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Frontiers in veterinary science2023; 9; 1087052; doi: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1087052

Hospital-acquired and zoonotic bacteria from a veterinary hospital and their associated antimicrobial-susceptibility profiles: A systematic review.

Abstract: Hospital-acquired infections (HAIs) are associated with increased mortality, morbidity, and an economic burden due to costs associated with extended hospital stays. Furthermore, most pathogens associated with HAIs in veterinary medicine are zoonotic. This study used published data to identify organisms associated with HAIs and zoonosis in veterinary medicine. Furthermore, the study also investigated the antimicrobial-susceptibility profile of these bacterial organisms. Unassigned: A systematic literature review was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Search terms and five electronic databases were used to identify studies published over 20 years (2000-2020). The risk of bias was assessed using the "Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology-Vet" (STROBE-Vet) checklist. Unassigned: Out of the identified 628 papers, 27 met the inclusion criteria for this study. Most studies (63%, 17/27) included were either from small animal or companion animal clinics/hospitals, while 5% (4/27) were from large animal clinics/hospitals inclusive of bovine and equine hospitals. Hospital-acquired bacteria were reported from environmental surfaces (33%, 9/27), animal clinical cases (29.6%, 8/27), and fomites such as cell phones, clippers, stethoscopes, and computers (14.8%, 4/27). Staphylococcus spp. was the most (63%; 17/27) reported organism, followed by Escherichia coli (19%; 5/27), Enterococcus spp. (15%, 4/27), Salmonella spp. (15%; 4/27), Acinetobacter baumannii (15%, 4/27), Clostridioides difficile (4%, 1/27), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (4%; 1/27). Multidrug-resistant (MDR) organisms were reported in 71% (12/17) of studies linked to Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (MRSP), Enterococcus spp., Salmonella Typhimurium, A. baumannii, and E. coli. The mecA gene was identified in both MRSA and MRSP, the blaCMY-2 gene in E. coli and Salmonella spp., and the vanA gene in E. faecium isolate. Six studies reported organisms from animals with similar clonal lineage to those reported in human isolates. Unassigned: Organisms associated with hospital-acquired infections and zoonosis have been reported from clinical cases, environmental surfaces, and items used during patient treatment and care. Staphylococcus species is the most reported organism in cases of HAIs and some isolates shared similar clonal lineage to those reported in humans. Some organisms associated with HAIs exhibit a high level of resistance and contain genes associated with antibiotic resistance.
Copyright © 2023 Sebola, Oguttu, Kock and Qekwana.
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Publication Date: 2023-01-09 PubMed ID: 36699325PubMed Central: PMC9868922DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1087052Google Scholar: Lookup
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  • Systematic Review
  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research involved a systematic review of studies, examining bacteria related to hospital-acquired infections and zoonoses (diseases passed from animals to humans) in a veterinary hospital, and looking into the associated antimicrobial resistance profiles of the identified bacteria.

Research Methodology

  • Researchers conducted a systematic review of literature following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines.
  • They used specific search terms and five different electronic databases to identify studies published over the course of 20 years (2000-2020).
  • The authors scrutinized the risk of bias in their review process using the “Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology-Vet” (STROBE-Vet) checklist, a tool designed to ensure quality and accuracy in observational veterinary studies.

Review Findings

  • Out of 628 identified studies, only 27 met the inclusion criteria for this review.
  • A majority (63%), or 17 out of 27 of these studies, were conducted in small animal or companion animal clinics or hospitals, while 4 papers (5%) were from large animal clinics or hospitals, that also dealt with bovine and equine.
  • The studies reported finding hospital-acquired bacteria from various sources including environmental surfaces (such as hospital furniture and floors), clinical cases in animals, and fomites (objects or materials likely to carry infection), which included items like cell phones, stethoscopes, and computers used in patient care.

Reported Organisms and Antimicrobial-Susceptibility

  • The researchers found that the most reported organism was species, appearing in 63% of studies, followed by other bacteria.
  • About 71% studies reported Multidrug-resistant(MDR) organisms. These included bacteria such as MRSA (Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus), MRSP (Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius) and others. The study also noted specific genes associated with antibiotic resistance in these organisms.
  • Six studies reported finding bacteria from animals that demonstrated similar genetic profile (clonal lineage) to bacteria found from humans, indicating a risk of zoonotic transmission.

Conclusions

  • It stands clear from the review that there is an occurrence of bacteria associated with hospital-acquired infections and zoonoses from clinical cases, environmental surfaces, and objects used in patient care in vet hospitals.
  • Some of these bacteria exhibit high drug resistance and contain genes associated with antibiotic resistance. Such data points to a serious threat to both animal and human health, implying the need for rigorous hygiene measures and prudent use of antibiotics in veterinary practice.

Cite This Article

APA
Sebola DC, Oguttu JW, Kock MM, Qekwana DN. (2023). Hospital-acquired and zoonotic bacteria from a veterinary hospital and their associated antimicrobial-susceptibility profiles: A systematic review. Front Vet Sci, 9, 1087052. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2022.1087052

Publication

Frontiers in veterinary science
ISSN: 2297-1769
NlmUniqueID: 101666658
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 9
Pages: 1087052

Researcher Affiliations

Sebola, Dikeledi C
  • Section Veterinary Public Health, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.
Oguttu, James W
  • Department of Agriculture and Animal Health, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, Johannesburg, South Africa.
Kock, Marleen M
  • Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.
  • Tshwane Academic Division, National Health Laboratory Service, Pretoria, South Africa.
Qekwana, Daniel N
  • Section Veterinary Public Health, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

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