Animals : an open access journal from MDPI2015; 5(4); 1296-1310; doi: 10.3390/ani5040412

Health Problems and Risk Factors Associated with Long Haul Transport of Horses in Australia.

Abstract: Equine transportation is associated with a variety of serious health disorders causing economic losses. However; statistics on horse transport are limited and epidemiological data on transport related diseases are available only for horses transported to abattoirs for slaughter. This study analysed reports of transport related health problems identified by drivers and horse owners for 180 journeys of an Australian horse transport company transporting horses between Perth and Sydney (~4000 km) in 2013-2015. Records showed that 97.2% (1604/1650) of the horses arrived at their destination with no clinical signs of disease or injury. Based on the veterinary reports of the affected horses; the most common issues were respiratory problems (27%); gastrointestinal problems (27%); pyrexia (19%); traumatic injuries (15%); and death (12%). Journey duration and season had a significant effect on the distribution of transport related issues ( p < 0.05); with a marked increase of the proportion of the most severe problems ( i.e. , gastrointestinal; respiratory problems and death) in spring and after 20 h in transit. Although not statistically significant; elevated disease rate predictions were seen for stallions/colts; horses aged over 10 years; and Thoroughbreds. Overall; the data demonstrate that long haul transportation is a risk for horse health and welfare and requires appropriate management to minimize transport stress.
Publication Date: 2015-12-10 PubMed ID: 26690482PubMed Central: PMC4693216DOI: 10.3390/ani5040412Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This research examines the health risks for horses being transported long distance in Australia, finding most horses arriving without issue but noting an assortment of health problems and increased risk in certain seasons, trip duration, and types of horses.

Introduction

  • The study focuses on understanding the health problems and risks associated with long-distance horse transportation in Australia. This is relevant because diseases that develop during transportation can result in economic losses.
  • The majority of statistical analysis and research data on transportation diseases pertain only to those horses implemented for slaughter, leaving a gap in understanding about transport impact on other horses. This study aims to close this data gap.

Methodology

  • Researchers collected data from 180 horse journeys between Perth and Sydney from 2013 to 2015, a distance of about 4000 km.
  • The data analyzed included health problems that were reported by the drivers and horse owners during these journeys.

Findings

  • The records showed that 97.2% of the horses (1604 out of 1650) arrived at their destinations with no signs of injury or disease, implying that long haul transportation is mostly without incident.
  • However, there were health issues reported in a minority of cases. The main health problems encountered were respiratory and gastrointestinal problems, each accounting for 27% of the issues. these were followed by pyrexia (fever) which accounted for 19% of issues, traumatic injuries which were 15% and death which was at 12%.
  • The study found that the duration of the journey and the season had a significant influence on the distribution of transportation related health problems. More severe problems were noted in the spring season and after the horses had been in transit for over 20 hours.

Implications of the Research

  • Although not proven statistically, the research suggested that stallions, colts, horses over 10 years of age, and Thoroughbreds had a higher likelihood of disease during transportation.
  • The findings reiterate the risk to horse health and welfare posed by long haul transportation, and the importance of proper management strategies to minimize transport-related stress and its associated health problems.

Cite This Article

APA
Padalino B, Hall E, Raidal S, Celi P, Knight P, Jeffcott L, Muscatello G. (2015). Health Problems and Risk Factors Associated with Long Haul Transport of Horses in Australia. Animals (Basel), 5(4), 1296-1310. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani5040412

Publication

ISSN: 2076-2615
NlmUniqueID: 101635614
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 5
Issue: 4
Pages: 1296-1310

Researcher Affiliations

Padalino, Barbara
  • The Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, 425 Werombi Road, Camden 2570, NSW, Australia. barbara.padalino@sydney.edu.au.
  • Department of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Bari, Bari 70100, Italy. barbara.padalino@sydney.edu.au.
Hall, Evelyn
  • The Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, 425 Werombi Road, Camden 2570, NSW, Australia. evelyn.hall@sydney.edu.au.
Raidal, Sharanne
  • School of Animal and Veterinary Science, Charles Stuart University, Wagga Wagga 2650, NSW, Australia. sraidal@csu.edu.au.
Celi, Pietro
  • DSM Nutritional Products, Animal Nutrition and Health, Columbia, MD 21045, USA. pietro.celi@dsm.com.
  • Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia. pietro.celi@dsm.com.
Knight, Peter
  • Discipline of Biomedical Science, School of Medical Sciences, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Lidcombe 1825, Australia. peter.knight@sydney.edu.au.
Jeffcott, Leo
  • The Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, 425 Werombi Road, Camden 2570, NSW, Australia. leo.jeffcott@sydney.edu.au.
Muscatello, Gary
  • The Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, 425 Werombi Road, Camden 2570, NSW, Australia. gary.muscatello@sydney.edu.au.

