FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 10000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Animals : an open access journal from MDPI2021; 11(4); 1028; doi: 10.3390/ani11041028

Factors Associated with Mortality in Ontario Standardbred Racing: 2003-2015.

Abstract: Factors associated with mortality in standardbred racehorses were assessed through a retrospective annualized cohort study of all-cause mortality from 2003-2015 ( = 978) (identified in the Ontario Racehorse Death Registry). Race and qualifying data for official work-events were also gathered (1,778,330 work-events, 125,200 horse years). Multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed sex, age, and indices of workload and intensity and their interactions to be strongly associated with mortality. Track class, race versus qualifying performance, and work-event outcome (finish position, scratched, or failed to finish) also influenced mortality odds, which increased as performance slowed. Intense competition at higher performance levels and qualifying races at lower levels carried particularly high odds. Though occurring frequently, musculoskeletal injury was less frequent than all other presenting problems combined. Industry structure contributes to mortality through interaction between horse characteristics and the competition environment. This substrate may be amenable to management to minimize liability, but incident-specific triggers may represent chance factors and be relatively difficult to identify or control. Differentiating between substrate and trigger when studying specific clinical problems may provide greater clarity and yield in identifying underlying causes. Mortality may reflect a continuum of circumstances, cumulative impacts of which might be identified before a fatal event occurs.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2021-04-05 PubMed ID: 33916415PubMed Central: PMC8066029DOI: 10.3390/ani11041028Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This study examines the factors that contribute to death in Standardbred racing horses in Ontario, Canada between the years of 2003 and 2015, using data from the Ontario Racehorse Death Registry and data from official work-events such as races and qualifiers. The research found that variables such as the horse’s sex, age, workload, intensity of competition, track classification, and race outcome could affect the likelihood of death. The study suggests that changes in industry structure could potentially minimize risks, while identifying specific triggers of incidents may be more challenging.

Overview of the Data Collection

  • The data used for this study consisted of information about horse deaths gathered from the Ontario Racehorse Death Registry for the years between 2003 to 2015. The data included 978 horse deaths.
  • In addition to mortality data, the researchers also gathered information about the horses’ performance in races and qualifiers (referred to as “work-events”). This data encompassed 1,778,330 work-events over 125,200 horse years.

Key Findings from Regression Analysis

  • A multivariable logistic regression analysis was conducted, and the researchers found that the factors that were most strongly associated with horse mortality were the horse’s sex, age, workload, and intensity of competition.
  • Other factors that increased the odds of horse mortality were the classification of the race track, the horse’s performance in races vs. qualifiers, and the outcome of the work-event (whether the horse finished the race, was scratched, or failed to finish).
  • The odds of mortality increased when performance slowed, suggesting that horses in intense competition at higher performance levels and qualifier races at lower levels have particularly high chances of death.

Role of Industry Structure and Clinical Factors

  • The industry structure was found to be a contributing factor to horse mortality, through the interaction between horse characteristics and the competition environment.
  • Although musculoskeletal injuries occurred frequently, they were less common than all other combined presenting problems. This suggests that injuries were not the primary cause of mortality in these horses.
  • The researchers proposed that managing these identified substrate factors within the industry could minimize risks, but pinpointing specific triggers for incidents might be more difficult.

Implications for Future Study and Management

  • The researchers suggested that future studies should differentiate between substrates and triggers when studying specific clinical problems to identify underlying causes with greater clarity and yield.
  • Mortality in horses may be a result of a continuum of circumstances. By identifying these cumulative impacts, it might be possible to intervene before a fatal event occurs.

Cite This Article

APA
Physick-Sheard P, Avison A, Sears W. (2021). Factors Associated with Mortality in Ontario Standardbred Racing: 2003-2015. Animals (Basel), 11(4), 1028. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11041028

Publication

Animals : an open access journal from MDPI
ISSN: 2076-2615
NlmUniqueID: 101635614
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 11
Issue: 4
PII: 1028

Researcher Affiliations

Physick-Sheard, Peter
  • Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
Avison, Amanda
  • DVM Program, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
Sears, William
  • Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.

