ulceration in 345 racehorses. Aust. Vet. J. 2003;81:199–201.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.2003.tb11469.xpubmed: 15080440google scholar: lookup
  17. Hammond C, Mason D, Watkins K. Gastric ulceration in mature Thoroughbred horses. Equine Vet. J. 1986;18:284–287.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1986.tb03629.xpubmed: 3758006google scholar: lookup
  18. Luthersson N, Nielsen K, Harris P, Parkin T. The prevalence and anatomical distribution of equine gastric ulceration syndrome (EGUS) in 201 horses in Denmark. Equine Vet. J. 2009;41:619–624.
    doi: 10.2746/042516409X441910pubmed: 19927578google scholar: lookup
  19. Roy M-A, Vrins A, Beauchamp G, Doucet MY. Prevalence of Ulcers of the Squamous Gastric Mucosa in Standardbred Horses. J. Vet. Intern. Med. 2005;19:744–750.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2005.tb02755.xpubmed: 16231721google scholar: lookup
  20. Shan R, Steel C, Sykes B. The Effects of two Different Withholding Periods of Omeprazole on the Recurrence of Equine Gastric Ulcer Syndrome in Thoroughbred Racehorses. Proceedings of the European College of Veterinary Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation Scientific Meeting; Pula, Croatia. 20 September–1 October 2022.
  21. Hwang H, Dong HJ, Han J, Cho S, Kim Y, Lee I. Prevalence and treatment of gastric ulcers in Thoroughbred racehorses of Korea. J. Vet. Sci. 2022;23:e19.
    doi: 10.4142/jvs.21247pmc: PMC8977533pubmed: 35187877google scholar: lookup
  22. Chameroy KA, Nadeau JA, Bushmich SL, Dinger JE, Hoagland TA, Saxton AM. Prevalence of non-glandular gastric ulcers in horses involved in a university riding program. J. Equine Vet. Sci. 2006;26:207–211.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2006.03.001google scholar: lookup
  23. Malmkvist J, Poulsen JM, Luthersson N, Palme R, Christensen JW, Søndergaard E. Behaviour and stress responses in horses with gastric ulceration. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 2012;142:160–167.
    doi: 10.1016/j.applanim.2012.10.002google scholar: lookup
  24. Le Jeune SS, Nieto JE, Dechant JE, Snyder JR. Prevalence of gastric ulcers in Thoroughbred broodmares in pasture: A preliminary report. Vet. J. 2009;181:251–255.
    doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2008.03.020pubmed: 18511313google scholar: lookup
  25. Sgorbini M, Bonelli F, Papini R, Busechian S, Briganti A, Laus F, Faillace V, Zappulla F, Rizk A, Rueca F. Equine gastric ulcer syndrome in adult donkeys: Investigation on prevalence, anatomical distribution, and severity. Equine Vet. Educ. 2018;30:206–210.
    doi: 10.1111/eve.12747google scholar: lookup
  26. Ward S, Sykes B, Brown H, Bishop A, Penaluna L. A comparison of the prevalence of gastric ulceration in feral and domesticated horses in the UK. Equine Vet. Educ. 2015;27:655–657.
    doi: 10.1111/eve.12491google scholar: lookup
  27. Lamglait B, Vandenbunder-Beltrame M, Trunet E, Lemberger K. Description of gastric ulcers and of their suspected, associated risk factors in deceased wild equids at the Reserve Africaine de Sigean, France (2010–2016). J. Zoo Wildl. Med. 2017;48:668–674.
    doi: 10.1638/2016-0249.1pubmed: 28920797google scholar: lookup
  28. Sykes B, Bowen M, Habershon-Butcher J, Green M, Hallowell GD. Management factors and clinical implications of glandular and squamous gastric disease in horses. J. Vet. Intern. Med. 2019;33:233–240.
    doi: 10.1111/jvim.15350pmc: PMC6335573pubmed: 30499188google scholar: lookup
  29. Sykes BW, Sykes KM, Hallowell GD. A comparison of three doses of omeprazole in the treatment of equine gastric ulcer syndrome: A blinded, randomised, dose-response clinical trial. Equine Vet. J. 2015;47:285–290.
    doi: 10.1111/evj.12287pubmed: 24761780google scholar: lookup
  30. Banse HE, Macleod H, Crosby C, Windeyer MC. Prevalence of and risk factors for equine glandular and squamous gastric disease in polo horses. Can. Vet. J. 2018;59:880–884.
    pmc: PMC6049336pubmed: 30104780
  31. Aranzales JRM, Cassou F, Andrade BSC, Alves GES. Presence of gastric ulcer syndrome in equine from the military police. Arch. Med. Vet. 2012;44:185–189.
    doi: 10.4067/S0301-732X2012000200013google scholar: lookup
  32. Busechian S, Sgorbini M, Orvieto S, Pisello L, Zappulla F, Briganti A, Nocera I, Conte G, Rueca F. Evaluation of a questionnaire to detect the risk of developing ESGD or EGGD in horses. Prev. Vet. Med. 2021;188.
    doi: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2021.105285pubmed: 33530014google scholar: lookup
  33. Columb M, Atkinson M. Statistical analysis: Sample size and power estimations. BJA Educ. 2015;16:159–161.
    doi: 10.1093/bjaed/mkv034google scholar: lookup
  34. Sandin A, Skidell J, Häggström J, Nilsson G. Postmortem findings of gastric ulcers in Swedish horses older than age one year: A retrospective study of 3715 horses (1924–1996). Equine Vet. J. 2000;32:36–42.
    doi: 10.2746/042516400777612044pubmed: 10661383google scholar: lookup
  35. Hepburn R. Endoscopic examination of the squamous and glandular gastric mucosa in sport and leisure horses: 684 horses (2005–2011). Proceedings of the 11th International Equine Colic Research Symposium; Dublin, Ireland. 7–10 July 2014.
  36. Mönki J, Hewetson M, Virtala A-M. Risk Factors for Equine Gastric Glandular Disease: A Case–Control Study in a Finnish Referral Hospital Population. J. Vet. Intern. Med. 2016;30:1270–1275.
    doi: 10.1111/jvim.14370pmc: PMC5108429pubmed: 27461724google scholar: lookup
  37. Gehlen H, Prieß A, Doherr M. Germany-wide multicentre study on the etiology of gastric mucosal lesions in horses. Pferdeheilkunde 2021;37:395–407.
    doi: 10.21836/PEM20210406google scholar: lookup
  38. Rabuffo TS, Hackett ES, Grenager N, Boston R, Orsini JA. Prevalence of Gastric Ulcerations in Horses with Colic. J. Equine Vet. Sci. 2009;29:540–546.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2009.05.005google scholar: lookup
  39. Vatistas NJ, Snyder JR, Carlson G, Johnson B, Arthur RM, Thurmond M, Zhou H, Lloyd KL. Cross-sectional study of gastric ulcers of the squamous mucosa in thoroughbred racehorses. Equine Vet. J. 1999;29:34–39.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1999.tb05166.xpubmed: 10696291google scholar: lookup
  40. Lester G, Robertson I, Secombe C. Risk factors for gastric ulceration in Thoroughbred racehorses. Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Convention of the American Association of Equine Practitioners; Orlando, FL, USA. 1–5 December 2007.
  41. Zuluaga AM, Ramírez NF, Martínez JR. Equine gastric ulcerative syndrome in Antioquia (Colombia): Frequency and risk factors. Rev. Colomb. Cienc. Pecu. 2018;31:139–149.
    doi: 10.17533/udea.rccp.v31n2a07google scholar: lookup
  42. Dionne RM, Vrins A, Doucet MY, Paré J. Gastric Ulcers in Standardbred Racehorses: Prevalence, Lesion Description, and Risk Factors. J. Vet. Intern. Med. 2003;17:218–222.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2003.tb02437.xpubmed: 12683624google scholar: lookup
  43. Nicol C, Davidson H, Harris P, Waters A, Wilson A. Study of crib-biting and gastric inflammation and ulceration in young horses. Vet. Rec. 2002;151:658–662.
    doi: 10.1136/vr.151.22.658pubmed: 12498408google scholar: lookup
  44. Patiño JJ, Vélez SA, Martínez JR. Ethological, endocrinological, and gastroscopic evaluation of crib-biting Colombian creole horses. J. Vet. Behav. 2020;40:92–97.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jveb.2020.10.005google scholar: lookup
  45. Khan A, Hallowell G, Underwood C, van Eps A. Continuous fluid infusion per rectum compared with intravenous and nasogastric fluid administration in horses. Equine Vet. J. 2019;51:767–773.
