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Frontiers in veterinary science2020; 7; 185; doi: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00185

Increased Weekly Mean PM2.5, and NO2 Are Associated With Increased Proportions of Lower Airway Granulocytes in Ontario Horses.

Abstract: Ambient pollution is associated with the development and exacerbation of human asthma, but whether air pollution exposure is associated with lower airway inflammation in horses has not been fully evaluated. The Air Quality Health Index (AQHI) is an online tool used by asthmatic Ontarians to modify their outdoor activity when ambient pollution is high. A single AQHI value, falling on a scale from 1 to 10, is calculated from measurements of fine particulate matter (PM), nitrogen dioxide (NO), and ozone (O). Increased AQHI values predict an increased risk for presenting to a health care provider for assessment of asthma exacerbation, with a time lag of 0-9 days after an increase. Whether ambient air pollution is a risk factor for identifying increased lower airway inflammatory cells on cytologic evaluation of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of horses has not yet been explored. To investigate this relationship, case data including BALF cytology preparations from horses across southern Ontario, Canada, were retrieved from the Guelph Animal Health Laboratory's archives. Spanning the years 2007-2017, 154 cases were identified within a 41- by 30-km area surrounding the cities of Guelph and Kitchener. In 78 of 154 cases, cytologic reevaluation identified increased proportions of one or a combination of BALF neutrophils (mean 5%, range 0-15%), eosinophils (mean 2%, range 0-31%), and mast cells (mean 4%, range 0-10%). To assess the effect of lagged pollutant and temperature exposures in these 78 cases, weekly mean values of AQHI, PM, NO, O, and temperature were recorded for the 4 weeks prior to the date of the horse's presentation for respiratory tract evaluation. The relationship between ambient exposures and increased proportions of lower airway granulocytes was evaluated using a case-crossover design. Single unit increases in 2-, and 3-week lagged weekly mean PM and NO, were associated, respectively, with an 11% ( = 0.04, 95% confidence interval, CI = 1.01-1.22), and 24% ( = 0.03, 95% CI = 1.08-1.43) greater risk of identifying increased lower airway granulocytes. These findings suggest that exposure to increased ambient pollutants is associated with lower airway inflammation in Guelph and Kitchener area horses.
Copyright © 2020 Brankston, Greer, Marshall, Lang, Moore, Hodgins, Hennessey and Beeler-Marfisi.
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Publication Date: 2020-05-05 PubMed ID: 32432128PubMed Central: PMC7214617DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00185Google Scholar: Lookup
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  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research article indicates that exposure to outdoor pollutants, particularly fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2), correlates with increased inflammation in the lower airways of horses in Ontario, Canada.

Research Context and Methodology

  • The scientists based their study on the understanding that ambient pollution contributes to the development of asthma in humans. To examine the impact on horses, they interrogated the relationship between exposure to pollutants and inflammation in the lower airways of horses. To this end, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) cytologies from Southern Ontario horses were retrospectively examined.
  • The study analyzed 154 cases over a 10 year period. The area covered a 30 km by 41 km region surrounding the cities of Guelph and Kitchener.
  • Data concerning weekly mean values of PM, NO, O, temperature, and the Air Quality Health Index (AQHI) for the 4 weeks preceding each horse’s presentation were recorded and analyzed. AQHI is an online tool used by asthmatics to adjust their outdoor activity according to the ambient pollution levels.

Research Findings

  • The researchers discovered that in 78 out of 154 cases, horses indicated an increase in the percentage of one or more types of inflammatory cells in their BALF, including neutrophils, eosinophils, and mast cells. This suggests that these cases exhibited signs of lower airway inflammation.
  • Evidence showed a direct relationship between the proportions of lower airway granulocytes – a type of white blood cell – and pollutant exposure. In particular, single unit increases in two-week and three-week lagged weekly mean levels of PM and NO were linked with an 11% and 24% increase in the risk of identifying these granulocytes, respectively.
  • Therefore, it can be inferred that a higher AQHI value, indicating poorer air quality, could pose a risk for lower airway inflammation in horses, evident up to three weeks after exposure. Particular focus was on two components of the AQHI – PM and NO.

Conclusion and Implications

  • The study’s findings suggest that exposure to elevated levels of ambient pollution could lead to lower airway inflammation among horses, mimicking the effect seen in humans.
  • These results could raise awareness about the impact of prolonged exposure to outdoor pollutants on the health of horses, potentially influencing regulations and horse care practices in areas where air pollution is of concern.

Cite This Article

APA
Brankston G, Greer AL, Marshall Q, Lang B, Moore K, Hodgins D, Hennessey JTG, Beeler-Marfisi J. (2020). Increased Weekly Mean PM2.5, and NO2 Are Associated With Increased Proportions of Lower Airway Granulocytes in Ontario Horses. Front Vet Sci, 7, 185. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2020.00185

Publication

Frontiers in veterinary science
ISSN: 2297-1769
NlmUniqueID: 101666658
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 7
Pages: 185
PII: 185

Researcher Affiliations

Brankston, Gabrielle
  • Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.
Greer, Amy L
  • Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.
Marshall, Quinn
  • Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.
Lang, Brittany
  • Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.
Moore, Kai
  • Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.
Hodgins, Douglas
  • Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.
Hennessey, John T G
  • Hennessey Equine Veterinary Professional Corp., Rockwood, ON, Canada.
Beeler-Marfisi, Janet
  • Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.

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