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Tropical animal health and production2026; 58(1); 29; doi: 10.1007/s11250-025-04829-2

Equine piroplasmosis: an emerging tick-borne threat to equine health.

Abstract: Equine piroplasmosisis a tick-borne haemoprotozoan disease of equine population (horses, mules, donkeys and zebras) caused either by T. equi or B. caballi. Clinically it is characterized by pyrexia, hemolytic anemia and jaundice. Intravascular hemolysis and development of oxidative stress are key pathological alterations. Disease is endemic in almost all part of world (tropical, subtropical, temperate regions) except some courtiers which are EP free like US, UK, Northern Europe, Iceland and New Zealand. These countries follow strict quarantine measures and T. equi infection leads to development of seropositive horse lifetime while B. caballi infection can lead to carrier state for next few years. Significant economic loss occurs in the form of treatment cost, loss of foetus, reduced performance, mortality and restriction in animal’s movement. Diagnosis can be made on the basis of typical clinical signs, optical microscopy, serology and molecular diagnosis. Currently cELISA is an OIE recommended test for international movement of horses in EP free countries. Conventional drug therapy includes use of Imidocarb dipropionate for both T. equi and B. Caballi. Other alternate therapies involve use of oxytetracycline, buparvaquone, amicarbalide and various drug combinations. Since no vaccine is available till now, effective tick control strategies, early diagnosis and treatment of disease, application of advance therapy remains the only way to control EP now days.
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Publication Date: 2026-01-05 PubMed ID: 41489672PubMed Central: 4191618DOI: 10.1007/s11250-025-04829-2Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

Overview

Introduction to Equine Piroplasmosis

  • Equine piroplasmosis (EP) is caused by haemoprotozoan parasites transmitted through tick bites.
  • The disease primarily affects equines such as horses, mules, donkeys, and zebras.
  • The two main causative agents are Theileria equi and Babesia caballi.

Clinical Features and Pathology

  • Typical clinical signs include:
    • Pyrexia (fever)
    • Hemolytic anemia (destruction of red blood cells)
    • Jaundice (yellowing of mucous membranes due to hemolysis)
  • Key pathological changes involve intravascular hemolysis and oxidative stress development.
  • The severity arises due to destruction of red blood cells leading to anemia and organ dysfunction.

Geographical Distribution

  • EP is endemic in almost all parts of the world including:
    • Tropical
    • Subtropical
    • Temperate regions
  • Some countries are EP-free, including:
    • United States
    • United Kingdom
    • Northern Europe
    • Iceland
    • New Zealand
  • These EP-free countries maintain strict quarantine and control measures to prevent introduction of the disease.

Infection and Carrier Status

  • Infection with T. equi leads to life-long seropositive status in horses, indicating they remain carriers indefinitely.
  • B. caballi infection generally results in a carrier state lasting a few years.

Economic Impact

  • EP causes significant economic losses, including:
    • Cost of treatment
    • Loss of fetuses due to abortion
    • Reduced performance of animals due to sickness
    • Mortality in severe cases
    • Restriction in animal movements for trade or competition

Diagnosis

  • Diagnosis is made through:
    • Recognition of typical clinical signs
    • Optical microscopy to detect parasites in blood smears
    • Serological tests that detect antibodies
    • Molecular diagnostic methods such as PCR for parasite DNA detection
  • The competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA) is recommended by the OIE for international horse movement from EP-free countries.

Treatment Options

  • Conventional drug therapy includes:
    • Imidocarb dipropionate – effective against both T. equi and B. caballi
  • Alternate treatment options:
    • Oxytetracycline
    • Buparvaquone
    • Amicarbalide
    • Combination drug therapies

Control Strategies

  • No vaccines are currently available to prevent EP.
  • Control relies on:
    • Effective tick control to prevent transmission
    • Early diagnosis for prompt treatment
    • Application of advanced, targeted therapies to reduce parasite burden

Summary

  • Equine piroplasmosis is a globally widespread tick-borne disease with significant health and economic consequences.
  • Understanding its epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, and control remains essential to safeguard equine health and trade.
  • Ongoing research is needed to develop vaccines and improve management practices.

Cite This Article

APA
Gupta KK, Gupta N, Kumar S, Srivastava M, Kumar P. (2026). Equine piroplasmosis: an emerging tick-borne threat to equine health. Trop Anim Health Prod, 58(1), 29. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-025-04829-2

Publication

Tropical animal health and production
ISSN: 1573-7438
NlmUniqueID: 1277355
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 58
Issue: 1
Pages: 29

Researcher Affiliations

Gupta, Kapil Kumar
  • Department of Veterinary Clinical Complex, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, DUVASU, Mathura, UP, India. dr.kapil09@gmail.com.
Gupta, Neha
  • ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Goats, Makhdoom, Mathura, UP, India.
Kumar, Sanjay
  • Department of Veterinary Medicine, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, Haryana, India.
Srivastava, Mukesh
  • Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, DUVASU, Mathura, UP, India.
Kumar, Pradeep
  • Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, DUVASU, Mathura, UP, India.

Conflict of Interest Statement

Declarations. Ethics approval: No ethical approval is require. Competing interests: The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.

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