    doi: 10.1111/evj.13113pubmed: 30900297google scholar: lookup
  46. Luthersson N, Ýr Þorgrímsdóttir Ú, Harris PA, Parkins T, Bennet ED. Effect of moving from being extensively managed out in pasture into training on the incidence of equine gastric ulcer syndrome in Icelandic horses. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 2022;260:S102–S110.
    doi: 10.2460/javma.22.06.0263pubmed: 36149938google scholar: lookup
  47. Bell R, Kingston J, Mogg T, Perkins N. The prevalence of gastric ulceration in racehorses in New Zealand. N. Z. Vet. J. 2007;55:13–18.
    doi: 10.1080/00480169.2007.36729pubmed: 17339911google scholar: lookup
  48. Holbrook TC, Simmons RD, Payton ME, MacAllister CG. Effect of repeated oral administration of hypertonic electrolyte solution on equine gastric mucosa. Equine Vet. J. 2005;37:501–504.
    doi: 10.2746/042516405775314880pubmed: 16295925google scholar: lookup
  49. Fedtke A, Pfaff M, Volquardsen J, Venner M, Vervuert I. Effects of feeding different roughage-based diets on gastric mucosa after weaning in Warmblood foals. Pferdeheilkunde 2015;31:596–601.
    doi: 10.21836/PEM20150607google scholar: lookup
  50. Tesena P, Yingchutrakul Y, Roytrakul S, Wongtawan T, Angkanaporn K. Serum protein expression in equine glandular gastric disease (EGGD) induced by phenylbutazone. J. Vet. Med. Sci. 2019;81:418–424.
    doi: 10.1292/jvms.18-0679pmc: PMC6451916pubmed: 30674748google scholar: lookup
  51. Murray MJ, Grodinsky C, Anderson CW, Radue PF, Schmidt GR. Gastric ulcers in horses: A comparison of endoscopic findings in horses with and without clinical signs. Equine Vet. J. 1989;21:68–72.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1989.tb05659.xpubmed: 9118110google scholar: lookup
  52. Andrews F, Nadeau J. Clinical syndromes of gastric ulceration in foals and mature horses. Equine Vet. J. 1999;31:30–33.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1999.tb05165.xpubmed: 10696290google scholar: lookup
  53. Murray MJ. Gastric ulceration in horses: 91 cases (1987–1990). J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 1992;201:117–120.
    pubmed: 1644631
  54. Dukti S, Perkins S, Murphy J, Barr B, Boston R, Southwood L, Bernard W. Prevalence of gastric squamous ulceration in horses with abdominal pain. Equine Vet. J. 2006;38:347–349.
    doi: 10.2746/042516406777749164pubmed: 16866203google scholar: lookup
  55. Videla R, Andrews FM. New Perspectives in Equine Gastric Ulcer Syndrome. Vet. Clin. N. Am. Equine Pract. 2009;25:283–301.
    doi: 10.1016/j.cveq.2009.04.013pubmed: 19580940google scholar: lookup
  56. Gough S, Hallowell G, Rendle D. Evaluation of the treatment of equine glandular gastric disease with either long-acting–injectable or oral omeprazole. Vet. Med. Sci. 2022;8:561–567.
    doi: 10.1002/vms3.728pmc: PMC8959258pubmed: 35167731google scholar: lookup
  57. Gough S, Hallowell G, Rendle D. A study investigating the treatment of equine squamous gastric disease with long-acting injectable or oral omeprazole. Vet. Med. Sci. 2020;6:235–241.
    doi: 10.1002/vms3.220pmc: PMC7196684pubmed: 31945806google scholar: lookup
  58. Bezděková B, Jahn P, Vyskočil M. Gastric ulceration, appetite and feeding practices in Standardbred racehorses in the Czech Republic. Acta Vet. Brno. 2008;77:603–607.
    doi: 10.2754/avb200877040603google scholar: lookup
  59. McClure SR, Glickman LT, Glickman NW. Prevalence of gastric ulcers in show horses. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 1999;215:1130–1133.
    pubmed: 10530328
  60. Franklin S, Brazil T, Allen K. Poor performance associated with equine gastric ulceration syndrome in four Thoroughbred racehorses. Equine Vet. Educ. 2008;20:119–124.
    doi: 10.2746/095777308X282363google scholar: lookup
  61. Kollias-Baker C, Cox K, Jones J. Evaluation of the effects of omeprazole on physiological indices of performance of horses during incremental treadmill exercise. Vet. Ther. 2001;2:361–369.
    pubmed: 19746659
  62. Kaya-Karasu G, Huntington PJ, Iben C, Onmaz AC. Poor Performance Associated with Equine Gastric Ulcer in an Arabian Racehorse. J. Fac. Vet. Med. 2016;13:187–192.
  63. Hewetson M, Hoksbergen F, Berger S, Westermann C, Gilders C, Haggett E, Luthersson N, Leroux A, Couroucé A, Wilson A. Association between owner-perceived clinical signs and the presence of equine glandular disease on endoscopy. Equine Vet. J. 2021;53:7.
  64. Ribeiro G, Silva LCLC, Belli CB, Vargas LP, Piffer MLT, Mirian M, Feijó VA, Fernandes WR. Occurrence of gastric ulcers in horses exercised on a treadmill. Cienc. Rural. 2016;46:909–914.
    doi: 10.1590/0103-8478cr20150856google scholar: lookup
  65. Rezazadeh F, Gharehaghajlou Y. Endoscopic Finding of Gastric Ulcer in Rural Horse and Relation with Gasterophilus spp. Iran. J. Vet. Med. 2020;14:45–52.
    doi: 10.22059/IJVM.2019.277457.1004975google scholar: lookup
  66. Sundra T, Kelty E, Rendle D. Comparison of 5– and 7–day interval dosing with long-acting injectable omeprazole in the treatment of equine squamous and glandular gastric disease. Proceedings of the BEVA Congress; Liverpool, UK. 10 September 2022; p. 255.
  67. Banse H, Terumi Negrão Watanabe T, Abarca-Garcia N, Andrews F, Cruz-Sanabria J, Morales Yniguez JMK, Del Piero F. Relationship of gastric and small intestinal inflammation in equine glandular gastric disease. Equine Vet. J. 2019;51:22.
    doi: 10.1111/evj.35_13152google scholar: lookup
  68. Millares-Ramirez EM, Le Jeune SS. Girthiness: Retrospective Study of 37 Horses (2004–2016). J. Equine Vet. Sci. 2019;79:100–104.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2019.05.025pubmed: 31405487google scholar: lookup
  69. Dyson S, Bondi A, Routh J, Pollard D, Preston T, McConnell C, Kydd J. An investigation of behaviour during tacking-up and mounting in ridden sports and leisure horses. Equine Vet. Educ. 2021;34:e245–e257.
    doi: 10.1111/eve.13432google scholar: lookup
  70. Hepburn R, Proudman C. Treatment of ulceration of the gastric glandular mucosa: Retrospective evaluation of omeprazole and sucralfate combination therapy in 204 sport and leisure horses. Proceedings of the 11th International Equine Colic Research Symposium; Dublin, Ireland. 7–10 July 2014.
  71. Scheidegger MD, Gerber V, Bruckmaier RM, van der Kolk JH, Burger D, Ramseyer A. Increased adrenocortical response to adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) in sport horses with equine glandular gastric disease (EGGD). Vet. J. 2017;228:7–12.
    doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2017.09.002pubmed: 29153110google scholar: lookup
  72. Sauer F, Bruckmaier R, Ramseyer A, Vidondo B, Scheidegger M, Gerber V. Optimization of an ACTH challenge test to predict the risk of equine glandular gastric disease (EGGD) in horses. Proceedings of the 10th Annual European College of Equine Internal Medicine Congress; LiÈge, Belgium. 2–4 November 2017.