Grant Funding

  • EG2014-05 / EQUINE GUELPH

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

This article includes 65 references
  1. McManus P, Albrecht G, Graham R. The Global Horseracing Industry: Social, Economic, Environmental and Ethical Perspectives. .
  2. Bergmann I. Sustainability, thoroughbred racing and the need for change. Pferdeheilkunde 2015;31:490–498.
    doi: 10.21836/PEM20150509google scholar: lookup
  3. Ruse K, Davison A, Bridle K. Jump Horse Safety: Reconciling Public Debate and Australian Thoroughbred Jump Racing Data, 2012-2014.. Animals (Basel) 2015 Oct 22;5(4):1072-91.
    doi: 10.3390/ani5040399pmc: PMC4693203pubmed: 26506396google scholar: lookup
  4. Graham R, McManus P. Changing Human-Animal Relationships in Sport: An Analysis of the UK and Australian Horse Racing Whips Debates.. Animals (Basel) 2016 May 3;6(5).
    doi: 10.3390/ani6050032pmc: PMC4880849pubmed: 27153097google scholar: lookup
  5. Heleski C, Stowe CJ, Fiedler J, Peterson LM, Brady C, Wickens C, MacLeod JN. Thoroughbred Racehorse Welfare through the Lens of ‘Social License to Operate-With an Emphasis on a US Perspective. Sustainability 2020;12:1706.
    doi: 10.3390/sህ1706google scholar: lookup
  6. Williams D. Should we continue to tolerate racehorse deaths?. Vet Rec 2020 Jun 13;186(18):610.
    doi: 10.1136/vr.m2291pubmed: 32527901google scholar: lookup
  7. Perkins NR, Reid SW, Morris RS. Profiling the New Zealand Thoroughbred racing industry. 2. Conditions interfering with training and racing.. N Z Vet J 2005 Feb;53(1):69-76.
    doi: 10.1080/00480169.2005.36471pubmed: 15731837google scholar: lookup
  8. Parkin TD. Epidemiology of racetrack injuries in racehorses.. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2008 Apr;24(1):1-19.
    doi: 10.1016/j.cveq.2007.11.003pubmed: 18314033google scholar: lookup
  9. Hitchens PL, Morrice-West AV, Stevenson MA, Whitton RC. Meta-analysis of risk factors for racehorse catastrophic musculoskeletal injury in flat racing.. Vet J 2019 Mar;245:29-40.
    doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2018.11.014pubmed: 30819423google scholar: lookup
  10. Evans GP, Behiri JC, Vaughan LC, Bonfield W. The response of equine cortical bone to loading at strain rates experienced in vivo by the galloping horse.. Equine Vet J 1992 Mar;24(2):125-8.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1992.tb02796.xpubmed: 1582390google scholar: lookup
  11. Riggs CM, Whitehouse GH, Boyde A. Pathology of the distal condyles of the third metacarpal and third metatarsal bones of the horse.. Equine Vet J 1999 Mar;31(2):140-8.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1999.tb03807.xpubmed: 10213426google scholar: lookup
  12. Martig S, Chen W, Lee PV, Whitton RC. Bone fatigue and its implications for injuries in racehorses.. Equine Vet J 2014 Jul;46(4):408-15.
    doi: 10.1111/evj.12241pubmed: 24528139google scholar: lookup
  13. Hitchens PL, Pivonka P, Malekipour F, Whitton RC. Mathematical modelling of bone adaptation of the metacarpal subchondral bone in racehorses.. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2018 Jun;17(3):877-890.
    doi: 10.1007/s10237-017-0998-zpubmed: 29344755google scholar: lookup
  14. Cresswell EN, McDonough SP, Palmer SE, Hernandez CJ, Reesink HL. Can quantitative computed tomography detect bone morphological changes associated with catastrophic proximal sesamoid bone fracture in Thoroughbred racehorses?. Equine Vet J 2019 Jan;51(1):123-130.
    doi: 10.1111/evj.12965pubmed: 29758110google scholar: lookup
  15. Verheyen K, Price J, Lanyon L, Wood J. Exercise distance and speed affect the risk of fracture in racehorses.. Bone 2006 Dec;39(6):1322-30.
    doi: 10.1016/j.bone.2006.05.025pubmed: 16926125google scholar: lookup
  16. Tranquille CA, Parkin TD, Murray RC. Magnetic resonance imaging-detected adaptation and pathology in the distal condyles of the third metacarpus, associated with lateral condylar fracture in Thoroughbred racehorses.. Equine Vet J 2012 Nov;44(6):699-706.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2011.00535.xpubmed: 22256885google scholar: lookup