References

This article includes 43 references
  1. Padalino B. Effects of the different transport phases on equine health status, behavior, and welfare: A review. J. Vet. Behav. Clin. Appl. Res. 2015;10:272u2013282. doi: 10.1016/j.jveb.2015.02.002.
  2. Tateo A., Padalino B., Boccaccio M., Maggiolino A., Centoducati P. Transport stress in horses: Effects of two different distances. J. Vet. Behav. Clin. Appl. Res. 2012;7:33u201342. doi: 10.1016/j.jveb.2011.04.007.
  3. Leadon D.P., Hodgson D.R. The Athletic Horse: Principles and Practice of Equine Sports Medicine. 2nd ed. Elsevier-Saunders; St. Louis, MO, USA: 2014. Transport of horses; pp. 155u2013161.
  4. Marlin D, Meldrum K, White J, Westen H, Parkin T, Wood J, Broom D, Kennedy M, Johnson B, Coombs S, Heard C. Welfare of horses transported long distances in Europe.. Vet Rec 2009 Aug 29;165(9):270.
    doi: 10.1136/vr.165.9.270pubmed: 19717834google scholar: lookup
  5. Marlin D.J. Equine Sports Medicine and Surgery. Elsevier-Saunders; St. Louis, MO, USA: 2004. Transport of horses; pp. 1239u20131250.
  6. Animal Welfare during Transport. [(accessed on 1 October 2015)]. Available online: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=uriserv:f83007.
  7. De Witte K. Development of the Australian Animal Welfare Standards and Guidelines for the Land Transport of Livestock: Process and philosophical considerations. J. Vet. Behav. Clin. Appl. Res. 2009;4:148u2013156. doi: 10.1016/j.jveb.2009.04.014.
  8. Moberg G.P., Mench J.A. The Biology of Animal Stress: Basic Principles and Implications for Animal Welfare. CABI Publishing; Oxfordshire, UK: 2000. p. 377.
  9. Stull CL, Spier SJ, Aldridge BM, Blanchard M, Stott JL. Immunological response to long-term transport stress in mature horses and effects of adaptogenic dietary supplementation as an immunomodulator.. Equine Vet J 2004 Nov;36(7):583-9.
    doi: 10.2746/0425164044864589pubmed: 15581322google scholar: lookup
  10. Stull CL, Morrow J, Aldridge BA, Stott JL, McGlone JJ. Immunophysiological responses of horses to a 12-hour rest during 24 hours of road transport.. Vet Rec 2008 May 10;162(19):609-14.
    doi: 10.1136/vr.162.19.609pubmed: 18480019google scholar: lookup
  11. Mansmann R.A., Woodie B. Equine transportation problems and some preventives: A review. J. Equine Vet. Sci. 1995;15:141u2013144. doi: 10.1016/S0737-0806(06)81843-5.
  12. Copas V. Diagnosis and treatment of equine pleuropneumonia. Practice. 2011;33:155u2013162. doi: 10.1136/inp.d1811.
    doi: 10.1136/inp.d1811google scholar: lookup
  13. Austin SM, Foreman JH, Hungerford LL. Case-control study of risk factors for development of pleuropneumonia in horses.. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1995 Aug 1;207(3):325-8.
    pubmed: 7628934
  14. Raidal SL, Love DN, Bailey GD. Inflammation and increased numbers of bacteria in the lower respiratory tract of horses within 6 to 12 hours of confinement with the head elevated.. Aust Vet J 1995 Feb;72(2):45-50.