  73. Prinsloo M, Hynd P, Franklin S, Weaver S, van den Boom R. Hair cortisol concentration is inversely related to the severity of equine squamous gastric disease. Vet. J. 2019;249:58–59.
    doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2019.05.009pubmed: 31239166google scholar: lookup
  74. Kaikkonen R, Niinistö K, Sykes B, Anttila M, Sankari S, Raekallio M. Diagnostic evaluation and short-term outcome as indicators of long-term prognosis in horses with findings suggestive of inflammatory bowel disease treated with corticosteroids and anthelmintics. Acta Vet. Scand. 2014;56:35.
    doi: 10.1186/1751-0147-56-35pmc: PMC4055252pubmed: 24894126google scholar: lookup
  75. Nieto JE, Snyder JR, Vatistas NJ, Jones JH. Effect of gastric ulceration on physiologic responses to exercise in horses. Am. J. Vet. Res. 2009;70:787–795.
    doi: 10.2460/ajvr.70.6.787pubmed: 19496670google scholar: lookup
  76. Andrews FM, Buchanan BR, Elliott SB, Al Jassim RAM, McGowan CM, Saxton AM. In vitro effects of hydrochloric and lactic acids on bioelectric properties of equine gastric squamous mucosa. Equine Vet. J. 2008;40:301–305.
    doi: 10.2746/042516408X293565pubmed: 18321809google scholar: lookup
  77. Nadeau J, Andrews F, Patton C, Argenzio R, Mathew A, Saxton A. Effects of hydrochloric, valeric, and other volatile fatty acids on pathogenesis of ulcers in the nonglandular portion of the stomach of horses. Am. J. Vet. Res. 2003;64:413–417.
    doi: 10.2460/ajvr.2003.64.413pubmed: 12693529google scholar: lookup
  78. Easton H, Stewart A, Lyons T, Parris M, Charrier S. Soluble carbohydrate content of ryegrass cultivars. N. Z. Grassl. Assoc. 2009;71:161–166.
    doi: 10.33584/jnzg.2009.71.2745google scholar: lookup
  79. Husted L, Sanchez LC, Olsen SN, Baptiste KE, Merritt AM. Effect of paddock vs. stall housing on 24 hour gastric pH within the proximal and ventral equine stomach. Equine Vet. J. 2008;40:337–341.
    doi: 10.2746/042516408X284673pubmed: 18267880google scholar: lookup
  80. Zebeli Q, Tafaj M, Weber I, Dijkstra J, Steingass H, Drochner W. Effects of Varying Dietary Forage Particle Size in Two Concentrate Levels on Chewing Activity, Ruminal Mat Characteristics, and Passage in Dairy Cows1. J. Dairy Sci. 2007;90:1929–1942.
    doi: 10.3168/jds.2006-354pubmed: 17369233google scholar: lookup
  81. Lorenzo-Figueras M, Merritt A. Effects of exercise on gastric volume and pH in the proximal portion of the stomach of horses. Am. J. Vet. Res. 2002;63:1481–1487.
    doi: 10.2460/ajvr.2002.63.1481pubmed: 12428654google scholar: lookup
  82. Murray M, Schusser G, Pipers F, Gross S. Factors associated with gastric lesions in Thoroughbred racehorses. Equine Vet. J. 1996;28:368–374.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1996.tb03107.xpubmed: 8894534google scholar: lookup
  83. Orsini J, Hacjett E, Grenager N. The Effect of Exercise on Equine Gastric Ulcer Syndrome in the Thoroughbred and Standardbred Athlete. J. Equine Vet. Sci. 2009;29:167–171.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2009.01.006google scholar: lookup
  84. Sanchez C. Disorders of the Gastrointestinal System. In: Reed S., Bayly W., Sellon D., editors. Equine Internal Medicine. 4th ed. Elsevier; Amsterdam, The Netherlands: 2018. p. 808.
  85. Li X, Wong G, To K, Wong V, Lai L, Chow D, Lau J, Sung J, Ding C. Bacterial microbiota profiling in gastritis without Helicobacter pylori infection or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug use. PLoS ONE 2009;4:e7985.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0007985pmc: PMC2776972pubmed: 19956741google scholar: lookup
  86. Cardona-Álvarez J, Vargas-Vilória M, Blanco-Martínez R. Frequency of gastric pathologies in working horses (Equus caballus) in Córdoba, Colombia. Rev. Cient. Fac. Cienc. Vet. Univ. Zulia. 2015;25:386–394.
  87. Cardona J, Paredes E, Fernandez H. Characterization histopathological of gastritis associated to Helicobacter spp presence in stomach of horses. Rev. MVZ Cord. 2009;14:1750–1755.
  88. Crumpton SM, Baiker K, Hallowell GD, Habershon–Butcher JL, Bowen IM. Diagnostic Value of Gastric Mucosal Biopsies in Horses with Glandular Disease. Equine Vet. J. 2015;47:9.
    doi: 10.1111/evj.12486_18pubmed: 26374956google scholar: lookup
  89. Muñoz-Prieto A, Contreras-Aguilar MD, Cerón JJ, Ayala I, Martin-Cuervo M, Gonzalez-Sanchez JC, Jacobsen S, Kuleš J, Beletić A, Rubić I. Changes in Proteins in Saliva and Serum in Equine Gastric Ulcer Syndrome Using a Proteomic Approach. Animals 2022;12:1169.
    doi: 10.3390/ani12091169pmc: PMC9103582pubmed: 35565595google scholar: lookup
  90. Marqués FJ, Epp T, Wilson D, Ruiz AJ, Tokateloff N, Manning S. The prevalence and risk factors of oesophageal and nonglandular gastric lesions in Thoroughbred racehorses in Saskatchewan. Equine Vet. Educ. 2011;23:249–254.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3292.2010.00175.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  91. Pedersen SK, Cribb AE, Read EK, French D, Banse HE. Phenylbutazone induces equine glandular gastric disease without decreasing prostaglandin E2 concentrations. J. Vet. Pharmacol. 2018;41:239–245.
    doi: 10.1111/jvp.12464pubmed: 29148168google scholar: lookup
  92. Zuluaga AM, Silveira AGE, Martínez AJR. Nitric oxide and malondialdehyde in gastric contents and blood in an equine model of gastric ulcer induced by phenylbutazone. Rev. Colomb. Cienc. Pecu. 2016;29:43–50.
    doi: 10.17533/udea.rccp.v29n1a05google scholar: lookup
  93. Ali H, Gholi NM. Long term use of flunixin meglumine and ketoprofen in Arabian horses and their digestive and cardiac injuries (biochemical, hematological and endoscopic findings). J. Anim. Vet. Adv. 2012;11:750–755.
    doi: 10.3923/javaa.2012.750.755google scholar: lookup
  94. Monreal L, Sabaté D, Segura D, Mayós I, Homedes J. Lower gastric ulcerogenic effect of suxibuzone compared to phenylbutazone when administered orally to horses. Res. Vet. Sci. 2004;76:145–149.
    doi: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2003.10.004pubmed: 14672858google scholar: lookup
  95. Meschter CL, Gilbert M, Krook L, Maylin G, Corradino R. The Effects of Phenylbutazone on the Morphology and Prostaglandin Concentrations of the Pyloric Mucosa of the Equine Stomach. Vet. Pathol. 1990;27:244–253.
    doi: 10.1177/030098589002700405pubmed: 2402852google scholar: lookup
  96. Ricord M, Andrews FM, Yñiguez FJM, Keowen M, Garza F Jr, Paul L, Chapman A, Banse H. Impact of omeprazole on phenylbutazone-induced equine gastric ulcer syndrome. Equine Vet. Educ. 2020;53:356–363.
    doi: 10.1111/evj.13323pubmed: 32697849google scholar: lookup
  97. Bishop R, Kemper A, Wilkins P, McCoy A. Effect of omeprazole and sucralfate on gastrointestinal injury in a fasting/NSAID model. Equine Vet. J. 2022;54:829–837.
    doi: 10.1111/evj.13534pubmed: 34719063google scholar: lookup
  98. Jacobs C, Schnabel L, McIlwraith C, Blikslager A. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in equine orthopaedics. Equine Vet. J. 2022;54:636–648.
    doi: 10.1111/evj.13561pmc: PMC9304133pubmed: 35076950google scholar: lookup
  99. Richardson LM, Whitfield-Cargile CM, Cohen ND, Chamoun-Emanuelli AM, Dockery HJ. Effect of selective versus nonselective cyclooxygenase inhibitors on gastric ulceration scores and intestinal inflammation in horses. Vet. Surg. 2018;47:784–791.
    doi: 10.1111/vsu.12941pubmed: 30094858google scholar: lookup
  100. Andrews FM, Reinemeyer CR, Longhofer SL. Effects of top-dress formulations of suxibuzone and phenylbutazone on development of gastric ulcers in horses. Vet. Ther. 2009;10:113–120.
    pubmed: 20037965
  101. Marshall B, Warren J. Unidentified curved bacilli on gastric epithelium in active chronic gastritis. Lancet 1983;36:1273–1275.
    pubmed: 6134060
  102. Paul LJ, Ericsson AC, Andrews FM, McAdams Z, Keowen ML, St Blanc MP, Banse HE. Gastric microbiome in horses with and without equine glandular gastric disease. J. Vet. Intern. Med. 2021;35:2458–2464.
    doi: 10.1111/jvim.16241pmc: PMC8478018pubmed: 34351018google scholar: lookup
  103. AbuElghait DAE, Mohamed KF, Sheta E, AbdElkader NA, Samir A. Novel detection of Helicobacter species in gastric problems in Equine in Egypt. Syst. Rev. Pharm. 2020;11:553–557.
    doi: 10.31838/srp.2020.12.89google scholar: lookup
  104. Abelardo MB, Garcia F, Bermudez V. Detection of helicobacter-like organisms in Thoroughbred horses from Venezuela. Braz. J. Vet. Pathol. 2010;3:52–55.