  17. Sun TC, Riggs CM, Cogger N, Wright J, Al-Alawneh JI. Noncatastrophic and catastrophic fractures in racing Thoroughbreds at the Hong Kong Jockey Club.. Equine Vet J 2019 Jan;51(1):77-82.
    doi: 10.1111/evj.12953pubmed: 29672909google scholar: lookup
  18. Crawford KL, Finnane A, Greer RM, Phillips CJC, Woldeyohannes SM, Perkins NR, Ahern BJ. Appraising the Welfare of Thoroughbred Racehorses in Training in Queensland, Australia: The Incidence and Type of Musculoskeletal Injuries Vary between Two-Year-Old and Older Thoroughbred Racehorses.. Animals (Basel) 2020 Nov 5;10(11).
    doi: 10.3390/ani10112046pmc: PMC7694396pubmed: 33167429google scholar: lookup
  19. Arthur RM. Welfare issues in horse racing. 2011. pp. 248–253.
  20. Vigre H, Chriél M, Hesselholt M, Falk-Rønne J, Kjaer Ersbøll A. Risk factors for the hazard of lameness in Danish Standardbred trotters.. Prev Vet Med 2002 Dec 18;56(2):105-17.
    doi: 10.1016/S0167-5877(02)00158-7pubmed: 12450683google scholar: lookup
  21. Bertuglia A, Bullone M, Rossotto F, Gasparini M. Epidemiology of musculoskeletal injuries in a population of harness Standardbred racehorses in training.. BMC Vet Res 2014 Jan 10;10:11.
    doi: 10.1186/1746-6148-10-11pmc: PMC3922780pubmed: 24410888google scholar: lookup
  22. Moiroud CH, Coudry V, Denoix JM. Distribution of Pelvic Fractures in Racing and Non-racing Sport Horses: A Retrospective Study of 86 Cases Examined in a Referral Centre.. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 2019 May;32(3):215-221.
    doi: 10.1055/s-0039-1683403pubmed: 30921825google scholar: lookup
  23. Physick-Sheard PW, Avison A, Chappell E, MacIver M. Ontario Racehorse Death Registry, 2003-2015: Descriptive analysis and rates of mortality.. Equine Vet J 2019 Jan;51(1):64-76.
    doi: 10.1111/evj.12955pubmed: 29672910google scholar: lookup
  24. Tetens J, Ross MW, Lloyd JW. Comparison of racing performance before and after treatment of incomplete, midsagittal fractures of the proximal phalanx in standardbreds: 49 cases (1986-1992).. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1997 Jan 1;210(1):82-6.
    pubmed: 8977654
  25. Steel CM, Hopper BJ, Richardson JL, Alexander GR, Robertson ID. Clinical findings, diagnosis, prevalence and predisposing factors for lameness localised to the middle carpal joint in young Standardbred racehorses.. Equine Vet J 2006 Mar;38(2):152-7.
    doi: 10.2746/042516406776563332pubmed: 16536385google scholar: lookup
  26. Doering AK, Reesink HL, Luedke LK, Moore C, Nixon AJ, Fortier LA, Ducharme NG, Ross MW, Levine DG, Richardson DW, Stefanovski D, Ortved KF. Return to racing after surgical management of third carpal bone slab fractures in thoroughbred and standardbred racehorses.. Vet Surg 2019 May;48(4):513-523.
    doi: 10.1111/vsu.13193pubmed: 30883815google scholar: lookup
  27. Butler D, Valenchon M, Annan R, Whay HR, Mullan S. Living the 'Best Life' or 'One Size Fits All'-Stakeholder Perceptions of Racehorse Welfare.. Animals (Basel) 2019 Mar 31;9(4).
    doi: 10.3390/ani9040134pmc: PMC6523604pubmed: 30935137google scholar: lookup
  28. Harrison JC. Care and Training of the Trotter and Pacer. 1968.
  29. Greene C, Boring NC, Campbell JD. The New Care And Training Of the Trotter And Pacer. 1996.
  30. Hosmer DW, Lemeshow S. Applied Logistic Regression, Second Edition. 2000.
  31. Physick-Sheard PW. Career profile of the Canadian Standardbred. I. Influence of age, gait and sex upon chances of racing.. Can J Vet Res 1986 Oct;50(4):449-56.
    pmc: PMC1255249pubmed: 3791071
  32. Physick-Sheard PW. Career profile of the Canadian Standardbred. II. Influence of age, gait and sex upon number of races, money won and race times.. Can J Vet Res 1986 Oct;50(4):457-70.
    pmc: PMC1255250pubmed: 3791072
  33. Physick-Sheard PW, Russell M. Career profile of the Canadian Standardbred. III. Influence of temporary absence from racing and season.. Can J Vet Res 1986 Oct;50(4):471-8.
    pmc: PMC1255251pubmed: 3791073
  34. Cheetham J, Riordan AS, Mohammed HO, McIlwraith CW, Fortier LA. Relationships between race earnings and horse age, sex, gait, track surface and number of race starts for Thoroughbred and Standardbred racehorses in North America.. Equine Vet J 2010 May;42(4):346-50.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2010.00032.xpubmed: 20525054google scholar: lookup
