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Home / Equine Research Bank / Animals (Basel) / Equine Welfare during Exercise: An Evaluation of Breathing, ...
Animals : an open access journal from MDPI2017; 7(6); doi: 10.3390/ani7060041

Equine Welfare during Exercise: An Evaluation of Breathing, Breathlessness and Bridles.

Abstract: Horses engaged in strenuous exercise display physiological responses that approach the upper functional limits of key organ systems, in particular their cardiorespiratory systems. Maximum athletic performance is therefore vulnerable to factors that diminish these functional capacities, and such impairment might also lead to horses experiencing unpleasant respiratory sensations, i.e., breathlessness. The aim of this review is to use existing literature on equine cardiorespiratory physiology and athletic performance to evaluate the potential for various types of breathlessness to occur in exercising horses. In addition, we investigate the influence of management factors such as rein and bit use and of respiratory pathology on the likelihood and intensity of equine breathlessness occurring during exercise. In ridden horses, rein use that reduces the jowl angle, sometimes markedly, and conditions that partially obstruct the nasopharynx and/or larynx, impair airflow in the upper respiratory tract and lead to increased flow resistance. The associated upper airway pressure changes, transmitted to the lower airways, may have pathophysiological sequelae in the alveolae, which, in their turn, may increase airflow resistance in the lower airways and impede respiratory gas exchange. Other sequelae include decreases in respiratory minute volume and worsening of the hypoxaemia, hypercapnia and acidaemia commonly observed in healthy horses during strenuous exercise. These and other factors are implicated in the potential for ridden horses to experience three forms of breathlessness-"unpleasant respiratory effort", "air hunger" and "chest tightness"-which arise when there is a mismatch between a heightened ventilatory drive and the adequacy of the respiratory response. It is not known to what extent, if at all, such mismatches would occur in strenuously exercising horses unhampered by low jowl angles or by pathophysiological changes at any level of the respiratory tract. However, different combinations of the three types of breathlessness seem much more likely to occur when pathophysiological conditions significantly reduce maximal athletic performance. Finally, most horses exhibit clear behavioural evidence of aversion to a bit in their mouths, varying from the bit being a mild irritant to very painful. This in itself is a significant animal welfare issue that should be addressed. A further major point is the potential for bits to disrupt the maintenance of negative pressure in the oropharynx, which apparently acts to prevent the soft palate from rising and obstructing the nasopharynx. The untoward respiratory outcomes and poor athletic performance due to this and other obstructions are well established, and suggest the potential for affected animals to experience significant intensities of breathlessness. Bitless bridle use may reduce or eliminate such effects. However, direct comparisons of the cardiorespiratory dynamics and the extent of any respiratory pathophysiology in horses wearing bitted and bitless bridles have not been conducted. Such studies would be helpful in confirming, or otherwise, the claimed potential benefits of bitless bridle use.
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Publication Date: 2017-05-26 PubMed ID: 28587125PubMed Central: PMC5483604DOI: 10.3390/ani7060041Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research article explores the physiological responses of horses during strenuous exercise, focusing on the cardiorespiratory functions and potential experiences of breathlessness. The paper also evaluates the impact of management practices like rein use and bridles, as well as respiratory tract conditions on horse comfort and performance.

Understanding Cardiorespiratory Functions in Horses

  • The study critically reviews existing materials on equine cardiorespiratory physiology, aiming to determine the potential for various types of breathlessness to occur in horses during exercise.
  • Strenuous exercise brings a horse’s physiological responses, especially their cardiorespiratory system, to their upper functional limits. Any factors that diminish these functional capacities can impair the maximum athletic performance and may lead to unpleasant sensations like breathlessness.

The Impact of Rein and Bit Use

  • The use of reins that reduce the ‘jowl angle’ and any conditions that partially block the nasopharynx or larynx can disrupt airflow in the upper respiratory tract. This leads to increased flow resistance and potential discomfort for the horse.
  • Respiratory pathologies due to poor gear use can lead to a myriad of problems, including decreased respiratory minute volume and worsening of hypoxaemia, hypercapnia, and acidaemia. These conditions are common in active horses but may be exacerbated by inappropriate gear use.
  • Most horses show clear signs of aversion to a bit in their mouths, ranging from mild irritation to major pain. The bit can disrupt the maintenance of negative pressure in the oropharynx, preventing the soft palate from rising and obstructing the nasopharynx. This can lead to poor respiratory outcomes and subpar athletic performance.

The Benefits of Bitless Bridle Use

  • Using a bitless bridle may reduce or eliminate the adverse effects associated with bitted bridles. However, no concrete studies comparing the cardiorespiratory dynamics and respiratory pathophysiology between horses using bitted and bitless bridles have been conducted.
  • The research emphasizes the need for such comparative studies to confirm the potential benefits of bitless bridle use accurately.

Understanding the Notion of “Breathlessness”

  • The possibility of horses experiencing three different types of breathlessness—unpleasant respiratory effort, air hunger, and chest tightness—is discussed. These scenarios could occur when there is a mismatch between heightened ventilatory drive and the horse’s respiratory response.
  • Regarding horses involved in strenuous exercise unrestricted by low jowl angles or respiratory tract pathologies, it is still unclear the extent to which these mismatches might occur.
  • However, the combination of these breathlessness types is more likely to happen when certain pathological conditions significantly hamper maximal athletic performance.

Cite This Article

APA
Mellor DJ, Beausoleil NJ. (2017). Equine Welfare during Exercise: An Evaluation of Breathing, Breathlessness and Bridles. Animals (Basel), 7(6). https://doi.org/10.3390/ani7060041

Publication

Animals : an open access journal from MDPI
ISSN: 2076-2615
NlmUniqueID: 101635614
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 7
Issue: 6

Researcher Affiliations

Mellor, David J
  • Animal Welfare Science and Bioethics Centre, Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Science, College of Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand. d.j.mellor@massey.ac.nz.
Beausoleil, Ngaio J
  • Animal Welfare Science and Bioethics Centre, Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Science, College of Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand. n.j.beausoleil@massey.ac.nz.

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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