  105. Contreras M, Morales A, García-Amado MA, De Vera M, Bermúdez V, Gueneau P. Detection of Helicobacter-like DNA in the gastric mucosa of Thoroughbred horses. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 2007;45:553–557.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1472-765X.2007.02227.xpubmed: 17908231google scholar: lookup
  106. Rezazadeh F, Pourebrahimi N, Ghotaslou R, Nasab MG, Memar MY. Frequency of endoscopic findings of equine squamous gastric disease (ESGD) in rural horses and its association with Helicobacter pylori virulence genes. Vet. Med. 2022;67:61–69.
    doi: 10.17221/154/2020-VETMEDpmc: PMC11334966pubmed: 39171212google scholar: lookup
  107. Husted L, Jensen TK, Olsen SN, Mølbak L. Examination of equine glandular stomach lesions for bacteria, including Helicobacter spp by fluorescence in situ hybridisation. BMC Microbiol. 2010;10:84.
    doi: 10.1186/1471-2180-10-84pmc: PMC2848230pubmed: 20298612google scholar: lookup
  108. Dong HJ, Ho H, Hwang H, Kim Y, Han J, Lee I, Cho S. Diversity of the gastric microbiota in thoroughbred racehorses having gastric ulcer. J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2016;26:763–774.
    doi: 10.4014/jmb.1507.07054pubmed: 26809803google scholar: lookup
  109. Perkins G, den Bakker H, Burton A, Erb H, McDonough S, McDonough P, Parker J, Rosenthal R, Wiedmann M, Dowd S. Equine stomachs harbor an abundant and diverse mucosal microbiota. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2012;78:2522–2532.
    doi: 10.1128/AEM.06252-11pmc: PMC3318809pubmed: 22307294google scholar: lookup
  110. Martineau H, Thompson H, Taylor D. Pathology of gastritis and gastric ulceration in the horse. Part 1: Range of lesions present in 21 mature individuals. Equine Vet. J. 2009;41:638–644.
    doi: 10.2746/042516409X464816pubmed: 19927581google scholar: lookup
  111. Voss SJ, McGuinness DH, Weir W, Sutton DGM. A study comparing the healthy and diseased equine glandular gastric microbiota sampled with sheathed transendoscopic cytology brushes. J. Equine Vet. Sci. 2022;116:104002.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2022.104002pubmed: 35490972google scholar: lookup
  112. Van Erck-Westergren E, ter Woort F. Diet-Induced Changes in Gastric and Faecal Microbiota in Horses: Association with Gastric Ulcer Healing. Equine Vet. J. 2019;51:21.
    doi: 10.1111/evj.34_13152google scholar: lookup
  113. Paul LJ, Ericsson AC, Andrews FM, McAdams Z, Keowen ML, St Blanc MP, Banse HE. Dietary and management factors influence the equine gastric microbiome. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 2022;260:S111–S120.
    doi: 10.2460/javma.22.07.0277pubmed: 36108099google scholar: lookup
  114. Sykes BW, Sykes KM, Hallowell GD. Administration of trimethoprim-sulphadimidine does not improve healing of glandular gastric ulceration in horses receiving omeprazole: A randomised, blinded, clinical study. BMC Vet. Res. 2014;10:180.
    doi: 10.1186/s12917-014-0180-0pmc: PMC4445647pubmed: 25927827google scholar: lookup
  115. Rendle D, Bowen M, Brazil T, Conwell R, Hallowell G, Hepburn R, Hewetson M, Sykes B. Recommendations for the management of equine glandular gastric disease. UK Vet Equine. 2018;2:2–11.
    doi: 10.12968/ukve.2018.2.S1.3google scholar: lookup
  116. Wise JC, Wilkes EJA, Raidal SL, Xie G, Crosby DE, Hale JN, Hughes KJ. Interobserver and intraobserver reliability for 2 grading systems for gastric ulcer syndrome in horses. J. Vet. Intern. Med. 2021;35:571–579.
    doi: 10.1111/jvim.15987pmc: PMC7848314pubmed: 33284465google scholar: lookup
  117. Tallon R, Hewetson M. Inter-observer variability of two grading systems for equine glandular gastric disease. Equine Vet. J. 2021;53:495–502.
    doi: 10.1111/evj.13334pubmed: 32808328google scholar: lookup
  118. Pratt S, Bowen I, Hallowell G, Shipman E, Redpath A. Assessment of agreement using the equine glandular gastric disease grading system in 84 cases. Vet. Med. Sci. 2022;8:1472–1477.
    doi: 10.1002/vms3.807pmc: PMC9297748pubmed: 35412651google scholar: lookup
  119. Deniau V, Ouachée-Flé E, Rossignol F. Pyloric Stenosis In Adult Horses: Retrospective Study Of 10 Cases. Equine Vet. Educ. 2017;29:29.
    doi: 10.1111/eve.63_12792google scholar: lookup
  120. Scheidemann W, Schubert S, Kretschmer I, Recknagel S, Snyder A, Schusser G. Gastric and duodenal polyps in horses. Equine Vet. Educ. 2021;33:35.
    doi: 10.1111/eve.63_13534google scholar: lookup
  121. Fritsche B, Hegger A, Harland M. Der klinische Fall: Therapie eines hyperplastischen Polypen im Magen eines Pferdes mit Helicobacter-spp.-Besiedelung. Pferdespiegel 2022;25:187–192.
    doi: 10.1055/a-1879-2247google scholar: lookup
  122. Pellegrini FL. Results of a large-scale necroscopic study of equine colonic ulcers. J. Equine Vet. Sci. 2005;25:113–117.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2005.02.008google scholar: lookup
  123. Sykes B, Jokisalo J, Hallowell G. Evaluation of a commercial faecal blood test for the diagnosis of gastric ulceration in Thoroughbred racehorses: A preliminary report. Proceedings of the 11th International Equine Colic Research Symposium; Dublin, Ireland. 7–10 July 2014.
  124. Andrews FM, Camacho-Luna P, Loftin PG, Gaymon G, Garza F, Keowen ML, Kearney MT. Effect of a pelleted supplement fed during and after omeprazole treatment on nonglandular gastric ulcer scores and gastric juice pH in horses. Equine Vet. Educ. 2016;28:196–202.
    doi: 10.1111/eve.12384google scholar: lookup
  125. Ramey D, Murrell J, Fischer T, Brauer T, Klohnen A, Lee M. Fecal Blood Hemoglobin and Albumin Test Does Not Diagnose Gastric Ulceration in the Horse. Proceedings of the American Association of Orlando; Orlando, FL, USA. 7–10 May 2018.
  126. Contreras-Aguilar MD, Rubio CP, González-Arostegui LG, Martín-Cuervo M, Cerón JJ, Ayala I, Henriksen IMH, Jacobsen S, Hansen S. Changes in Oxidative Status Biomarkers in Saliva and Serum in the Equine Gastric Ulcer Syndrome and Colic of Intestinal Aetiology: A Pilot Study. Animals 2022;12:667.
    doi: 10.3390/ani12050667pmc: PMC8909870pubmed: 35268236google scholar: lookup
  127. Spanton JA, Smith L, Mair TS. Is Serum Amyloid A elevated in horses with equine gastric ulcer syndrome?. Equine Vet. Educ. 2020;32:16–19.
    doi: 10.1111/eve.13145google scholar: lookup
  128. Shawaf T, El-Deeb WM, Elgioushy M. The Contribution of Specific and Nonspecific Biomarkers in Diagnosis of Equine Gastric Ulcer Syndrome (EGUS) Under Field Condition. J. Equine Vet. Sci. 2020;84:102853.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2019.102853pubmed: 31864460google scholar: lookup
  129. Tesena P, Yingchutrakul Y, Roytrakul S, Taylor J, Angkanaporn K, Wongtawan T. Searching for serum protein markers of equine squamous gastric disease using gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry. Equine Vet. J. 2019;51:581–586.