  35. Tanner JC, Rogers CW, Firth EC. The relationship of training milestones with racing success in a population of Standardbred horses in New Zealand.. N Z Vet J 2011 Nov;59(6):323-7.
    doi: 10.1080/00480169.2011.617029pubmed: 22040339google scholar: lookup
  36. Georgopoulos SP, Parkin TD. Risk factors associated with fatal injuries in Thoroughbred racehorses competing in flat racing in the United States and Canada.. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2016 Oct 15;249(8):931-939.
    doi: 10.2460/javma.249.8.931pubmed: 27700272google scholar: lookup
  37. Georgopoulos SP, Parkin TD. Risk factors for equine fractures in Thoroughbred flat racing in North America.. Prev Vet Med 2017 Apr 1;139(Pt B):99-104.
    doi: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2016.12.006pubmed: 28017453google scholar: lookup
  38. Johnson BJ, Stover SM, Daft BM, Kinde H, Read DH, Barr BC, Anderson M, Moore J, Woods L, Stoltz J. Causes of death in racehorses over a 2 year period.. Equine Vet J 1994 Jul;26(4):327-30.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1994.tb04395.xpubmed: 8575402google scholar: lookup
  39. Hamlin MJ, Hopkins WG. Retrospective trainer-reported incidence and predictors of health and training-related problems in Standardbred racehorses. J. Equine. Vet. Sci. 2003;23:443–452.
    doi: 10.1053/j.jevs.2003.08.023google scholar: lookup
  40. Jeffcott LB, Rossdale PD, Freestone J, Frank CJ, Towers-Clark PF. An assessment of wastage in thoroughbred racing from conception to 4 years of age.. Equine Vet J 1982 Jul;14(3):185-98.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1982.tb02389.xpubmed: 7106081google scholar: lookup
  41. Estberg L, Stover SM, Gardner IA, Johnson BJ, Case JT, Ardans A, Read DH, Anderson ML, Barr BC, Daft BM, Kinde H, Moore J, Stoltz J, Woods LW. Fatal musculoskeletal injuries incurred during racing and training in thoroughbreds.. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996 Jan 1;208(1):92-6.
    pubmed: 8682713
  42. Anthenill LA, Stover SM, Gardner IA, Hill AE. Risk factors for proximal sesamoid bone fractures associated with exercise history and horseshoe characteristics in Thoroughbred racehorses.. Am J Vet Res 2007 Jul;68(7):760-71.
    doi: 10.2460/ajvr.68.7.760pubmed: 17605612google scholar: lookup
  43. DeLay J. Postmortem findings in Ontario racehorses, 2003-2015.. J Vet Diagn Invest 2017 Jul;29(4):457-464.
    doi: 10.1177/1040638717700690pubmed: 28382856google scholar: lookup
  44. Crawford KL, Finnane A, Phillips CJC, Greer RM, Woldeyohannes SM, Perkins NR, Kidd LJ, Ahern BJ. The Risk Factors for Musculoskeletal Injuries in Thoroughbred Racehorses in Queensland, Australia: How These Vary for Two-Year-Old and Older Horses and with Type of Injury.. Animals (Basel) 2021 Jan 21;11(2).
    doi: 10.3390/ani11020270pmc: PMC7910838pubmed: 33494508google scholar: lookup
  45. Blott SC, Swinburne JE, Sibbons C, Fox-Clipsham LY, Helwegen M, Hillyer L, Parkin TD, Newton JR, Vaudin M. A genome-wide association study demonstrates significant genetic variation for fracture risk in Thoroughbred racehorses.. BMC Genomics 2014 Feb 21;15:147.
    doi: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-147pmc: PMC4008154pubmed: 24559379google scholar: lookup
  46. Tozaki T, Kusano K, Ishikawa Y, Kushiro A, Nomura M, Kikuchi M, Kakoi H, Hirota K, Miyake T, Hill EW, Nagata S. A candidate-SNP retrospective cohort study for fracture risk in Japanese Thoroughbred racehorses.. Anim Genet 2020 Feb;51(1):43-50.
    doi: 10.1111/age.12866pubmed: 31612520google scholar: lookup
  47. Momozawa Y, Kusunose R, Kikusui T, Takeuchi Y, Mori Y. Assessment of equine temperament questionnaire by comparing factor structure between two separate surveys. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 2005;92:77–84.
    doi: 10.1016/j.applanim.2004.11.006google scholar: lookup
  48. Duberstein KJ, Gilkeson JA. Determination of sex differences in personality and trainability of yearling horses utilizing a handler questionnaire. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 2010;128:57–63.
    doi: 10.1016/j.applanim.2010.09.012google scholar: lookup