  15. Katayama Y., Oikawa M., Yoshihara T. Clinico-pathological effects of atmosferic ammonia exposure on horses. J. Equine Sci. 1995;6:99u2013104. doi: 10.1294/jes.6.99.
    doi: 10.1294/jes.6.99google scholar: lookup
  16. Feary DJ, Hassel DM. Enteritis and colitis in horses.. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2006 Aug;22(2):437-79, ix.
    doi: 10.1016/j.cveq.2006.03.008pubmed: 16882483google scholar: lookup
  17. Gonzu00e1lez LA, Schwartzkopf-Genswein KS, Bryan M, Silasi R, Brown F. Relationships between transport conditions and welfare outcomes during commercial long haul transport of cattle in North America.. J Anim Sci 2012 Oct;90(10):3640-51.
    doi: 10.2527/jas.2011-4796pubmed: 22665659google scholar: lookup
  18. Cave JG, Callinan AP, Woonton WK. Mortalities in bobby calves associated with long distance transport.. Aust Vet J 2005 Jan-Feb;83(1-2):82-4.
  19. Averu00f3s X, Knowles TG, Brown SN, Warriss PD, Gosu00e1lvez LF. Factors affecting the mortality of weaned piglets during commercial transport between farms.. Vet Rec 2010 Nov 20;167(21):815-9.
    doi: 10.1136/vr.c6226pubmed: 21262630google scholar: lookup
  20. Vieira FM, Silva IJ, Barbosa Filho JA, Vieira AM, Broom DM. Preslaughter mortality of broilers in relation to lairage and season in a subtropical climate.. Poult Sci 2011 Oct;90(10):2127-33.
    doi: 10.3382/ps.2010-01170pubmed: 21933992google scholar: lookup
  21. Marlin D, Kettlewell P, Parkin T, Kennedy M, Broom D, Wood J. Welfare and health of horses transported for slaughter within the European Union Part 1: Methodology and descriptive data.. Equine Vet J 2011 Jan;43(1):78-87.
  22. Stefancic I., Martin D. Influence of Transport Conditions on Animal Welfare. ISAH; Warsaw, Poland: 2005. pp. 148u2013152.
  23. Grandin T, McGee K, Lanier JL. Prevalence of severe welfare problems in horses that arrive at slaughter plants.. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1999 May 15;214(10):1531-3.
    pubmed: 10340083
  24. Herholz C, Fu00fcssel AE, Timoney P, Schwermer H, Bruckner L, Leadon D. Equine travellers to the Olympic Games in Hong Kong 2008: a review of worldwide challenges to equine health, with particular reference to vector-borne diseases.. Equine Vet J 2008 Jan;40(1):87-95.
    doi: 10.2746/042516408X253136pubmed: 18083666google scholar: lookup
  25. Marahrens M, Kleinschmidt N, Di Nardo A, Velarde A, Fuentes C, Truar A, Otero JL, Di Fede E, Villa PD. Risk assessment in animal welfare - especially referring to animal transport.. Prev Vet Med 2011 Nov 1;102(2):157-63.
  26. Australian Animal Welfare Standards and Guidelines. [(accessed on 1 October 2015)]. Available online: http://www.animalwelfarestandards.net.au/land-transport/
  27. Descriptive Analysis and Data Visualization. [(accessed on 20 September 2015)]. Available online: http://statulator.com/descriptive.html.
  28. Padalino B., Hall E., Raidal S.L., Knight P., Celi P., Jeffcott L., Muscatello G. Postgraduate Conference 2015. Volume 1. The University of Sydney; Camden, NSW, Australia: 2015. Survey on horse transportation:issues and practices; p. 71.