    doi: 10.1111/evj.13068pubmed: 30636330google scholar: lookup
  130. O’Conner MS, Steiner JM, Roussel AJ, Williams DA, Meddings JB, Pipers F, Cohen ND. Evaluation of urine sucrose concentration for detection of gastric ulcers in horses. Am. J. Vet. Res. 2004;65:31–39.
    doi: 10.2460/ajvr.2004.65.31pubmed: 14719699google scholar: lookup
  131. Hewetson M, Cohen ND, Love S, Buddington RK, Holmes W, Innocent GT, Roussel AJ. Sucrose concentration in blood: A new method for assessment of gastric permeability in horses with gastric ulceration. J. Vet. Intern. Med. 2006;20:388–394.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2006.tb02873.xpubmed: 16594599google scholar: lookup
  132. Hewetson M, Venner M, Volquardsen J, Sykes BW, Hallowell GD, Vervuert I, Fosgate GT, Tulamo R-M. Diagnostic accuracy of blood sucrose as a screening test for equine gastric ulcer syndrome (EGUS) in weanling foals. Acta Vet. Scand. 2018;60:24.
    doi: 10.1186/s13028-018-0377-5pmc: PMC5899374pubmed: 29653546google scholar: lookup
  133. Westermann C, van den Wollenberg L, Everts H, van der Kolk J, Counotte G, van Doorn D. Evaluation of a Blood Sucrose Test for the Assessment of Gastric Ulcers in Warmblood Horses Aimed at Field Conditions. Proceedings of the European College of Equine Internal Medicine Congress; Helsinki, Finland. 11 September 2016.
  134. Andrews F, Bernard WDB, Cohen N, Divers T, MacAllister C, McGladdery A, Merritt A, Murray M, Orsini J, Snider J. Recommendations for the diagnosis and treatment of equine gastric ulcer syndrome (EGUS): The Equine Gastric Ulcer Council. Equine Vet. Educ. 1999;11:262–272.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3292.1999.tb00961.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  135. Sykes BW, Sykes KM, Hallowell GD. A comparison between pre- and post exercise administration of omeprazole in the treatment of equine gastric ulcer syndrome: A blinded, randomised, clinical trial. Equine Vet. J. 2014;46:422–426.
    doi: 10.1111/evj.12083pubmed: 24102898google scholar: lookup
  136. Bush J, van den Boom R, Franklin S. Comparison of aloe vera and omeprazole in the treatment of equine gastric ulcer syndrome. Equine Vet. J. 2018;50:34–40.
    doi: 10.1111/evj.12706pubmed: 28555939google scholar: lookup
  137. Murray MJ, Haven ML, Eichorn ES, Zhang D, Eagleson J, Hickey GJ. Effects of omeprazole on healing of naturally-occurring gastric ulcers in Thoroughbred racehorses. Equine Vet. J. 1997;29:425–429.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1997.tb03153.xpubmed: 9413713google scholar: lookup
  138. Sykes BW, Underwood C, Greer R, McGowan CM, Mills PC. Pharmacokinetics and bioequivalence testing of five commercial formulations of omeprazole in the horse. J. Vet. Pharmacol. 2016;39:78–83.
    doi: 10.1111/jvp.12240pubmed: 25989292google scholar: lookup
  139. Raidal SL, Andrews FM, Nielsen SG, Trope G. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic effects of two omeprazole formulations on stomach pH and gastric ulcer scores. Equine Vet. J. 2017;49:802–809.
    doi: 10.1111/evj.12691pubmed: 28432741google scholar: lookup
  140. Birkmann K, Junge HK, Maischberger E, Wehrli Eser M, Schwarzwald CC. Efficacy of omeprazole powder paste or enteric-coated formulation in healing of gastric ulcers in horses. J. Vet. Intern. Med. 2014;28:925–933.
    doi: 10.1111/jvim.12341pmc: PMC4895457pubmed: 24628650google scholar: lookup
  141. Sykes B, Underwood C, McGowan C, Mills P. Pharmacokinetics of intravenous, plain oral and enteric-coated oral omeprazole in the horse. J. Vet. Pharmacol. 2015;38:130–136.
    doi: 10.1111/jvp.12169pubmed: 25271390google scholar: lookup
  142. Huttunen K, Raunio H, Rautio J. Prodrugs—from serendipity to rational design. Pharmacol. Rev. 2011;63:750–771.
    doi: 10.1124/pr.110.003459pubmed: 21737530google scholar: lookup
  143. Sykes B, Underwood C, Greer R, McGowan C, Mills P. The effects of dose and diet on the pharmacodynamics of omeprazole in the horse. Equine Vet. J. 2017;49:525–531.
    doi: 10.1111/evj.12630pubmed: 27554924google scholar: lookup
  144. Husted L, Sanchez LC, Baptiste KE, Olsen SN. Effect of a feed/fast protocol on pH in the proximal equine stomach. Equine Vet. J. 2009;41:658–662.
    doi: 10.2746/042516409X416431pubmed: 19927584google scholar: lookup
  145. Merritt A, Sanchez L, Burrow J, Church M, Ludzia S. Effect of GastroGard and three compounded oral omeprazole preparations on 24 h intragastric pH in gastrically cannulated mature horses. Equine Vet. J. 2003;37:691–695.
    doi: 10.2746/042516403775696339pubmed: 14649361google scholar: lookup
  146. Rendle D, Gosling L, Platt A, Duff A. Efficacy of Long-Acting Injectable Omeprazole (LAIOMEP) in the Management of Equine Glandular Gastric Disease (EGGD) and Equine Squamous Gastric Disease (ESGD). Equine Vet. J. 2018;50:14.
    doi: 10.1111/evj.20_13008google scholar: lookup
  147. Lehman ML, Bass L, Gustafson DL, Rao S, O’Fallon ES. Clinical efficacy, safety and pharmacokinetics of a novel long-acting intramuscular omeprazole in performance horses with gastric ulcers. Equine Vet. Educ. 2021;34:573–580.
    doi: 10.1111/eve.13546google scholar: lookup
  148. Kranenburg L, Scheepbouwer J, van den Boom R. A retrospective study on the effect of combined sucralfate and omeprazole therapy compared with omeprazole monotherapy for equine glandular gastric disease. Proceedings of the 13th Annual European College of Equine Internal Medicine Congress; Online. 20 November 2020.
  149. Martínez JR, Zuluaga AM, Silveira GE. Effects of corn oil on the gastric mucosa of horses with induced ulcer. Rev. Colomb. Cienc. Pecu. 2016;29:138–148.
    doi: 10.17533/udea.rccp.v29n2a07google scholar: lookup
  150. Sykes BW, Underwood C, Mills PC. The effects of dose and diet on the pharmacodynamics of esomeprazole in the horse. Equine Vet. J. 2017;49:637–642.
    doi: 10.1111/evj.12670pubmed: 28117490google scholar: lookup
  151. Rendle D. Oral Esomeprazole As A Treatment For Equine Gastric Ulcer Syndrome Refractory To Oral Omeprazole. Equine Vet. J. 2017;49:25–26.
    doi: 10.1111/evj.47_12732google scholar: lookup
  152. Sundra T. Esomeprazole in the treatment of equine glandular gastric disease. UK Vet. Equine. 2021;5:216–219.
    doi: 10.12968/ukve.2021.5.5.216google scholar: lookup
  153. Pereira MC, Levy FL, Valadão CAA, Ferraz GC, Queiroz–Neto A. Preliminary Study of the Gastric Acidity in Thoroughbred Horses at Rest after Enteral Administration of Esomeprazole Magnesium (Nexium). J. Equine Vet. Sci. 2009;29:791–794.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2009.10.006google scholar: lookup
  154. Murray M, Grodinsky C. The effects of famotidine, ranitidine and magnesium hydroxide/aluminium hydroxide on gastric fluid pH in adult horses. Equine Vet. J. 1992;24:52–55.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1992.tb04773.xpubmed: 9109961google scholar: lookup
  155. Lester G, Smith R, Robertson I. Effects of treatment with omeprazole or ranitidine on gastric squamous ulceration in racing Thoroughbreds. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 2005;227:1636–1639.
    doi: 10.2460/javma.2005.227.1636pubmed: 16313043google scholar: lookup
  156. Sangiah S, MacAllister C, Amouzadeh H. Effects of misoprostol and omeprazole on basal gastric pH and free acid content in horses. Res. Vet. Sci. 1989;47:350–354.