  49. Janczarek I, Kędzierski W. Is it a good idea to train fillies and colts separately?. J Appl Anim Welf Sci 2011;14(3):211-9.
    doi: 10.1080/10888705.2011.576960pubmed: 22044293google scholar: lookup
  50. Janczarek I, Kędzierski W, Stachurska A, Wilk I. Can releasing racehorses to paddocks be beneficial? Heart rate analysis—preliminary study. Ann. Anim. Sci. 2016;16:87–97.
    doi: 10.1515/aoas-2015-0049google scholar: lookup
  51. Janczarek I, Wilk I, Kędzierski W, Stachurska A, Kowalik S. Offtrack training ameliorates emotional excitability in purebred Arabian racehorses. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 2017;97:42–50.
  52. Kowalik S, Janczarek I, Kędzierski W, Stachurska A, Wilk I. The effect of relaxing massage on heart rate and heart rate variability in purebred Arabian racehorses.. Anim Sci J 2017 Apr;88(4):669-677.
    doi: 10.1111/asj.12671pubmed: 27594340google scholar: lookup
  53. Mills DS, McDonnell SM, McDonnell S. The Domestic Horse: The Origins, Development and Management of Its Behaviour. 2005.
  54. McGreevy P. Equine Behavior—E-Book: A Guide for Veterinarians and Equine Scientists. 2012.
  55. Briard L, Petit O. Resocialisation d’un étalon au sein d’un groupe de juments: Reconstitution de la structure naturelle du cheval. Proceedings of the 40ème Journée de la Recherche Équine, Actes de Colloque Epidémiologie et Pathologie Paris, France. 18 March 2014; (In French).
  56. Briard L, Deneubourg JL, Petit O. L’étalon, un cheval presque comme les autres: Statut et comportement social de l’étalon vivant en groupe familial. Proceedings of the 42ème Journée de la Recherche Équine. Actes de Colloques Paris, France. 17 March 2016; Paris (In French).
  57. Turner M, Fuller CW, Egan D, Le Masson B, McGoldrick A, Spence A, Wind P, Gadot PM. European consensus on epidemiological studies of injuries in the thoroughbred horse racing industry.. Br J Sports Med 2012 Aug;46(10):704-8.
    doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2011-090312pubmed: 22067282google scholar: lookup
  58. Zuckerman SL, Morgan CD, Burks S, Forbes JA, Chambless LB, Solomon GS, Sills AK. Functional and Structural Traumatic Brain Injury in Equestrian Sports: A Review of the Literature.. World Neurosurg 2015 Jun;83(6):1098-113.
    doi: 10.1016/j.wneu.2014.12.030pubmed: 25535066google scholar: lookup
  59. Sillence M. A thousand racehorse trainers cannot be wrong - can they?. Vet J 2007 Sep;174(2):215-6.
    doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2006.07.019pubmed: 16959508google scholar: lookup
  60. Crawford KL, Ahern BJ, Perkins NR, Phillips CJC, Finnane A. The Effect of Combined Training and Racing High-Speed Exercise History on Musculoskeletal Injuries in Thoroughbred Racehorses: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Current Literature.. Animals (Basel) 2020 Nov 11;10(11).
    doi: 10.3390/ani10112091pmc: PMC7696103pubmed: 33187122google scholar: lookup
  61. Munsters CCBM, Kingma BRM, van den Broek J, Sloet van Oldruitenborgh-Oosterbaan MM. A prospective cohort study on the acute:chronic workload ratio in relation to injuries in high level eventing horses: A comprehensive 3-year study.. Prev Vet Med 2020 Jun;179:105010.
    doi: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2020.105010pubmed: 32447072google scholar: lookup
  62. Riggs CM. Fractures--a preventable hazard of racing thoroughbreds?. Vet J 2002 Jan;163(1):19-29.
    doi: 10.1053/tvjl.2001.0610pubmed: 11749133google scholar: lookup
  63. Perkins NR, Reid SW, Morris RS. Effect of training location and time period on racehorse performance in New Zealand. 2. Multivariable analysis.. N Z Vet J 2004 Oct;52(5):243-9.
    doi: 10.1080/00480169.2004.36435pubmed: 15768119google scholar: lookup
  64. Colgate VA, Marr CM. Science-in-brief: Risk assessment for reducing injuries of the fetlock bones in Thoroughbred racehorses.. Equine Vet J 2020 Jul;52(4):482-488.
    doi: 10.1111/evj.13273pubmed: 32525619google scholar: lookup
  65. Ranganathan P, Aggarwal R, Pramesh CS. Common pitfalls in statistical analysis: Odds versus risk.. Perspect Clin Res 2015 Oct-Dec;6(4):222-4.
    doi: 10.4103/2229-3485.167092pmc: PMC4640017pubmed: 26623395google scholar: lookup