  29. Noble B., Riley C.B., Thompson K. International Large Animal Rescue. Volume 1. ILAR; Adelaide, Australia: 2013. Incidence and risk factors associated with horse injuries sustained during noncommercial transport; p. 10.
  30. Riley CB, Liddiard JR, Thompson K. A Cross-Sectional Study of Horse-Related Injuries in Veterinary and Animal Science Students at an Australian University.. Animals (Basel) 2015 Sep 25;5(4):951-64.
    doi: 10.3390/ani5040392pmc: PMC4693196pubmed: 26479478google scholar: lookup
  31. Raidal SL, Bailey GD, Love DN. Effect of transportation on lower respiratory tract contamination and peripheral blood neutrophil function.. Aust Vet J 1997 Jun;75(6):433-8.
  32. Racklyeft DJ, Raidal S, Love DN. Towards an understanding of equine pleuropneumonia: factors relevant for control.. Aust Vet J 2000 May;78(5):334-8.
  33. Anon . Practical Guidelines on the Watering of Equine Animals Transported by Road. World Horse Welfare; London, UK: 2014. p. 36.
  34. Stull CL, Rodiek AV. Effects of cross-tying horses during 24 h of road transport.. Equine Vet J 2002 Sep;34(6):550-5.
    doi: 10.2746/042516402776180214pubmed: 12357993google scholar: lookup
  35. Tinker MK, White NA, Lessard P, Thatcher CD, Pelzer KD, Davis B, Carmel DK. Prospective study of equine colic risk factors.. Equine Vet J 1997 Nov;29(6):454-8.
  36. Staempfli HR, Townsend HG, Prescott JF. Prognostic features and clinical presentation of acute idiopathic enterocolitis in horses.. Can Vet J 1991 Apr;32(4):232-7.
    pmc: PMC1481315pubmed: 17423769
  37. Jarratt I.S., Tobin J.G., Saal R.L. Animal Production in Australia. Pergamon Press; Sydney, Australia: 1982. Railed cattle mortalities in Queensland; pp. 253u2013256.
  38. Foster SM, Maples EH. Occupational stress in veterinary support staff.. J Vet Med Educ 2014 Spring;41(1):102-10.
    doi: 10.3138/jvme.0713-103Rpubmed: 24418923google scholar: lookup
  39. Fazio E., Medica P., Cravana C., Ferlazzo A. Cortisol response to road transport stress in calm and nervous stallions. J. Vet. Behav. Clin. Appl. Res. 2013;8:231u2013237. doi: 10.1016/j.jveb.2012.10.010.
  40. Styrt B, Sugarman B. Estrogens and infection.. Rev Infect Dis 1991 Nov-Dec;13(6):1139-50.
    doi: 10.1093/clinids/13.6.1139pubmed: 1775847google scholar: lookup
  41. Cregier S.E., Gimenez R. Non-Commercial Horse Transport: New Standards for Trailer in Canada. Cregier S; Montague, Canada: 2015. p. 228.
  42. Schwartzkopf-Genswein KS, Faucitano L, Dadgar S, Shand P, Gonzu00e1lez LA, Crowe TG. Road transport of cattle, swine and poultry in North America and its impact on animal welfare, carcass and meat quality: a review.. Meat Sci 2012 Nov;92(3):227-43.
    doi: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2012.04.010pubmed: 22608833google scholar: lookup
  43. Thompson K, McGreevy P, McManus P. A Critical Review of Horse-Related Risk: A Research Agenda for Safer Mounts, Riders and Equestrian Cultures.. Animals (Basel) 2015 Jul 17;5(3):561-75.
    doi: 10.3390/ani5030372pmc: PMC4598694pubmed: 26479374google scholar: lookup