    doi: 10.1016/S0034-5288(18)31260-8pubmed: 2512598google scholar: lookup
  157. Martin E, Till R, Sheats M, Jones S. Misoprostol Inhibits Equine Neutrophil Adhesion, Migration, and Respiratory Burst in an In Vitro Model of Inflammation. Front. Vet. Sci. 2017;4:159.
    doi: 10.3389/fvets.2017.00159pmc: PMC5626936pubmed: 29034248google scholar: lookup
  158. Martin E, Messenger K, Sheats M, Jones S. Misoprostol Inhibits Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Pro-inflammatory Cytokine Production by Equine Leukocytes. Front. Vet. Sci. 2017;4:160.
    doi: 10.3389/fvets.2017.00160pmc: PMC5624997pubmed: 29034249google scholar: lookup
  159. Galvin N, Dillon H, McGovern F. Right dorsal colitis in the horse: Minireview and reports on three cases in Ireland. Ir. Vet. J. 2004;57:467.
    doi: 10.1186/2046-0481-57-8-467pmc: PMC3113814pubmed: 21851661google scholar: lookup
  160. Davis J. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug associated right dorsal colitis in the horse. Equine Vet. Educ. 2017;29:104–113.
    doi: 10.1111/eve.12454google scholar: lookup
  161. Varley G, Bowen I, Habershon-Butcher J, Nicholls V, Hallowell G. Misoprostol is superior to combined omeprazole–sucralfate for the treatment of equine gastric glandular disease. Equine Vet. J. 2020;51:575–580.
    doi: 10.1111/evj.13087pubmed: 30809869google scholar: lookup
  162. Blum J, Winikoff B, Gemzell-Danielsson K, Ho P, Schiavon R, Weeks A. Treatment of incomplete abortion and miscarriage with misoprostol. Int. J. Gynecol. Obstet. 2007;99:S186–S189.
    doi: 10.1016/j.ijgo.2007.09.009pubmed: 17961569google scholar: lookup
  163. Reimer C, Søndergaard B, Hilsted L, Bytzer P. Proton-pump inhibitor therapy induces acid-related symptoms in healthy volunteers after withdrawal of therapy. Gastroenterology 2009;137:80–87.e81.
    doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2009.03.058pubmed: 19362552google scholar: lookup
  164. Niklasson A, Lindström L, Simrén M, Lindberg G, Björnsson E. Dyspeptic symptom development after discontinuation of a proton pump inhibitor: A double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 2010;105:1531–1537.
    doi: 10.1038/ajg.2010.81pubmed: 20332770google scholar: lookup
  165. Haastrup P, Thompson W, Søndergaard J, Jarbøl D. Side Effects of Long-Term Proton Pump Inhibitor Use: A Review. Basic Clin. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 2018;123:114–121.
    doi: 10.1111/bcpt.13023pubmed: 29658189google scholar: lookup
  166. Sheen E, Triadafilopoulos G. Adverse effects of long-term proton pump inhibitor therapy. Dig. Dis. Sci. 2011;56:931–950.
    doi: 10.1007/s10620-010-1560-3pubmed: 21365243google scholar: lookup
  167. Freedberg D, Haynes K, Denburg M, Zemel B, Leonard M, Abrams J, Yang Y-X. Use of proton pump inhibitors is associated with fractures in young adults: A population-based study. Osteoporos. Int. 2015;26:2501–2507.
    doi: 10.1007/s00198-015-3168-0pmc: PMC4575851pubmed: 25986385google scholar: lookup
  168. Malchodi L, Wagner K, Susi A, Gorman G, Hisle-Gorman E. Early Acid Suppression Therapy Exposure and Fracture in Young Children. Pediatrics 2019;144:e20182625.
    doi: 10.1542/peds.2018-2625pubmed: 31175146google scholar: lookup
  169. Clark B, Steel C, Shan R, Vokes J, Sykes B, Gedye K, Lovett A. Evaluation of the effects of medium-term (57-day) omeprazole administration and of omeprazole discontinuation on serum gastrin and serum chromogranin A levels in the horse. 2023.
    pmc: PMC10365038pubmed: 37390114
  170. Furr M, Cohen ND, Axon JE, Sanchez LC, Pantaleon L, Haggett E, Campbell R, Tennent-Brown B. Treatment with histamine-type 2 receptor antagonists and omeprazole increase the risk of diarrhoea in neonatal foals treated in intensive care units. Equine Vet. J. 2012;44:80–86.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2011.00499.xpubmed: 22594032google scholar: lookup
  171. Flood J, Stewart A. Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs and Associated Toxicities in Horses. Animals 2022;12:2939.
    doi: 10.3390/ani12212939pmc: PMC9655344pubmed: 36359062google scholar: lookup
  172. Jones S, Gaier A, Enomoto H, Ishii P, Pilla R, Price J, Suchodolski J, Steiner J, Papich M, Messenger K. The effect of combined carprofen and omeprazole administration on gastrointestinal permeability and inflammation in dogs. J. Vet. Intern. Med. 2020;34:1886–1893.
    doi: 10.1111/jvim.15897pmc: PMC7517840pubmed: 32893926google scholar: lookup
  173. Cerri S, Taminiau B, de Lusancay AH, Lecoq L, Amory H, Daube G, Cesarini C. Effect of oral administration of omeprazole on the microbiota of the gastric glandular mucosa and feces of healthy horses. J. Vet. Intern. Med. 2020;34:2727–2737.
    doi: 10.1111/jvim.15937pmc: PMC7694827pubmed: 33063923google scholar: lookup
  174. Tyma JF, Epstein KL, Whitfield-Cargile CM, Cohen ND, Giguère S. Investigation of effects of omeprazole on the fecal and gastric microbiota of healthy adult horses. Am. J. Vet. Res. 2019;80:79–86.
    doi: 10.2460/ajvr.80.1.79pubmed: 30605038google scholar: lookup
  175. Sykes B. A free ride: Is long-term omeprazole therapy safe and effective?. Equine Vet. Educ. 2021;33:556–560.
    doi: 10.1111/eve.13458google scholar: lookup
  176. Pagan JD, Petroski-Rose L, Mann A, Hauss A. Omeprazole Reduces Calcium Digestibility in Thoroughbred Horses. J. Equine Vet. Sci. 2020;86:102851.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2019.102851pubmed: 32067660google scholar: lookup
  177. Caston SS, Fredericks DC, Kersh KD, Wang C. Short-Term Omeprazole Use Does Not Affect Serum Calcium Concentrations and Bone Density in Horses. J. Equine Vet. Sci. 2015;35:714–723.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2015.07.003google scholar: lookup
  178. Helgadóttir H, Lund SH, Gizurarson S, Waldum H, Björnsson ES. Pharmacokinetics of single and repeated oral doses of esomeprazole and gastrin elevation in healthy males and females. Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 2021;56:128–136.
    doi: 10.1080/00365521.2020.1859610pubmed: 33327801google scholar: lookup
  179. Brenna E, Waldum H. Trophic effect of gastrin on the enterochromaffin like cells of the rat stomach: Establishment of a dose response relationship. Gut 1992;33:1303–1306.
    doi: 10.1136/gut.33.10.1303pmc: PMC1379593pubmed: 1446849google scholar: lookup
  180. Helgadottir H, Bjornsson ES. Problems associated with deprescribing of proton pump inhibitors. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2019;20:5469.
    doi: 10.3390/ijms20215469pmc: PMC6862638pubmed: 31684070google scholar: lookup
  181. Sanduleanu S, De Bruïne A, Stridsberg M, Jonkers D, Biemond I, Hameeteman W, Lundqvist G, Stockbrügger RW. Serum chromogranin A as a screening test for gastric enterochromaffin-like cell hyperplasia during acid-suppressive therapy. Eur. J. Clin. Investig. 2001;31:802–811.
    doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2362.2001.00890.xpubmed: 11589723google scholar: lookup
  182. Ellis AD, Redgate S, Zinchenko S, Owen H, Barfoot C, Harris P. The effect of presenting forage in multi-layered haynets and at multiple sites on night time budgets of stabled horses. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 2015;171:108–116.
    doi: 10.1016/j.applanim.2015.08.012google scholar: lookup
  183. Ellis AD, Fell M, Luck K, Gill L, Owen H, Briars H, Barfoot C, Harris P. Effect of forage presentation on feed intake behaviour in stabled horses. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 2015;165:88–94.
    doi: 10.1016/j.applanim.2015.01.010google scholar: lookup
  184. Luthersson N, Bolger C, Fores P, Barfoot C, Nelson S, Parkin T, Harris P. Effect of Changing Diet on Gastric Ulceration in Exercising Horses and Ponies After Cessation of Omeprazole Treatment. J. Equine Vet. Sci. 2019;83:102742.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2019.05.007pubmed: 31791527google scholar: lookup
  185. Böhm S, Mitterer T, Iben C. The impact of feeding a high-fibre and high-fat concentrated diet on the recovery of horses suffering from gastric ulcers. Pferdeheilkunde 2018;34:237–246.
