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Journal of virology2009; 84(2); 1014-1025; doi: 10.1128/JVI.01586-09

Evolutionary patterns of eastern equine encephalitis virus in North versus South America suggest ecological differences and taxonomic revision.

Abstract: The eastern equine encephalitis (EEE) complex consists of four distinct genetic lineages: one that circulates in North America (NA EEEV) and the Caribbean and three that circulate in Central and South America (SA EEEV). Differences in their geographic, pathogenic, and epidemiologic profiles prompted evaluation of their genetic diversity and evolutionary histories. The structural polyprotein open reading frames of all available SA EEEV and recent NA EEEV isolates were sequenced and used in evolutionary and phylogenetic analyses. The nucleotide substitution rate per year for SA EEEV (1.2 x 10(-4)) was lower and more consistent than that for NA EEEV (2.7 x 10(-4)), which exhibited considerable rate variation among constituent clades. Estimates of time since divergence varied widely depending upon the sequences used, with NA and SA EEEV diverging ca. 922 to 4,856 years ago and the two main SA EEEV lineages diverging ca. 577 to 2,927 years ago. The single, monophyletic NA EEEV lineage exhibited mainly temporally associated relationships and was highly conserved throughout its geographic range. In contrast, SA EEEV comprised three divergent lineages, two consisting of highly conserved geographic groupings that completely lacked temporal associations. A phylogenetic comparison of SA EEEV and Venezuelan equine encephalitis viruses (VEEV) demonstrated similar genetic and evolutionary patterns, consistent with the well-documented use of mammalian reservoir hosts by VEEV. Our results emphasize the evolutionary and genetic divergences between members of the NA and SA EEEV lineages, consistent with major differences in pathogenicity and ecology, and propose that NA and SA EEEV be reclassified as distinct species in the EEE complex.
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Publication Date: 2009-11-04 PubMed ID: 19889755PubMed Central: PMC2798374DOI: 10.1128/JVI.01586-09Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research article discusses the genetic and evolutionary differences between the North American and South American strains of the Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus (EEEV), highlighting notable differences in pathogenicity and ecology, and recommending a taxonomic revision to classify them as distinct species.

Objective of the Research

  • The primary goal of this study was to explore the genetic diversity and evolutionary histories of the different genetic lineages of the Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus (EEEV) that circulate in North America (NA EEEV) and Central and South America (SA EEEV).

Methodology

  • The researchers utilized the structural polyprotein open reading frames of all available SA EEEV alongside recent NA EEEV isolates in their evolutionary and phylogenetic analyses.

Findings

  • The study observed a lower and more consistent nucleotide substitution rate per year for SA EEEV as opposed to NA EEEV.
  • Time estimates since divergence varied greatly, with an approximate divergence of NA and SA EEEV between 922 to 4,856 years ago, while the two primary SA EEEV lineages seemingly diverged about 577 to 2,927 years ago.
  • NA EEEV was recognized as a single monophyletic lineage, predominantly characterized by temporally associated relationships and high conservation across its geographic range.
  • Conversely, SA EEEV encapsulated three divergent lineages, two of which consisted of geographically grouped, highly conserved clusters, entirely devoid of temporal associations.

Comparison with Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Viruses (VEEV)

  • A phylogenetic comparison between SA EEEV and Venezuelan equine encephalitis viruses showed similar genetic and evolutionary patterns, indicating the regular use of mammalian reservoir hosts by VEEV.

Conclusion: Call for Taxonomic Revision

  • The research highlights significant genetic and evolutionary differences between the North and South American EEEV lineages. These variations correlate with major differences in pathogenicity and ecology, leading the researchers to recommend that these lineages be reclassified as distinct species within the EEE complex.

Cite This Article

APA
Arrigo NC, Adams AP, Weaver SC. (2009). Evolutionary patterns of eastern equine encephalitis virus in North versus South America suggest ecological differences and taxonomic revision. J Virol, 84(2), 1014-1025. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.01586-09

Publication

Journal of virology
ISSN: 1098-5514
NlmUniqueID: 0113724
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 84
Issue: 2
Pages: 1014-1025

Researcher Affiliations

Arrigo, Nicole C
  • Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0609, USA.
Adams, A Paige
    Weaver, Scott C

      MeSH Terms

      • Animals
      • Bayes Theorem
      • Cricetinae
      • Encephalitis Virus, Eastern Equine / classification
      • Encephalitis Virus, Eastern Equine / genetics
      • Encephalitis Virus, Eastern Equine / pathogenicity
      • Encephalitis Virus, Eastern Equine / physiology
      • Encephalomyelitis, Eastern Equine / epidemiology
      • Encephalomyelitis, Eastern Equine / virology
      • Evolution, Molecular
      • Genetic Variation
      • Horse Diseases / epidemiology
      • Horse Diseases / virology
      • Horses / virology
      • Humans
      • North America / epidemiology
      • Open Reading Frames
      • Phylogeny
      • RNA, Viral / genetics
      • RNA, Viral / isolation & purification
      • Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
      • Sequence Analysis, DNA
      • South America / epidemiology
      • Species Specificity
      • Viral Structural Proteins / genetics

      Grant Funding

      • T32 AI060549 / NIAID NIH HHS
      • U54 AI057156 / NIAID NIH HHS
      • U54 AI-057156 / NIAID NIH HHS
      • AI-060549 / NIAID NIH HHS

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