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Vaccines2022; 10(10); doi: 10.3390/vaccines10101718

Equine Influenza Virus: An Old Known Enemy in the Americas.

Abstract: Equine influenza is a highly contagious disease caused by the H3N8 equine influenza virus (EIV), which is endemically distributed throughout the world. It infects equids, and interspecies transmission to dogs has been reported. The H3N8 Florida lineage, which is divided into clades 1 and 2, is the most representative lineage in the Americas. The EIV infects the respiratory system, affecting the ciliated epithelial cells and preventing the elimination of foreign bodies and substances. Certain factors related to the disease, such as an outdated vaccination plan, age, training, and close contact with other animals, favor the presentation of equine influenza. This review focuses on the molecular, pathophysiological, and epidemiological characteristics of EIV in the Americas to present updated information to achieve prevention and control of the virus. We also discuss the need for monitoring the disease, the use of vaccines, and the appropriate application of those biologicals, among other biosecurity measures that are important for the control of the virus.
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Publication Date: 2022-10-14 PubMed ID: 36298583PubMed Central: PMC9610386DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10101718Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This research article discusses Equine Influenza Virus (EIV), a contagious disease primarily affecting horses and, to a lesser extent, dogs. It focuses on the virus’ characteristics, spread, and possible preventative measures in the Americas.

Molecular Characteristics of Equine Influenza Virus

  • The research discusses the H3N8 equine influenza virus which is the major cause of equine influenza. This virus strain is endemic, meaning it is regularly found among particular people or in a certain area. In this case, the virus is commonly found in equids – a family of animals that includes horses, donkeys, and zebras.
  • Among these, the H3N8 Florida lineage, divided into clades 1 and 2, is the most prevalent in the Americas.

Pathophysiology of Equine Influenza Virus

  • EIV primarily infects the respiratory system; it targets the ciliated epithelial cells, which are responsible for removing foreign bodies and substances. By infecting these cells, the virus hinders the body’s ability to eliminate harmful foreign entities, resulting in illness.
  • Various factors such as outdated vaccination plans, the ages of the equids, their training activities, and their proximity to other animals can increase the likeliness of an EIV infection.

Epidemiology and Prevention of Equine Influenza Virus

  • The article emphasizes the importance of monitoring for equine influenza to be proactive in controlling the spread of the virus. This includes keeping track of infected populations and studying the patterns of the disease’s spread.
  • Preventive measures, such as regular vaccinations, are critical in mitigating the spread of the virus. The article, however, notes that these efforts need to be updated regularly to be effective.

Beyond Vaccinations: Biosecurity Measures

  • The research also puts a spotlight on additional biosecurity measures necessary to control the virus, not only relying on vaccinations.
  • This may involve strategies such as quarantine of infected or potentially infected animals, disinfection of premises, and proper waste disposal.

Cite This Article

APA
Gonzalez-Obando J, Forero JE, Zuluaga-Cabrera AM, Ruiz-Saenz J. (2022). Equine Influenza Virus: An Old Known Enemy in the Americas. Vaccines (Basel), 10(10). https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10101718

Publication

Vaccines
ISSN: 2076-393X
NlmUniqueID: 101629355
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 10
Issue: 10

Researcher Affiliations

Gonzalez-Obando, Juliana
  • Grupo de Investigación en Ciencias Animales-GRICA, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Bucaramanga 680002, Colombia.
Forero, Jorge Eduardo
  • Grupo de Investigación en Microbiología Veterinaria, Escuela de Microbiología, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín 050010, Colombia.
Zuluaga-Cabrera, Angélica M
  • Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Fundación Universitaria Autónoma de las Américas, Circular 73 N°35-04, Medellín 050010, Colombia.
Ruiz-Saenz, Julián
  • Grupo de Investigación en Ciencias Animales-GRICA, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Bucaramanga 680002, Colombia.

Grant Funding

  • INV2623 / CONADI-UCC

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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