    doi: 10.21836/PEM20180304google scholar: lookup
  186. Potter G, Webb S, Evans J, Webb G. Digestible energy requirements for work and maintenance of horses fed conventional and fat-supplemented diets. J. Equine Vet. Sci. 1990;10:214–218.
    doi: 10.1016/S0737-0806(06)80163-2google scholar: lookup
  187. Cargile J, Burrow J, Kim I, Cohen N, Merritt A. Effect of Dietary Corn Oil Supplementation on Equine Gastric Fluid Acid, Sodium, and Prostaglandin E2 Content before and during Pentagastrin Infusion. J. Vet. Intern. Med. 2004;18:545–549.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2004.tb02583.xpubmed: 15320596google scholar: lookup
  188. Frank N, Andrews FM, Elliott SB, Lew J. Effects of dietary oils on the development of gastric ulcers in mares. Am. J. Vet. Res. 2005;66:2006–2011.
    doi: 10.2460/ajvr.2005.66.2006pubmed: 16334963google scholar: lookup
  189. Calder PC. Polyunsaturated fatty acids, inflammatory processes and inflammatory bowel diseases. Mol. Nutr. Food Res. 2008;52:885–897.
    doi: 10.1002/mnfr.200700289pubmed: 18504706google scholar: lookup
  190. Calder P, Grimble R. Polyunsaturated fatty acids, inflammation and immunity. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 2002;56:S14–S19.
    doi: 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601478pubmed: 12142955google scholar: lookup
  191. Burdge GC, Wootton SA. Conversion of α-linolenic acid to eicosapentaenoic, docosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids in young women. Br. J. Nutr. 2002;88:411–420.
    doi: 10.1079/BJN2002689pubmed: 12323090google scholar: lookup
  192. Burdge G, Jones A, Wootton S. Eicosapentaenoic and docosapentaenoic acids are the principal products of a-linolenic acid metabolism in young men. Br. J. Nutr. 2002;88:355–363.
    doi: 10.1079/BJN2002662pubmed: 12323085google scholar: lookup
  193. Pagan JD, Hauss AA, Pagan EC, Simons JL, Waldridge BM. Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation increases levels in red blood cells and reduces the prevalence and severity of squamous gastric ulcers in exercised Thoroughbreds. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 2022;260:S121–S128.
    doi: 10.2460/javma.22.06.0275pubmed: 36269687google scholar: lookup
  194. Ferrucci F, Zucca E, Croci C, Di Fabio V, Ferro E. Treatment of gastric ulceration in 10 standardbred racehorses with a pectin-lecithin complex. Vet. Rec. 2003;152:679–681.
    doi: 10.1136/vr.152.22.679pubmed: 12803394google scholar: lookup
  195. Venner M, Lauffs S, Deegen E. Treatment of gastric lesions in horses with pectin-lecithin complex. Equine Vet. J. 1999;31:91–96.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1999.tb05178.xpubmed: 10696303google scholar: lookup
  196. Sykes BW, Sykes KM, Hallowell GD. Efficacy of a Combination of Apolectol, Live Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae [CNCM I-1077]), and Magnesium Hydroxide in the Management of Equine Gastric Ulcer Syndrome in Thoroughbred Racehorses: A Blinded, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial. J. Equine Vet. Sci. 2014;34:1274–1278.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2014.09.006google scholar: lookup
  197. Shan R, Steel C, Sykes B. Evaluation of two Recommended Withholding Periods for omeprazole and the use of a commercial nutraceutical supplement on Equine Squamous Gastric Disease in the horse. 2023.
    pmc: PMC10251805pubmed: 37889700
  198. Julliand S, Martin A, Julliand V. Effect of live yeast supplementation on gastric ecosystem in horses fed a high-starch diet. Livest. Sci. 2018;215:25–29.
    doi: 10.1016/j.livsci.2018.01.007google scholar: lookup
  199. Sykes BW, Sykes KM, Hallowell GD. Efficacy of a Combination of a Unique Pectin-Lecithin Complex (Apolectol®), Live Yeast and Magnesium Hydroxide in the Prevention of EGUS and Faecal Acidosis in Thoroughbred Racehorses: A Randomised, Blinded, Placebo Controlled Clinical Trial. Equine Vet. J. 2013;45:13.
    doi: 10.1111/evj.12145_32google scholar: lookup
  200. Agazzi A, Invernizzi G, Ferroni M, Fanelli A, Savoini G. Effect of live yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) administration on apparent digestibility of horses. Ital. J. Anim. Sci. 2009;6:685–687.
    doi: 10.4081/ijas.2009.s2.685google scholar: lookup
  201. Ahmadnejad M, Jalilzadeh-Amin G, Sykes B. Prophylactic effects of Glycyrrhiza glabra root extract on phenylbutazone-induced Equine Glandular Gastric Disease (EGGD). J. Equine Vet. Sci. 2022;118:104088.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2022.104088pubmed: 35908599google scholar: lookup
  202. Stucchi L, Zucca E, Serra A, Stancari G, Ceriotti S, Conturba B, Ferro E, Ferrucci F. Efficacy of the administration of a natural feed supplement in the management of equine gastric ulcer syndrome in 7 sport horses: A field trial. Am. J. Anim. Vet. Sci. 2017;12:104–110.
    doi: 10.3844/ajavsp.2017.104.110google scholar: lookup
  203. Raidal SL, Hughes KJ. Effect of a novel fermented soy product on gastric ulcer scores in horses. J. Appl. Anim. Nutr. 2020;8:105–113.
    doi: 10.3920/JAAN2020.0011google scholar: lookup
  204. Sasaki N, Nishi Y, Fujiwara Y, Takeyama T, Kumagai H, Senarathna S, Ushiya S, Tokuyama T. Effect of a novel rice fermented extract on gastric ulcers in horses. J. Equine Sci. 2021;32:27–30.
    doi: 10.1294/jes.32.27pmc: PMC8240527pubmed: 34220268google scholar: lookup
  205. Huff NK, Auer AD, Garza F, Keowen ML, Kearney MT, McMullin RB, Andrews FM. Effect of Sea Buckthorn Berries and Pulp in a Liquid Emulsion on Gastric Ulcer Scores and Gastric Juice pH in Horses. J. Vet. Intern. Med. 2012;26:1186–1191.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2012.00975.xpubmed: 22845737google scholar: lookup
  206. Slovis N. Polysaccharide Treatment Reduces Gastric Ulceration in Active Horses. J. Equine Vet. Sci. 2017;50:116–120.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2016.11.011google scholar: lookup
  207. Hellings IR, Larsen S. ImproWin® in the treatment of gastric ulceration of the squamous mucosa in trotting racehorses. Acta Vet. Scand. 2014;56:13.
    doi: 10.1186/1751-0147-56-13pmc: PMC4008370pubmed: 24625291google scholar: lookup
  208. McClure SR, Campbell J, Polo J, Lognion A. The Effect of Serum-Based Bioactive Proteins for the Prevention of Squamous Gastric Ulcers in Horses. J. Equine Vet. Sci. 2016;43:32–38.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2016.05.003google scholar: lookup
  209. St. Blanc M, Banse H, Retif M, Arana-Valencia N, Keowen ML, Garza F, Liu CC, Gray LF, Andrews FM. Effects of supplements containing turmeric and devil’s claw on equine gastric ulcer scores and gastric juice pH. Equine Vet. Educ. 2020;34:241–247.
    doi: 10.1111/eve.13404google scholar: lookup
  210. Munsterman AS, Dias Moreira AS, Marqués FJ. Evaluation of a Chinese herbal supplement on equine squamous gastric disease and gastric fluid pH in mares. J. Vet. Intern. Med. 2019;33:2280–2285.
    doi: 10.1111/jvim.15603pmc: PMC6766511pubmed: 31441559google scholar: lookup
  211. Mason LV, Moroney JR, Mason RJ. Prophylactic therapy with omeprazole for prevention of equine gastric ulcer syndrome (EGUS) in horses in active training: A meta-analysis. Equine Vet. J. 2019;51:11–19.
    doi: 10.1111/evj.12951pubmed: 29665126google scholar: lookup
  212. Di Salvo A, Busechian S, Zappulla F, Marchesi MC, Pieramati C, Orvieto S, Boveri M, Predieri PG, Rueca F, Della Rocca G. Pharmacokinetics and tolerability of a new formulation of omeprazole in the horse. J. Vet. Pharmacol. Ther. 2017;40:348–355.
    doi: 10.1111/jvp.12371pubmed: 27885694google scholar: lookup
  213. Kerbyson NC, Knottenbelt DK, Carslake HB, Conwell RC, Sutton DGM, Parkin TDH. A Comparison Between Omeprazole and a Dietary Supplement for the Management of Squamous Gastric Ulceration in Horses. J. Equine Vet. Sci. 2016;40:94–101.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2016.02.228google scholar: lookup

Citations

This article has been cited 22 times.