Citations

This article has been cited 5 times.
  1. Gibson MJ, Legg KA, Gee EK, Rogers CW. The Reporting of Racehorse Fatalities in New Zealand Thoroughbred Flat Racing in the 2011/12-2021/22 Seasons. Animals (Basel) 2023 Feb 9;13(4).
    doi: 10.3390/ani13040612pubmed: 36830402google scholar: lookup
  2. Nath L, Stent A, Elliott A, La Gerche A, Franklin S. Risk Factors for Exercise-Associated Sudden Cardiac Death in Thoroughbred Racehorses. Animals (Basel) 2022 May 18;12(10).
    doi: 10.3390/ani12101297pubmed: 35625143google scholar: lookup
  3. Gibson MJ, Bolwell CF, Gee EK, Legg KA, Rogers CW. Race-Level Reporting of Incidents during Two Seasons (2015/16 to 2016/17) of Thoroughbred Flat Racing in New Zealand. Animals (Basel) 2022 Apr 15;12(8).
    doi: 10.3390/ani12081033pubmed: 35454278google scholar: lookup
  4. Gibson MJ, Roca Fraga FJ, Bolwell CF, Gee EK, Rogers CW. Race-Level Reporting of Incidents during Two Seasons (2015/16 to 2016/17) of Harness Racing in New Zealand. Animals (Basel) 2022 Feb 11;12(4).
    doi: 10.3390/ani12040433pubmed: 35203141google scholar: lookup
  5. Physick-Sheard P, Avison A, Sears W. Factors Associated with Fatality in Ontario Thoroughbred Racehorses: 2003-2015. Animals (Basel) 2021 Oct 13;11(10).
    doi: 10.3390/ani11102950pubmed: 34679971google scholar: lookup
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 99,727 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.