Citations

This article has been cited 27 times.
  1. Fikri F, Hendrawan D, Wicaksono AP, Purnomo A, Khairani S, Chhetri S, Maslamama ST, Purnama MTE. Incidence, risk factors, and therapeutic management of equine colic in Lamongan, Indonesia.. Vet World 2023;16(7):1408-1414.
  2. Sugiyama F, Takahashi Y, Nomura M, Ebisuda Y, Mukai K, Yoshida T. Risk Factors for Epistaxis in Thoroughbred Flat Races in Japan (2001-2020).. Animals (Basel) 2023 Apr 14;13(8).
    doi: 10.3390/ani13081348pubmed: 37106911google scholar: lookup
  3. Felici M, Nanni Costa L, Zappaterra M, Bozzo G, Di Pinto P, Minero M, Padalino B. Journeys, Journey Conditions, and Welfare Assessment of Broken (Handled) Horses on Arrival at Italian Slaughterhouses.. Animals (Basel) 2022 Nov 12;12(22).
    doi: 10.3390/ani12223122pubmed: 36428350google scholar: lookup
  4. Nielsen SS, Alvarez J, Bicout DJ, Calistri P, Canali E, Drewe JA, Garin-Bastuji B, Gonzales Rojas JL, Gortu00e1zar Schmidt C, Michel V, Miranda Chueca Mu00c1, Padalino B, Pasquali P, Roberts HC, Spoolder H, Stahl K, Velarde A, Viltrop A, Winckler C, Earley B, Edwards S, Faucitano L, Marti S, Miranda de La Lama GC, Costa LN, Thomsen PT, Ashe S, Mur L, Van der Stede Y, Herskin M. Welfare of equidae during transport.. EFSA J 2022 Sep;20(9):e07444.
    doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2022.7444pubmed: 36092762google scholar: lookup
  5. Zappaterra M, Nanni Costa L, Felici M, Minero M, Perniola F, Tullio D, Padalino B. Journeys, Journey Conditions, and Welfare Assessment of Unbroken (Unhandled) Horses on Arrival at a Slaughterhouse in Italy.. Animals (Basel) 2022 Aug 15;12(16).
    doi: 10.3390/ani12162083pubmed: 36009673google scholar: lookup
  6. Riley CB, Rogers CW, Thompson KR, Guiver D, Padalino B. A Survey-Based Analysis of Injuries to Horses Associated with Transport by Road in New Zealand.. Animals (Basel) 2022 Jan 21;12(3).
    doi: 10.3390/ani12030259pubmed: 35158585google scholar: lookup
  7. Miller AB, Harris PA, Barker VD, Adams AA. Short-term transport stress and supplementation alter immune function in aged horses.. PLoS One 2021;16(8):e0254139.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0254139pubmed: 34411137google scholar: lookup
  8. Jiang G, Zhang X, Gao W, Ji C, Wang Y, Feng P, Feng Y, Zhang Z, Li L, Zhao F. Transport stress affects the fecal microbiota in healthy donkeys.. J Vet Intern Med 2021 Sep;35(5):2449-2457.
    doi: 10.1111/jvim.16235pubmed: 34331476google scholar: lookup
  9. Padalino B, Cirone F, Zappaterra M, Tullio D, Ficco G, Giustino A, Ndiana LA, Pratelli A. Factors Affecting the Development of Bovine Respiratory Disease: A Cross-Sectional Study in Beef Steers Shipped From France to Italy.. Front Vet Sci 2021;8:627894.
    doi: 10.3389/fvets.2021.627894pubmed: 34262960google scholar: lookup
  10. Bollinger L, Bartel A, Ku00fcper A, Weber C, Gehlen H. Age and Hydration of Competing Horses Influence the Outcome of Elite 160 km Endurance Rides.. Front Vet Sci 2021;8:668650.
    doi: 10.3389/fvets.2021.668650pubmed: 34055954google scholar: lookup
  11. Dai F, Zappaterra M, Minero M, Bocchini F, Riley CB, Padalino B. Equine Transport-Related Problem Behaviors and Injuries: A Survey of Italian Horse Industry Members.. Animals (Basel) 2021 Jan 18;11(1).
    doi: 10.3390/ani11010223pubmed: 33477521google scholar: lookup
  12. Dai F, Mazzola S, Cannas S, Heinzl EUL, Padalino B, Minero M, Dalla Costa E. Habituation to Transport Helps Reducing Stress-Related Behavior in Donkeys During Loading.. Front Vet Sci 2020;7:593138.
    doi: 10.3389/fvets.2020.593138pubmed: 33344531google scholar: lookup
  13. Rendle J, Jackson B, Hoorn SV, Yeap L, Warren K, Donaldson R, Ward SJ, Vogelnest L, McLelland D, Lynch M, Vitali S, Sayers G, Wyss F, Webster D, Snipp R, Vaughan-Higgins R. A Retrospective Study of Macropod Progressive Periodontal Disease ("Lumpy Jaw") in Captive Macropods Across Australia and Europe: Using Data from the Past to Inform Future Macropod Management.. Animals (Basel) 2020 Oct 23;10(11).