  1. Busechian S, Di Salvo A, Orvieto S, Rueca F, Villella C, Sollevanti G, Pieramati C, Nisi I, Della Rocca G. Changes in Fitness Parameters in Ridden Trained Showjumping Horses After Healing of Gastric Ulcers: Preliminary Results. Vet Sci 2025 Dec 21;13(1).
    doi: 10.3390/vetsci13010009pubmed: 41600665google scholar: lookup
  2. Klinck M, Lovett A, Sykes B. Incorporating a Behavioral Medicine Approach in the Multi-Modal Management of Chronic Equine Gastric Ulcer Syndrome (EGUS): A Clinical Commentary. Animals (Basel) 2025 Oct 17;15(20).
    doi: 10.3390/ani15203019pubmed: 41153946google scholar: lookup
  3. Frippiat T, Bonhomme M, Dyson S, Votion DM. Evaluation of Owner-Reported Clinical Signs and Fecal Occult Blood Tests as Predictors of Equine Gastric Ulcer Syndrome in Competition Dressage Horses. J Vet Intern Med 2025 Nov-Dec;39(6):e70248.
    doi: 10.1111/jvim.70248pubmed: 41055229google scholar: lookup
  4. Hardefeldt L, Thomas K, Page S, Norris J, Browning G, El Hage C, Stewart A, Gilkerson J, Muscatello G, Verwilghen D, van Galen G, Bauquier J, Cuming R, Reynolds B, Whittaker C, Wilkes E, Clulow J, Burden C, Begg L. Antimicrobial prescribing guidelines for horses in Australia. Aust Vet J 2025 Dec;103(12):781-889.
    doi: 10.1111/avj.70003pubmed: 40903020google scholar: lookup
  5. Accorroni L, Dini F, Pilati N, Marchegiani A, Bazzano M, Spaterna A, Laus F. Topical Use of Sucralfate in Cutaneous Wound Management: A Narrative Review with a Veterinary Perspective. Vet Sci 2025 Aug 13;12(8).
    doi: 10.3390/vetsci12080756pubmed: 40872708google scholar: lookup
  6. Willette J, Guinn A, Munsterman A. Primary Jejunal Impactions Resolved via Exploratory Celiotomy in Six Horses: 2017-2023. Animals (Basel) 2025 Aug 12;15(16).
    doi: 10.3390/ani15162363pubmed: 40867692google scholar: lookup
  7. Connysson M, Jansson A. Starch Allowance and Muscle Enzyme Activity in Healthy Standardbred Trotters Trained by Professional Trainers. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2025 Sep;109(5):1130-1137.
    doi: 10.1111/jpn.14127pubmed: 40329464google scholar: lookup
  8. Sykes B, Lovett A. Can All Behavioral Problems Be Blamed on Equine Gastric Ulcer Syndrome?. Animals (Basel) 2025 Jan 22;15(3).
    doi: 10.3390/ani15030306pubmed: 39943076google scholar: lookup
  9. Torcivia C, McDonnell SM. Behavioral Signature of Equine Gastric Discomfort? Preliminary Retrospective Clinical Observations. Animals (Basel) 2025 Jan 3;15(1).
    doi: 10.3390/ani15010088pubmed: 39795031google scholar: lookup
  10. Zhou K, Dong Z, Zhou X, Zhai B, Li B, Zhang J, Cheng F. The Prevalence of Gastric Ulcer Syndrome in 395 Horses in Jiangyin City, China, Jiangsu Province. Animals (Basel) 2024 Dec 17;14(24).
    doi: 10.3390/ani14243636pubmed: 39765539google scholar: lookup
  11. Muñoz-Prieto A, Rubić I, Rešetar Maslov D, González-Sánchez JC, Mrljak V, Cerón JJ, Hansen S. Towards the Identification of New Biomarkers in Saliva and Serum for Treatment Monitoring of Equine Gastric Ulcer Syndrome: A Liquid Proteomic Approach. Animals (Basel) 2024 Oct 28;14(21).
    doi: 10.3390/ani14213105pubmed: 39518828google scholar: lookup
  12. Vokes JR, Gedye KR, Lovett AL, de Kantzow MC, Shan R, Steel CM, Sykes BW. Evaluation of Two Commercial ELISA Kits for Measuring Equine Serum Gastrin Compared to Radioimmunoassay. Animals (Basel) 2024 Oct 11;14(20).
    doi: 10.3390/ani14202937pubmed: 39457867google scholar: lookup
  13. Tranquille CA, Chojnacka K, Murray RC. Musculoskeletal Injury and Illness Patterns in British Eventing Horses: A Descriptive Study. Animals (Basel) 2024 Sep 13;14(18).
    doi: 10.3390/ani14182667pubmed: 39335262google scholar: lookup
  14. Campbell MLH, Sykes BW. Should the use of omeprazole be allowed during equestrian competition?. Equine Vet J 2025 May;57(3):555-562.
    doi: 10.1111/evj.14129pubmed: 38994580google scholar: lookup
  15. Busechian S, Bindi F, Orvieto S, Zappulla F, Marchesi MC, Nisi I, Rueca F. Prevalence and Risk Factors for the Presence of Gastric Ulcers in Pleasure and Breeding Horses in Italy. Animals (Basel) 2024 Jun 17;14(12).
    doi: 10.3390/ani14121806pubmed: 38929425google scholar: lookup
  16. Busechian S, Bindi F, Pieramati C, Orvieto S, Pisello L, Cozzi S, Ortolani F, Rueca F. Is There a Difference in the Prevalence of Gastric Ulcers between Stallions Used for Breeding and Those Not Used for Breeding?. Animals (Basel) 2024 May 22;14(11).
    doi: 10.3390/ani14111531pubmed: 38891578google scholar: lookup
  17. Busechian S, Orvieto S, Nocera I, Rueca F. Presence of Gastric Ulcers in Horses Used for Historical Races in Italy. Animals (Basel) 2024 Apr 22;14(8).
    doi: 10.3390/ani14081247pubmed: 38672395google scholar: lookup
  18. Muñoz-Prieto A, Llamas-Amor E, Contreras-Aguilar MD, Ayala I, Martín Cuervo M, Cerón JJ, Hansen S. Automated Spectrophotometric Assays for the Measurement of Ammonia and Bicarbonate in Saliva of Horses: Analytical Validation and Changes in Equine Gastric Ulcer Syndrome (EGUS). Metabolites 2024 Feb 28;14(3).
    doi: 10.3390/metabo14030147pubmed: 38535307google scholar: lookup
  19. Molina-Lopez RA, Obón E, Darwich L. Morbidity and Prognostic Factors Associated with Wild Hedgehogs Admitted to a Wildlife Rehabilitation Center in Catalonia (NE Spain) from 1995 to 2020. Animals (Basel) 2024 Feb 7;14(4).
    doi: 10.3390/ani14040556pubmed: 38396523google scholar: lookup
  20. Leleu C, Couroucé A. Effect of a blend of magnesium oxide on Equine Squamous Gastric Disease in young trotter horses under training. J Vet Sci 2023 Nov;24(6):e87.
    doi: 10.4142/jvs.23118pubmed: 38031523google scholar: lookup
  21. Luthersson N, Þorgrímsdóttir ÚÝ, Harris PA, Parkin T, Hopster-Iversen C, Bennet ED. Risk Factors for Equine Gastric Ulcer Syndrome Incidence in Adult Icelandic Riding Horses. Animals (Basel) 2023 Nov 14;13(22).
    doi: 10.3390/ani13223512pubmed: 38003130google scholar: lookup
  22. Pearson G, Douglas J, Wolframm I, Furtado T. Used like Pawns or Treated like Kings? How Narratives around Racehorse Welfare in the 2023 Grand National May Affect Public Acceptance: An Informed Commentary. Animals (Basel) 2023 Oct 8;13(19).
    doi: 10.3390/ani13193137pubmed: 37835743google scholar: lookup
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 99,030 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.