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PloS one2016; 11(7); e0159541; doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159541

Finite-Element Analysis of Bone Stresses on Primary Impact in a Large-Animal Model: The Distal End of the Equine Third Metacarpal.

Abstract: To assess whether the transient stresses of foot impact with the ground are similar to those found during midstance loading and if the location of high stress correlate with the sites most commonly associated with mechanically induced osteoarthritis (OA). We compared impact stresses in subchondral bone between two subject-specific, three-dimensional, finite-element models of the equine metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joint-one with advanced OA and one healthy, and with similar published data on the stresses that occur at midstance. Methods: Two right MCP joints (third metacarpal and proximal phalanx) were scanned using micro-computed tomography (μCT). Images were segmented, and meshed using modified 10-node quadratic tetrahedral elements. Bone material properties were assigned based on the bone density. An impact velocity of 3.55 m/s was applied to each model and contact pressures and stress distribution were calculated for each. In a separate iteration, the third metacarpal was loaded statically. A sampling grid of 160 equidistant points was superimposed over selected slices, and average peak stresses were calculated for 6 anatomical regions. Within-region maximal peak and average von Mises stresses were compared between healthy and OA bones in both midstance and impact loading. Results: Average impact stresses across all regions, in both locations (palmar and dorsal) were greater in the OA model. Highest impact stresses were located in the dorsal medial condyle in the healthy (12.8 MPa) and OA (14.1MPa) models, and were lowest in the palmar medial and lateral parasagittal grooves in the healthy (5.94 MPa) and OA (7.07 MPa) models. The healthy static model had higher peak (up to 49.7% greater) and average (up to 38.6% greater) stresses in both locations and across all regions compared to the OA static model. Conclusions: Under simulated footfall a trot, loading on the dorsal aspect of the third metacarpal at impact created stresses similar to those found during midstance. The high accelerations that occur under impact loading are likely responsible for creating the high stresses, as opposed to midstance loading where the high stresses are the result of high mass loading. Although the stress magnitudes were found to be similar among the two loading conditions, the location of the high stress loading occurred in sites that are not typically associated with osteoarthritic changes.
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Publication Date: 2016-07-26 PubMed ID: 27459189PubMed Central: PMC4961423DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159541Google Scholar: Lookup
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  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research focuses on investigating whether the temporary stresses experienced when a horse’s foot hits the ground are similar to those during midstance loading and if these high-stress locations relate to the common sites for developing osteoarthritis (OA). The study used computer-based modeling to compare two conditions: one with advanced OA and one healthy.

Methods Utilized

  • The researchers used two right Metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joints from equine specimens for the study. MCP joints used were scanned using micro-computed tomography (μCT), which generated detailed images of the structure.
  • These images were then segmented and meshed using modified 10-node quadratic tetrahedral elements. Here “meshing” relates to the process of subdividing a larger, complex area (like MCP joint) into smaller, simpler parts for easier analysis.
  • Material properties of the bone were assigned based on the bone density, which allow accurate simulations in the model.
  • Each model was subjected to an impact velocity of 3.55 m/s to simulate a horse’s foot hitting the ground, with contact pressures and stress distribution calculated for each model.
  • In a separate iteration, the third metacarpal was loaded statically, that is, without movement, to simulate midstance loading.
  • The stress levels were sampled at 160 equidistant points selected over the area of the bone and average peak stresses were calculated for 6 anatomical regions.
  • The highest peak stresses and average von Mises stresses were then compared between healthy and OA bones under midstance and impact loading.

Results Gathered

  • Results revealed that average impact stresses across all regions, in both locations (palmar and dorsal) were higher in the OA model.
  • The highest stress areas during impact were located in the dorsal medial condyle in both the healthy and OA models, and were lowest in the palmar medial and lateral parasagittal grooves.
  • The healthy static model (representing a horse during midstance) showed higher peak and average stresses across all regions compared to the OA static model.

Conclusion

  • Under simulated footfall at a trot, loading on the dorsal aspect of the third metacarpal bone at impact created stresses similar to those found during midstance.
  • The high accelerations that occur under impact loading could be responsible for creating high stresses, as opposed to midstance loading where the high stresses result from high mass loading.
  • Even though the stress magnitudes were similar among the two loading conditions, the locations of high stress loading occurred in sites that are not typically associated with osteoarthritic changes. This offers new insights into understanding the development of OA conditions in equine models.

Cite This Article

APA
McCarty CA, Thomason JJ, Gordon KD, Burkhart TA, Milner JS, Holdsworth DW. (2016). Finite-Element Analysis of Bone Stresses on Primary Impact in a Large-Animal Model: The Distal End of the Equine Third Metacarpal. PLoS One, 11(7), e0159541. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0159541

Publication

PloS one
ISSN: 1932-6203
NlmUniqueID: 101285081
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 11
Issue: 7
Pages: e0159541
PII: e0159541

Researcher Affiliations

McCarty, Cristin A
  • Department of Biomedical Science, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
Thomason, Jeffrey J
  • Department of Biomedical Science, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
Gordon, Karen D
  • Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
Burkhart, Timothy A
  • Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, School of Engineering, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.
Milner, Jaques S
  • Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, School of Engineering, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.
Holdsworth, David W
  • Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.
  • Department of Surgery, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Biomechanical Phenomena
  • Bone Density
  • Disease Models, Animal
  • Finite Element Analysis
  • Horses
  • Metacarpal Bones
  • Metacarpophalangeal Joint
  • Models, Theoretical
  • Osteoarthritis / diagnostic imaging
  • Osteoarthritis / etiology
  • Osteoarthritis / pathology
  • Pressure
  • Stress, Mechanical
  • X-Ray Microtomography

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

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