    doi: 10.3390/ani10111954pubmed: 33114100google scholar: lookup
  14. Zhao F, Jiang G, Ji C, Zhang Z, Gao W, Feng P, Li H, Li M, Liu H, Liu G, Magalhaes HB, Li J. Effects of long-distance transportation on blood constituents and composition of the nasal microbiota in healthy donkeys.. BMC Vet Res 2020 Sep 15;16(1):338.
    doi: 10.1186/s12917-020-02563-5pubmed: 32933535google scholar: lookup
  15. Dai F, Dalla Costa E, Cannas S, Heinzl EUL, Minero M, Mazzola SM. May Salivary Chromogranin A Act as a Physiological Index of Stress in Transported Donkeys? A Pilot Study.. Animals (Basel) 2020 Jun 3;10(6).
    doi: 10.3390/ani10060972pubmed: 32503233google scholar: lookup
  16. Padalino B, Riley CB. Editorial: The Implications of Transport Practices for Horse Health and Welfare.. Front Vet Sci 2020;7:202.
    doi: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00202pubmed: 32373638google scholar: lookup
  17. Nivelle B, Vermeulen L, Van Beirendonck S, Van Thielen J, Driessen B. Horse Transport to Three South American Horse Slaughterhouses: A Descriptive Study.. Animals (Basel) 2020 Apr 1;10(4).
    doi: 10.3390/ani10040602pubmed: 32244781google scholar: lookup
  18. Padalino B, Barrasso R, Tullio D, Zappaterra M, Costa LN, Bozzo G. Protection of Animals during Transport: Analysis of the Infringements Reported from 2009 to 2013 during On-Road Inspections in Italy.. Animals (Basel) 2020 Feb 22;10(2).
    doi: 10.3390/ani10020356pubmed: 32098450google scholar: lookup
  19. Hall C, Kay R, Green J. A Retrospective Survey of Factors Affecting the Risk of Incidents and Equine Injury During Non-Commercial Transportation by Road in the United Kingdom.. Animals (Basel) 2020 Feb 12;10(2).
    doi: 10.3390/ani10020288pubmed: 32059511google scholar: lookup
  20. Maeda Y, Oikawa MA. Patterns of Rectal Temperature and Shipping Fever Incidence in Horses Transported Over Long-Distances.. Front Vet Sci 2019;6:27.
    doi: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00027pubmed: 30838220google scholar: lookup
  21. Padalino B, Rogers CW, Guiver D, Thompson KR, Riley CB. A Survey-Based Investigation of Human Factors Associated With Transport Related Injuries in Horses.. Front Vet Sci 2018;5:294.
    doi: 10.3389/fvets.2018.00294pubmed: 30525050google scholar: lookup
  22. Padalino B, Tullio D, Cannone S, Bozzo G. Road Transport of Farm Animals: Mortality, Morbidity, Species and Country of Origin at a Southern Italian Control Post.. Animals (Basel) 2018 Sep 17;8(9).
    doi: 10.3390/ani8090155pubmed: 30227665google scholar: lookup
  23. Padalino B, Raidal SL, Knight P, Celi P, Jeffcott L, Muscatello G. Behaviour during transportation predicts stress response and lower airway contamination in horses.. PLoS One 2018;13(3):e0194272.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194272pubmed: 29566072google scholar: lookup
  24. York A, Matusiewicz J, Padalino B. How to minimise the incidence of transport-related problem behaviours in horses: a review.. J Equine Sci 2017;28(3):67-75.
    doi: 10.1294/jes.28.67pubmed: 28955158google scholar: lookup
  25. Riley CB, Noble BR, Bridges J, Hazel SJ, Thompson K. Horse Injury during Non-Commercial Transport: Findings from Researcher-Assisted Intercept Surveys at Southeastern Australian Equestrian Events.. Animals (Basel) 2016 Oct 25;6(11).
    doi: 10.3390/ani6110065pubmed: 27792128google scholar: lookup
  26. Padalino B, Raidal SL, Hall E, Knight P, Celi P, Jeffcott L, Muscatello G. A Survey on Transport Management Practices Associated with Injuries and Health Problems in Horses.. PLoS One 2016;11(9):e0162371.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162371pubmed: 27588689google scholar: lookup
  27. Horseman SV, Buller H, Mullan S, Whay HR. Current Welfare Problems Facing Horses in Great Britain as Identified by Equine Stakeholders.. PLoS One 2016;11(8):e0160269.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160269pubmed: 27501387google scholar: lookup